The orbit is a four-sided pyramidal socket in the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents.
The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and nasolacrimal duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, check ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
The ciliary ganglion is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. It receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the EWN via the CN III.
It supplies the eye via short ciliary nerves not only with parasympathetic fibers, but also with sensory and sympathetic fibers that pass through the ganglion.
Gross anatomy
Shape: Flat/lenticular
Size: 2 mm*1mm (smallest)
Location: posterolaterally in the intra-conal space of the orbit between the optic nerve and the LR muscle. 10 mm from Zinn, 15-20 mm from posterior pole
It is just lateral to the ophthalmic artery as it crosses the optic nerve from lateral to medial
Sympathetic root
from the ICA (from the superior cervical ganglion) via the nasociliary nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve
fibers pass through the ganglion without synapsing.
Roots
Parasympathetic root (motor)
from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the CN III via the inferior division; nerve to the IO muscle.
fibers synapse in the ganglion
Roots
Parasympathetic root (motor)
from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the CN III via the inferior division; nerve to the IO muscle.
fibers synapse in the ganglion
Sensory root
via the small communicating branch of the ciliary ganglion (from CN V1)
fibers pass through the ganglion without synapsing
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
BONY ORBIT
WALLS OF ORBIT
MUSCLES OF THE ORBIT
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE ORBIT
VASCULAR SUPPLY
LACRIMAL SYSTEM
ORBITAL FAT
ORBITAL INJURIES AND INFECTION
DENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Bony orbits are Quadrangular truncated pyramids with Anterior cranial fossa above and the maxillary sinuses below.
in this presentation we study the detailed anatomy of the arbit, the bones, relations of each wall, the contents, the apertures, orbital fissures and structures passing, fascia, septa and the surgical spaces of the orbit
The orbit is a four-sided pyramidal socket in the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents.
The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and nasolacrimal duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, check ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
The ciliary ganglion is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. It receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the EWN via the CN III.
It supplies the eye via short ciliary nerves not only with parasympathetic fibers, but also with sensory and sympathetic fibers that pass through the ganglion.
Gross anatomy
Shape: Flat/lenticular
Size: 2 mm*1mm (smallest)
Location: posterolaterally in the intra-conal space of the orbit between the optic nerve and the LR muscle. 10 mm from Zinn, 15-20 mm from posterior pole
It is just lateral to the ophthalmic artery as it crosses the optic nerve from lateral to medial
Sympathetic root
from the ICA (from the superior cervical ganglion) via the nasociliary nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve
fibers pass through the ganglion without synapsing.
Roots
Parasympathetic root (motor)
from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the CN III via the inferior division; nerve to the IO muscle.
fibers synapse in the ganglion
Roots
Parasympathetic root (motor)
from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the CN III via the inferior division; nerve to the IO muscle.
fibers synapse in the ganglion
Sensory root
via the small communicating branch of the ciliary ganglion (from CN V1)
fibers pass through the ganglion without synapsing
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
BONY ORBIT
WALLS OF ORBIT
MUSCLES OF THE ORBIT
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE ORBIT
VASCULAR SUPPLY
LACRIMAL SYSTEM
ORBITAL FAT
ORBITAL INJURIES AND INFECTION
DENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Bony orbits are Quadrangular truncated pyramids with Anterior cranial fossa above and the maxillary sinuses below.
in this presentation we study the detailed anatomy of the arbit, the bones, relations of each wall, the contents, the apertures, orbital fissures and structures passing, fascia, septa and the surgical spaces of the orbit
2. Introduction Muscles of the eye gives support and mainly involves in the movement of the eye and provides better visual system. It has two types: intraocular and extra ocular muscles 2/13/2016 2Muscles of the eye Gives astonished look Closing of the eye
3. Intraocular muscles Ciliary muscles -helps in accommodation Sphincter pupillae -constricts pupil Dilater pupillae -Dilates pupil IOM changes shape of lens and size of pupil. 2/13/2016 3Muscles of the eye
4. Extraocular muscles(EOM) EOM Oblique muscles Superior oblique Inferior oblique Recti muscles Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus LPS 2/13/2016 4Muscles of the eye
5. EOM ORIGIN NERVE SUPPLY Superior rectus Annulus of zinn Occulomotor nerve Inferior rectus Annulus of zinn Occulomotor nerve Lateral rectus Annulus of zinn Abducent nerve Medial rectus Annulus of zinn Occulomotor nerve Superior oblique Annulus of zinn via trochlea Trochlear nerve Inferior oblique Maxillary bone Occulomotor nerve Levator palpebral superiosis Sphenoid bone Occulomotor nerve 2/13/2016 5Muscles of the eye
6. 2/13/2016 6Muscles of the eye
7. Blood supply Arteries: Ophthalmic artery(medial and lateral branch), Lacrimal artery,anterior ciliary arteries Veins: superior and inferior orbital veins 2/13/2016 7Muscles of the eye
8. Insertion The Recti muscles are inserted into the sclera at the different distances from the limbus forming spiral called Spiral of Tillaux 2/13/2016 8Muscles of the eye
9. Actions of Muscles of the eye Muscles of eye Functions Orbicularis oculli closes the eye LPS elevates the upper lid Superior rectus Moves up and in Inferior rectus Moves down and in Lateral rectus Abduction Medial rectus adduction Superior oblique Eye moves down and out Inferior oblique Eye moves up and out 2/13/2016 9Muscles of the eye
10. 2/13/2016 10Muscles of the eye
11. Fig: Monocular movements of the eye Muscles of the eye
12.Muscles of the eye 12 Fig: Binocular movements of the eye
13. Disorders Amblyopia- partial loss of vision in one or both eye Diplopia- perception of two images from single object Strabismus-misalignment of visual axes of two eyes. Nystagmus- involuntary movement of the eyeballMuscles of the eye
Human eye is a sense organ that responses to light and allows vision. Eyeball is placed in bony orbit in the skull and protected by eyelids. Eyeball is made up of three layers; Fibrous tunic (cornea and sclera), Vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body and iris) and Retina. There are six extra ocular muscles to control movement of each eye. Optic nerve for its co-ordination with the brain. Blood is supplied to eye by the branches of internal carotid artery.
محاضرة دكتورة نورا الطحاوى للفرقة الاولى كلية الطب البشرى
يوم الاحد 17 ابريل 2011س
Lectures of Anatomy by Dr. Noura El Tahawy for first year Faculty of Medicine, El Minia University. 17-4-211
م
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
1. Anatomy of the orbit
By
Dr. Noura El Tahawy
Assist. Professor Of Anatomy
Embryology& Molecular Cell Biology
Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University,
Egypt
2. Specific objectives of orbit
Anatomy
1. List the contents of the orbit.
2. Mention intrinsic muscles of the eyeball.
3. Describe levator palpebrae superiosis & The extraocular
muscles (origin –insertion-action & nerve supply)
4. Describe sensory& motor nerves in the orbit.
5. Describe blood vessels in the orbit.
6. Describe ciliary ganglion.
7. List structures passing through the optic canal &the
sup.orbital fissures.
6. Orbital Plate of Frontal BoneLesser Wing of The Sphenoid
Roof of the orbit
7. The Frontal Process of Maxilla
The Lacrimal Bone
Orbital Plate
of
Ethmoid Bone
Orbital Process
of
Palatine Bone
Part of Body of The Sphenoid
Medial wall of orbit
8. Orbital Surface of Maxilla
Orbital Surface
of
Zygomatic Bone
Orbital Process
of
Palatine Bone
The Floor of the orbit
10. Anterior
Ethmoidal Foramen
Posterior
Ethmoidal Foramen
Optic Foramen
Superior Orbital Fissure
Inferior Orbital Fissure
Zygomatic
Foramen
and
Canal
Zygomatico-facial
Foramen
Zygomatico-temporal
Foramen
Fossa
for
Lacrimal Sac
Fossa
for
Lacrimal Gland
Infra-orbital Groove
Infra-orbital Canal
Infra-orbital Groove
11. 1. Supraorbital notch
(foramen)
Forehead Supraorbital vessels & n.
2. Optic canal Middle cranial
fossa
CN. II, Ophthalmic a.
3. Sup. orbital fissure Middle cranial fossa CN. III, IV, V1, VI
Ophthalmic v.
4. Inf. orbital fissure Infratemporal fossa Infraorbital n. & vessels,
zygomatic n.
5. Posterior & anterior
ethmoidal foramen
Ethmoidal air cells Post & ant ethmoidal n.
& vessels
6. Zygomatic canal Zygomaticofacial &
Zygomaticotemporal n. &
vessels
7. Bony nasolacrimal
duct
Nasolacrimal duct
8. Infraorbital groove
& canal
Infraorbital n. & vessels
Orbital openings
20. A. External White Fibrous Coat
■ Consists of the sclera and the cornea.
1. Sclera
■ Is a tough white fibrous coat enveloping the posterior five-sixths of the eye.
2. Cornea
■ Is a transparent structure forming the anterior one-sixth of the external coat.
■ Is responsible for the refraction of light entering the eye.
B. Middle Vascular Pigmented Coat
■ Consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
1. Choroid
■ Consists of an outer pigmented (dark brown) layer and an inner highly vascular layer, which invests
the posterior five-sixths of the eyeball.
■ Nourishes the retina and darkens the eye.
2. Ciliary Body
■ Is a thickened portion of the vascular coat between the choroid and the iris and consists of the
ciliary ring, ciliary processes, and ciliary muscle.
The ciliary muscle consists of smooth muscle
innervated by parasympathetic fi bers derived from oculomotor.
3- Iris:
■ 1. Is a thin, contractile, circular, pigmented diaphragm with a central aperture, the pupil.
■ 2. Contains circular muscle fibers (sphincter pupillae), which are innervated by parasympathetic
fibers, and radial fibers (dilator pupillae), which are innervated by sympathetic fibers
21. 1. The conjunctiva is the delicate mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the lids from which it
is reflected over the anterior part of the sclera to the cornea. Over the lids it is thick and highly
vascular, but over the sclera it is much thinner and over the cornea it is reduced to a single layer
2. of epithelium. The line of reflection from the lid to the sclera is known as the conjunctival fornix;
the superior fornix receives the openings of the lacrimal glands.
3. Movements of the eyelids are brought about by the contraction of the orbicularis oculi and levator
palpebrae superioris muscles. The width of the palpebral fissure at any one time depends on the
tone of these muscles and the degree of protrusion of the eyeball.
C) The inner neural coat
• The retina is formed by an outer pigmented and an inner nervous layer
• Posteriorly the nerve fibres on its surface collect to form the optic nerve.
• its posterior pole there is a pale yellowish area, the macula lutea, the site of
• central vision, and just medial to this is the pale optic disc formed by the
• passage of nerve fibres through the retina, corresponding to the ‘blind spot’.
• The central artery of the retina emerges from the disc and then divides
• into upper and lower branches; each of these in turn divides into a nasal
• and temporal branch.
• The layer of ganglion cells, whose axons form the superifical layer of optic nerve fibres
70. Nerves of the Orbit
▪ Sensory nerves
Optic nerve for vision
ophthalmic division of trigeminal (CV) nerve for
general sensation
▪ Motor nerves
Occulomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Abducent nerve
(The maxillary nerve passes through the inferior orbital fissure,
enters into the groove in floor of the orbit, continues as infraorbital
nerve, exits through infraorbital foramen and supplies the skin of
the face. Does not supply orbital contents)
74. Optic Nerve
A rise in the CSF pressure within the cranial cavity is transmitted to the back of the eye
Runs
backward
& laterally
within the
cone of
the recti
muscles
79. Optic Nerve
▪ Pierces the sclera at a point medial to the
posterior pole of the eyeball.
▪ Runs backward& laterally within the cone of
the recti muscles
▪ Enters through optic canal
▪ Accompanied by opthalmic artery that lies
below it
▪ Surrounded by meninges & the subarachnoid
space containing CSF
85. Remove the orbital plate of the frontal bones and the frontal bone above the superior orbital
margin. Beneath the periorbita or periosteum lining the orbit, locate the frontal nerve, one of
the three branches of the ophthalmic divisionof trigeminal nerve. Frontal nerve splits into
supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves to supply the skin of the forehead.
Match to the diagram
1. Orbital plate of
frontal bone
(cut)Periorbita
2. Frontal n.
3. Supraorbital n
4. .Supratrochlear n.
2
4
3
118. Indicate the nerve supply to each.
V
III
IV VI
V1
V2
V3
II
Frontal n.
Supratrochlear n.
Supra-orbital n.
Lacrimal n.
Sensory nerves are branches of the
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal-
V1
V
III IV VI
II
VI
Nasociliary n.
Lacrimal n.
Ciliary ganglion
Short ciliary nn.
Ethmoidal nn.
Frontal n. (cut)
Infratrochlear n.
Long ciliary nn.
Motor nerves are branches of cranial nerves
III, IV, and VI
119.
120. Vessels of the Orbit
▪ Arterial supply: Ophthalmic artery,
branch of internal carotid artery
Venous drainage: Superior & inferior
ophthalmic veins, drain into the
cavernous sinus
122. Veins of the Orbit
Superior & inferior
ophthalmic veins:
▪ Drain the orbital
contents
▪ Pass through the
superior orbital
fissure
▪ Drain into the
cavernous sinus
▪ Communicates in
front with facial
vein
▪ Inferior
ophthalmic vein
communicates,
through the inferior
orbital fissure with
the pterygoid
venous plexus
123. There are NO lymph vessels
or lymph nodes in the
orbital cavity
126. Lacrimal Gland
■ Lies in the upper lateral angle of the orbit . Supplied by parasympathetic
fibers from facial nerve.
■ Is drained by 12 lacrimal ducts, which open into the superior conjunctival
fornix
.
B. Lacrimal Canaliculi
■ Are two curved canals that begin as a lacrimal punctum (or pore) in the
margin of the upper& lower eyelid and open into the lacrimal sac.
C. Lacrimal Sac
■ Lies in the lacrimal groove at anterior inferior angle of medial wall of the
orbit . It drains into nasolacrimal duct, which opens into the inferior
meatus of the nasal cavity.
D. Tears
■ Are produced by the lacrimal gland.
■ Pass through excretory ductules into the superior conjunctival fornix.
■ Are spread evenly over the eyeball by blinking movements
■ Enter the lacrimal canaliculi through their lacrimal puncta (which is on the
summit of the lacrimal papilla) then draining into the lacrimal sac,
nasolacrimal duct, and finally, the inferior nasal meatus in the nasal cavity.
Lacrimal Apparatus