The orbit is a four-sided pyramidal socket in the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents.
The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and nasolacrimal duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, check ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
The orbit is a four-sided pyramidal socket in the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents.
The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and nasolacrimal duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, check ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
Bony orbits are Quadrangular truncated pyramids with Anterior cranial fossa above and the maxillary sinuses below.
in this presentation we study the detailed anatomy of the arbit, the bones, relations of each wall, the contents, the apertures, orbital fissures and structures passing, fascia, septa and the surgical spaces of the orbit
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
BONY ORBIT
WALLS OF ORBIT
MUSCLES OF THE ORBIT
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE ORBIT
VASCULAR SUPPLY
LACRIMAL SYSTEM
ORBITAL FAT
ORBITAL INJURIES AND INFECTION
DENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Bony orbits are Quadrangular truncated pyramids with Anterior cranial fossa above and the maxillary sinuses below.
in this presentation we study the detailed anatomy of the arbit, the bones, relations of each wall, the contents, the apertures, orbital fissures and structures passing, fascia, septa and the surgical spaces of the orbit
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
BONY ORBIT
WALLS OF ORBIT
MUSCLES OF THE ORBIT
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE ORBIT
VASCULAR SUPPLY
LACRIMAL SYSTEM
ORBITAL FAT
ORBITAL INJURIES AND INFECTION
DENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
2. Introduction Muscles of the eye gives support and mainly involves in the movement of the eye and provides better visual system. It has two types: intraocular and extra ocular muscles 2/13/2016 2Muscles of the eye Gives astonished look Closing of the eye
3. Intraocular muscles Ciliary muscles -helps in accommodation Sphincter pupillae -constricts pupil Dilater pupillae -Dilates pupil IOM changes shape of lens and size of pupil. 2/13/2016 3Muscles of the eye
4. Extraocular muscles(EOM) EOM Oblique muscles Superior oblique Inferior oblique Recti muscles Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus LPS 2/13/2016 4Muscles of the eye
5. EOM ORIGIN NERVE SUPPLY Superior rectus Annulus of zinn Occulomotor nerve Inferior rectus Annulus of zinn Occulomotor nerve Lateral rectus Annulus of zinn Abducent nerve Medial rectus Annulus of zinn Occulomotor nerve Superior oblique Annulus of zinn via trochlea Trochlear nerve Inferior oblique Maxillary bone Occulomotor nerve Levator palpebral superiosis Sphenoid bone Occulomotor nerve 2/13/2016 5Muscles of the eye
6. 2/13/2016 6Muscles of the eye
7. Blood supply Arteries: Ophthalmic artery(medial and lateral branch), Lacrimal artery,anterior ciliary arteries Veins: superior and inferior orbital veins 2/13/2016 7Muscles of the eye
8. Insertion The Recti muscles are inserted into the sclera at the different distances from the limbus forming spiral called Spiral of Tillaux 2/13/2016 8Muscles of the eye
9. Actions of Muscles of the eye Muscles of eye Functions Orbicularis oculli closes the eye LPS elevates the upper lid Superior rectus Moves up and in Inferior rectus Moves down and in Lateral rectus Abduction Medial rectus adduction Superior oblique Eye moves down and out Inferior oblique Eye moves up and out 2/13/2016 9Muscles of the eye
10. 2/13/2016 10Muscles of the eye
11. Fig: Monocular movements of the eye Muscles of the eye
12.Muscles of the eye 12 Fig: Binocular movements of the eye
13. Disorders Amblyopia- partial loss of vision in one or both eye Diplopia- perception of two images from single object Strabismus-misalignment of visual axes of two eyes. Nystagmus- involuntary movement of the eyeballMuscles of the eye
Human eye is a sense organ that responses to light and allows vision. Eyeball is placed in bony orbit in the skull and protected by eyelids. Eyeball is made up of three layers; Fibrous tunic (cornea and sclera), Vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body and iris) and Retina. There are six extra ocular muscles to control movement of each eye. Optic nerve for its co-ordination with the brain. Blood is supplied to eye by the branches of internal carotid artery.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
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ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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Lecture 1 orbit-by Dr. Noura- 2018
1. Anatomy of the orbit
By
Dr. Noura El Tahawy
Assist. Professor Of Anatomy
Embryology& Molecular Cell Biology
Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University,
Egypt
2. Specific objectives of orbit
Anatomy
1. List the contents of the orbit.
2. Mention intrinsic muscles of the eyeball.
3. Describe levator palpebrae superiosis & The extraocular
muscles (origin –insertion-action & nerve supply)
4. Describe sensory& motor nerves in the orbit.
5. Describe blood vessels in the orbit.
6. Describe ciliary ganglion.
7. List structures passing through the optic canal &the
sup.orbital fissures.
6. Orbital Plate of Frontal BoneLesser Wing of The Sphenoid
Roof of the orbit
7. The Frontal Process of Maxilla
The Lacrimal Bone
Orbital Plate
of
Ethmoid Bone
Orbital Process
of
Palatine Bone
Part of Body of The Sphenoid
Medial wall of orbit
8. Orbital Surface of Maxilla
Orbital Surface
of
Zygomatic Bone
Orbital Process
of
Palatine Bone
The Floor of the orbit
10. Anterior
Ethmoidal Foramen
Posterior
Ethmoidal Foramen
Optic Foramen
Superior Orbital Fissure
Inferior Orbital Fissure
Zygomatic
Foramen
and
Canal
Zygomatico-facial
Foramen
Zygomatico-temporal
Foramen
Fossa
for
Lacrimal Sac
Fossa
for
Lacrimal Gland
Infra-orbital Groove
Infra-orbital Canal
Infra-orbital Groove
11. 1. Supraorbital notch
(foramen)
Forehead Supraorbital vessels & n.
2. Optic canal Middle cranial
fossa
CN. II, Ophthalmic a.
3. Sup. orbital fissure Middle cranial fossa CN. III, IV, V1, VI
Ophthalmic v.
4. Inf. orbital fissure Infratemporal fossa Infraorbital n. & vessels,
zygomatic n.
5. Posterior & anterior
ethmoidal foramen
Ethmoidal air cells Post & ant ethmoidal n.
& vessels
6. Zygomatic canal Zygomaticofacial &
Zygomaticotemporal n. &
vessels
7. Bony nasolacrimal
duct
Nasolacrimal duct
8. Infraorbital groove
& canal
Infraorbital n. & vessels
Orbital openings
20. A. External White Fibrous Coat
■ Consists of the sclera and the cornea.
1. Sclera
■ Is a tough white fibrous coat enveloping the posterior five-sixths of the eye.
2. Cornea
■ Is a transparent structure forming the anterior one-sixth of the external coat.
■ Is responsible for the refraction of light entering the eye.
B. Middle Vascular Pigmented Coat
■ Consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
1. Choroid
■ Consists of an outer pigmented (dark brown) layer and an inner highly vascular layer, which invests
the posterior five-sixths of the eyeball.
■ Nourishes the retina and darkens the eye.
2. Ciliary Body
■ Is a thickened portion of the vascular coat between the choroid and the iris and consists of the
ciliary ring, ciliary processes, and ciliary muscle.
The ciliary muscle consists of smooth muscle
innervated by parasympathetic fi bers derived from oculomotor.
3- Iris:
■ 1. Is a thin, contractile, circular, pigmented diaphragm with a central aperture, the pupil.
■ 2. Contains circular muscle fibers (sphincter pupillae), which are innervated by parasympathetic
fibers, and radial fibers (dilator pupillae), which are innervated by sympathetic fibers
21. 1. The conjunctiva is the delicate mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the lids from which it
is reflected over the anterior part of the sclera to the cornea. Over the lids it is thick and highly
vascular, but over the sclera it is much thinner and over the cornea it is reduced to a single layer
2. of epithelium. The line of reflection from the lid to the sclera is known as the conjunctival fornix;
the superior fornix receives the openings of the lacrimal glands.
3. Movements of the eyelids are brought about by the contraction of the orbicularis oculi and levator
palpebrae superioris muscles. The width of the palpebral fissure at any one time depends on the
tone of these muscles and the degree of protrusion of the eyeball.
C) The inner neural coat
• The retina is formed by an outer pigmented and an inner nervous layer
• Posteriorly the nerve fibres on its surface collect to form the optic nerve.
• its posterior pole there is a pale yellowish area, the macula lutea, the site of
• central vision, and just medial to this is the pale optic disc formed by the
• passage of nerve fibres through the retina, corresponding to the ‘blind spot’.
• The central artery of the retina emerges from the disc and then divides
• into upper and lower branches; each of these in turn divides into a nasal
• and temporal branch.
• The layer of ganglion cells, whose axons form the superifical layer of optic nerve fibres
70. Nerves of the Orbit
▪ Sensory nerves
Optic nerve for vision
ophthalmic division of trigeminal (CV) nerve for
general sensation
▪ Motor nerves
Occulomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Abducent nerve
(The maxillary nerve passes through the inferior orbital fissure,
enters into the groove in floor of the orbit, continues as infraorbital
nerve, exits through infraorbital foramen and supplies the skin of
the face. Does not supply orbital contents)
74. Optic Nerve
A rise in the CSF pressure within the cranial cavity is transmitted to the back of the eye
Runs
backward
& laterally
within the
cone of
the recti
muscles
79. Optic Nerve
▪ Pierces the sclera at a point medial to the
posterior pole of the eyeball.
▪ Runs backward& laterally within the cone of
the recti muscles
▪ Enters through optic canal
▪ Accompanied by opthalmic artery that lies
below it
▪ Surrounded by meninges & the subarachnoid
space containing CSF
85. Remove the orbital plate of the frontal bones and the frontal bone above the superior orbital
margin. Beneath the periorbita or periosteum lining the orbit, locate the frontal nerve, one of
the three branches of the ophthalmic divisionof trigeminal nerve. Frontal nerve splits into
supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves to supply the skin of the forehead.
Match to the diagram
1. Orbital plate of
frontal bone
(cut)Periorbita
2. Frontal n.
3. Supraorbital n
4. .Supratrochlear n.
2
4
3
118. Indicate the nerve supply to each.
V
III
IV VI
V1
V2
V3
II
Frontal n.
Supratrochlear n.
Supra-orbital n.
Lacrimal n.
Sensory nerves are branches of the
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal-
V1
V
III IV VI
II
VI
Nasociliary n.
Lacrimal n.
Ciliary ganglion
Short ciliary nn.
Ethmoidal nn.
Frontal n. (cut)
Infratrochlear n.
Long ciliary nn.
Motor nerves are branches of cranial nerves
III, IV, and VI
119.
120. Vessels of the Orbit
▪ Arterial supply: Ophthalmic artery,
branch of internal carotid artery
Venous drainage: Superior & inferior
ophthalmic veins, drain into the
cavernous sinus
122. Veins of the Orbit
Superior & inferior
ophthalmic veins:
▪ Drain the orbital
contents
▪ Pass through the
superior orbital
fissure
▪ Drain into the
cavernous sinus
▪ Communicates in
front with facial
vein
▪ Inferior
ophthalmic vein
communicates,
through the inferior
orbital fissure with
the pterygoid
venous plexus
123. There are NO lymph vessels
or lymph nodes in the
orbital cavity
126. Lacrimal Gland
■ Lies in the upper lateral angle of the orbit . Supplied by parasympathetic
fibers from facial nerve.
■ Is drained by 12 lacrimal ducts, which open into the superior conjunctival
fornix
.
B. Lacrimal Canaliculi
■ Are two curved canals that begin as a lacrimal punctum (or pore) in the
margin of the upper& lower eyelid and open into the lacrimal sac.
C. Lacrimal Sac
■ Lies in the lacrimal groove at anterior inferior angle of medial wall of the
orbit . It drains into nasolacrimal duct, which opens into the inferior
meatus of the nasal cavity.
D. Tears
■ Are produced by the lacrimal gland.
■ Pass through excretory ductules into the superior conjunctival fornix.
■ Are spread evenly over the eyeball by blinking movements
■ Enter the lacrimal canaliculi through their lacrimal puncta (which is on the
summit of the lacrimal papilla) then draining into the lacrimal sac,
nasolacrimal duct, and finally, the inferior nasal meatus in the nasal cavity.
Lacrimal Apparatus