Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are described. Cranial nerve III is the oculomotor nerve, with motor nuclei in the midbrain. It innervates extraocular muscles and the iris and ciliary body. Cranial nerve IV is the trochlear nerve, with its nucleus in the midbrain. It crosses and innervates the superior oblique muscle. Cranial nerve VI is the abducent nerve, with its nucleus in the pons. It supplies the lateral rectus muscle. Palsies of each nerve are also described.
Pupillary light reflex (PLR) : that controls the diameter of the pupil, in
response to the intensity of light that falls on the retinal ganglion cells of
the retina in the back of the eye.
- Light reflex
- Corneal reflex.
-Accommodation reflex:
Argyll Robertson pupils
Horner's syndrome:
Holmes–Adie syndrome
Pupillary light reflex (PLR) : that controls the diameter of the pupil, in
response to the intensity of light that falls on the retinal ganglion cells of
the retina in the back of the eye.
- Light reflex
- Corneal reflex.
-Accommodation reflex:
Argyll Robertson pupils
Horner's syndrome:
Holmes–Adie syndrome
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Cranial Nerve Assessment is a crucial step in neurological assessment. By following the simple theoretical aspects it can be made on your fingertips....here is an try to make the stuff easier for you....
Ascending, descending, and medulla oblongata is important anatomical structures for coordinations in physiology, embryology, and psychological activities in humans
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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4. Cranial nerve III or Oculomotor
nerve.
• Two motor nuclei:
• Oculomotor nucleus (somatic).
• Edinger – westphal or accessory oculomotor
nucleus (parasympathetic , visceral).
• Both the nuclei lie in the midbrain at the level of superior
colliculi.
5.
6.
7. Pathway :
The nerve is attached to the medial surface of the crura of
midbrain.
Enters the caverous sinus.
At the anterior pole of cavernous sinus the nerve divides into
superior and inferior divisions.
Both the division pass through the middle part of the superior
orbital fissure.
Reaches the orbital cavity.
9. Nerve to inferior oblique:
• Gives off a branch that passes to ciliary ganglion:
• It carried parasympathetic fibers from Edinger –westphal
nucleus .
• Ciliary ganglion.
• Short ciliary nerves.
• And supplies constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscle.
10.
11. Functions.
• Lifting the upper eyelid.
• Turning the eye upward downwards and medially.
• Constricting the pupil.
• Accommodating the eye.
12. Occulomotor nerve palsy.
• Caption: MODEL RELEASED. Oculomotor nerve palsy. Face of a 36-year-old woman with third (III) nerve palsy after
surgery to treat a subarachnoid haemorrhage. A berry aneurysm, a common localised dilation of an intercranial
artery, caused the subarachnoid haemorrhage. III nerve palsy is a dysfunction of the third cranial nerve, the
oculomotor nerve, which controls the movement of the eyes. It leads to an inability to move the eye, double
vision, a fixed and non-reactive pupil and eyelid drooping (ptosis, seen here, right eye). Ptosis can be corrected by
surgery
14. Cranial nerve IV or Trochlear
nerve.
• The nerve has one motor nucleus .Trochlear nucleus.(somatic).
• Nucleus lies at the level of inferior colliculi nucleus.
• The nerve is unique in three aspects:
• It is the smallest cranial nerve.
• Emerge from dorsal aspect of midbrain.
• Decussate within the brain stem.
15.
16. Pathway:
• Emerges from the posterior surface of midbrain beneath the
inferior colliculi.
• Curves around the lateral surface of cerebral peduncles.
• Enters the cavernous sinus.
• Passes through the lateral part of the superior orbital fissure.
• Reaches the orbital cavity.
• Supplies superior oblique muscle.
21. Cranial nerve VI or Abducent
Nerve.
• Abducent nerve has one motor nucleus .
• Abducent nucleus.(somatic).
• The abducent nucleus is located in the lower pons.
• Supplies Lateral rectus muscle.
22.
23. Pathway:
The nerve emerges b/w pons and the pyramid of the medulla .
Enters the inferior petrosal sinus at the apex of the petrous
temporal bone.
Passes through the middle part of the superior orbital fissure .
Reaches the orbital cavity.
Supplies lateral rectus muscle.
24.
25. Functions.
• Innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the ipsilateral orbit.
• Lateral rectus is responsible for lateral gaze.