1. Nutrition is the science of nourishing the body through food. Food provides nutrients and energy for growth, maintenance of tissues, and regulation of bodily processes.
2. Nutrients are classified based on their chemical nature (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, water), biological role (energy nutrients and protective nutrients), and daily requirement (macronutrients and micronutrients).
3. The caloric value of foods represents the energy released during metabolism and is measured using a bomb calorimeter. Carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 calories per gram while fats provide 9 calories per gram.
A lucid presentation on Basal metabolic rate ( BMR) and nutrition for medical ,dental ,pharmacology and biotechnology students to facilitate easy-learning.
A lucid presentation on Basal metabolic rate ( BMR) and nutrition for medical ,dental ,pharmacology and biotechnology students to facilitate easy-learning.
Are most abundantly distributed organic compounds.
70 kg man= protein weight constitute 12 kg
Skeleton and connective tissue contains half
Body protein and other half is intracellular.
Are most abundantly distributed organic compounds.
70 kg man= protein weight constitute 12 kg
Skeleton and connective tissue contains half
Body protein and other half is intracellular.
Food, Nutrition, Nutrients, Diet, Energy consumption & BMIDr.Subir Kumar
Chemistry of nutrition, Dietary principles of food, Basic energy consumption, Total calorie requirements, Energy providing foods, Nutrition balance, Body mass index
NutritionIntroduction, Balanced Diet, Calorie, Caloric Value, Energy Content...Maryam Fida
NutritionIntroduction, Balanced Diet, Calorie, Caloric Value, Energy Content of Food, Use of Food Energy, BMR
(Lippincott Biochemistry
Chatterje Biochemistry)
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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3. Nutrition is the science of nourishing the body.
Nutrition may be defined as utilization of food
by living organisms.
Food is the fuel source of the body.
The ingested food undergoes metabolism to
liberate energy required for growth,
maintenance of tissues of body & regulation of
body process.
4. Based on chemical nature, nutrients are
classified into six classes:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
5. Based on biological role:
Nutrients are classified into energy providing
nutrients & protective nutrients
Energy providing nutrients:
Carbohydrates & lipids
Protective nutrients:
Proteins, minerals, vitamins & water.
Based on daily requirement:
Classified into macronutrients & micronutrients
6. Calorie:
A physiological calorie (kilocalorie) is defined
as the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one kilogram of water by one
degree centigrade.
Determination of caloric value of foods:
By using the bomb-calorimeter.
7. Bomb-calorimeter is a metal vessel in which the
weighed food is ignited in an atmosphere of
oxygen under pressure by electric spark.
A measured volume of water surrounds the
vessel.
When the temperature is multiplied by the
volume of water surrounding the vessel, the
total number of calories liberated by the
combustion of the food is obtained.
9. Gross caloric values:
By using bomb-calorimeter
1gm of carbohydrates yields 4.1 calories
1gm of fat yields 9.4 calories
1gm of proteins yields 5.4 calories
10. Digestible caloric values:
Digestible caloric value of foods are
1gm of carbohydrates = 4.0 calories,
1gm of fat = 9.0 calories
1gm of proteins = 5.2 calories.
Note:
Proteins are not completely oxidized in the
body.
11. The end product is urea, it contains some
amount of potential energy (1.25 calories/gm)
The oxidizable caloricfic value of protein =4.0
Actual caloric values:
1gm of carbohydrates = 4 calories,
1gm of fat = 9 calories
1gm of proteins = 4 calories.
Ethanol = 7 calories.
12. The respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio of
the volume of CO2 produced to the volume of
O2 utilized in the oxidation of foodstuffs.
Volume of CO2 produced
Volume of O2 used
RQ =
13. Done by open circuit method
The subjects breaths in the atmospheric air of
known composition.
The expired air is collected in a rubber bag or
spirometer.
The volume of expired air, the O2 content &
CO2 content are measured.
RQ is calculated by using the formula.
14. Carbohydrates:
The carbohydrates are completely oxidized.
R.Q .for carbohydrate = 1
Fats:
Fats have relatively lower R.Q.
They have a low oxygen content.
Fats require more O2 for oxidation.
R.Q. for the oxidation of the fat = 0.7
15. Proteins:
The chemical nature of proteins is highly
variable
The R.Q. of protein is 0.8
Mixed diet:
R. Q. of the diet consumed is dependent of
the relative composition of carbohydrates,
fats and proteins.
For a normal diet, it is around 0.8.
16. Three process to meet fuel demand of the
body…….
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Specific dynamic action (SDA)
Physical activity.
17. BMR is defined as the minimum amount of
energy required by the body to maintain life
at complete physical and mental rest in the
post-absorptive state (i.e. 12 hours after the
last meal).
It may be noted that resting metabolic rate
(RMR) is in recent use for BMR.
18. Several functions within the body
continuously occur.
These include working of heart & other
organs, Respiration, Blood circulation,
Conduction of nerve impulse, Reabsorption
by renal tubules, Gastrointestinal motility &
ion transport across membranes, Na+ -K+
pump, Synthesis of macromolecules.
19. Prerequisite conditions:
Post-absorptive state
Mental & physical relaxation
Person is awake
Temperature maintained at 20-25°C
Supine position.
20. Measurement:
The BMR is determined either by the apparatus
of Benedict & Roth (closed circuit device) or by
the Douglas bag method (open circuit device).
By Benedict-Roth method, the volume of O2
consumed (recorded on a graph paper) by the
subject for a period of 2-6 minutes under basal
conditions is determined.
21. The energy consumed is calculated from
oxygen consumption.
The oxygen consumed per hour is multiplied
by constant 4.825 calories.
One liter of oxygen consumption is equivalent
to 4.825 calories, when RQ of diet is 0.82.
22. For the calculation of body surface area, the
simple formula by Du Bois and Du Bois is used.
Body surface area =
A = H0.725 x W0.425 x 71.84
A = Surface area in cm2
H = Height in cm
W = Weight in kg.
H0.725 x W0.425 x 71.84
25. BMR is expressed as cal/sq.m/hr
Adult males: 38 cal/sqm/hr
Adult females: 33 cal/sqm/hr
The average body surface area for Indian
males is 1.62 sqm
For females = 1.4 sqm
26. Surface area:
BMR is directly proportional to surface area.
Surface area is related to weight & height.
Sex:
Men have higher (about 5%) BMR than women.
Due to the higher proportion of lean muscle mass
in men.
Age:
In infants & growing children, with lean muscle
mass, the BMR is higher.
27. In adults, BMR decreases at the rate of about
2o% per decade of life.
Physical activity:
BMR is increased in persons (athletes) with
regular exercise.
Due to increase in body surface area.
Hormones:
Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) have a stimulatory
effect on the metabolism of the body & BMR.
28. Epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone & sex
hormones increase BMR.
Environment:
In cold climates, the BMR is higher compared to
warm climates.
Starvation:
During the periods of starvation, the energy
intake has an inverse relation with BMR, a
decrease up to 50%
29. Fever:
Fever causes an increase in BMR.
An elevation by more than 10% in BMR is
observed for every 1°C rise in body
temperature.
Disease states:
BMR is elevated in various infections,
leukemias, polycythemia, cardiac failure, HTN.
In Addison's disease BMR is lowered.
30. BMR is important to calculate the calorie
requirement of an individual & planning of diets.
Determination of BMR is useful for the
assessment of thyroid disorders.
BMR is increased in thyrotoxicosis
(hyperthyroidism).
BMR is decreased in hypothyroidism.
31. The phenomenon of the extra heat production
by the body, over and above the calculated
caloric value, when a given food is
metabolized by the body, is known as specific
dynamic action (SDA).
It is also known as calorigenic action or
thermogenic action or thermic action (effect)
of food.
32. SDA for different foods:
For a food containing 25 g of protein, the heat
production from the caloric value is 100 Cal (25
x 4 Cal).
When 25 g protein is utilized by the body, 130
Cal of heat is liberated.
The extra 30 Cal is the SDA of protein.
33. SDA for protein, fat and carbohydrate 32%, 13% & 5%,
Proteins possess the highest SDA while carbohydrates
have the lowest.
SDA for mixed diet:
The presence of fats & carbohydrates reduces the SDA
of proteins.
Fats are most efficient in reducing SDA of foodstuffs.
For a regularly consumed mixed diet, the SDA is
around 10%
34. For the utilization of foods by the body, certain
amount of energy is consumed from the body
stores.
Expenditure by the body for the utilization of
foodstuffs.
It is the highest for proteins (30%) & lowest for
carbohydrates (5%) & for mixed diet 10%
35. Additional 10% calories should be added to the
total energy needs (of the body) towards
SDA.
The higher SDA for protein indicates that it is
not a good source of energy
36. SDA of foods is due to the energy required for
digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism
and storage of foods in the body.
The SDA of proteins is primarily to meet the
energy requirements for deamination,
synthesis of urea, biosynthesis of proteins,
synthesis of triacylglycerol (from carbon
skeleton of amino acids).
37. Phenylalanine, glycine and alanine increase
the SDA.
The SDA of carbohydrates is attributed to the
energy expenditure for the conversion of
glucose to glycogen.
Fat, the SDA may be due to its storage,
mobilization and oxidation.
38. Consumption of protein rich diet cold climates:
In cold climates, diet rich in proteins is
recommended, it helps to maintain the body
temperature.
Due to its high SDA, liberates extra heat.
39. The energy requirement depend on the
occupation, physical activity and lifestyle of
the individual.
Light worker (teachers, doctors) 30-40%BMR
Moderate worker (housewives, students)
40-50% BMR
Heavy work (labourers) 50-60% BMR
Very heavy work (workers & rickshaw
pullers)
60-100% BMR
40. Individual with light work about 60% of the calories
are spent towards BMR, about 30% for physical
activity & about 10% to take care of the SDA.
Light work 2,200 – 2,500 Cal/day
Moderate work 2,500 – 2,900 Cal/day
Heavy work 2,900 – 3,500 Cal/day
Very heavy work 3,500 – 4,000 Cal/day
41. Low temperature increases energy expenditure by
inducing shivering & nonshivering thermogenesis
Shivering provides heat by increasing muscle activity
in response to cold stress.
Nonshivering thermogenesis also produce heat.
It is due to brown adipose tissue.
It is stimulated by epinephrine & norepinephrine.
42. 1. Define BMR. How it is determined? Describe
the factors affecting the BMR. Mention the
significance of BMR.
2. Define SDA. Mention the SDA for proteins,
fats and carbohydrates. Mention its
significance.
3. Define RQ. Mention the significance of RQ.
43. Medical Biochemistry - AR Aroor
Text book of Biochemistry - U.Satyanarayana
Biochemistry – Pankaja Naik
Text book of Biochemistry – DM Vasudevan