Nucleic acids are biopolymers that are essential for all life. They are composed of nucleotides containing phosphate groups, pentose sugars, and nitrogenous bases. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA is a double-stranded molecule that carries genetic information and is passed from parents to offspring. It has a double helix structure. RNA is single-stranded and is involved in protein synthesis. There are different types of each with different functions, such as mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information essential for life.
Nucleic acid play an important role in transmission of hereditary characteristics and biosynthesis of proteins.
DNA and RNA
* CONTENTS Introduction to Nucleic acids History of Nucleic acids Structure of Nucleic acids Description of Nucleic acids Chemical structure of DNA and RNA Classifications of Bases Sites of Nucleic acids Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides Conclusion References
* Structure of Nucleic acids NA structure is often divided into four different levels: Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure
* Primary structure: consists of a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester bond. Nucleotides consists of 3 components: Nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar One or more phosphate groups
* Secondary structure This is the set of interactions between bases. In DNA double helix, the two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. The nucleotides on one strand base pairs with the nucleotide on the other strand. The secondary structure is responsible for the shape that the nucleic acid assumes.
* Tertiary structure This is the locations of atoms in three-dimensional space, taking into consideration geometrical and steric constraits. A higher order than the secondary structure in which large scale folding in a linear polymer occurs and the entire chain is folded into a specific 3-dimensional shape.
* Quaternary structure This is similar to that of protein quaternary structure. Although some of the concepts are not exactly the same. QS refers to a higher level of organization of nucleic acids moreover, it refers to the interactions of the nucleic acids with other molecules.
* NNuucclleeiicc AAcciiddss Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction
* There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
* These are polymers consisting of long chains of monomers called nucleotides A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group.
* DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, long, thread-like polymers made up of a linear array of monomers called nucleotides All nucleotides contain three components: 1. A nitrogen heterocyclic base 2. A pentose sugar 3. A phosphate residue
* Ribonucleotides have a 2’-OH Deoxyribonucleotides have a 2’-H
* Bases are classified as Pyrimidines or Purines
* Nucleus Cytoplasm replication DNA transcription RNA (mRNA) translation Proteins
* reverse transcription messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
* Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides
* X-ray diffraction patterns produced by DNA fibers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
* 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" James Watson Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins
Nucleic acid play an important role in transmission of hereditary characteristics and biosynthesis of proteins.
DNA and RNA
* CONTENTS Introduction to Nucleic acids History of Nucleic acids Structure of Nucleic acids Description of Nucleic acids Chemical structure of DNA and RNA Classifications of Bases Sites of Nucleic acids Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides Conclusion References
* Structure of Nucleic acids NA structure is often divided into four different levels: Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure
* Primary structure: consists of a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester bond. Nucleotides consists of 3 components: Nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar One or more phosphate groups
* Secondary structure This is the set of interactions between bases. In DNA double helix, the two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. The nucleotides on one strand base pairs with the nucleotide on the other strand. The secondary structure is responsible for the shape that the nucleic acid assumes.
* Tertiary structure This is the locations of atoms in three-dimensional space, taking into consideration geometrical and steric constraits. A higher order than the secondary structure in which large scale folding in a linear polymer occurs and the entire chain is folded into a specific 3-dimensional shape.
* Quaternary structure This is similar to that of protein quaternary structure. Although some of the concepts are not exactly the same. QS refers to a higher level of organization of nucleic acids moreover, it refers to the interactions of the nucleic acids with other molecules.
* NNuucclleeiicc AAcciiddss Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction
* There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
* These are polymers consisting of long chains of monomers called nucleotides A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group.
* DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, long, thread-like polymers made up of a linear array of monomers called nucleotides All nucleotides contain three components: 1. A nitrogen heterocyclic base 2. A pentose sugar 3. A phosphate residue
* Ribonucleotides have a 2’-OH Deoxyribonucleotides have a 2’-H
* Bases are classified as Pyrimidines or Purines
* Nucleus Cytoplasm replication DNA transcription RNA (mRNA) translation Proteins
* reverse transcription messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
* Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides
* X-ray diffraction patterns produced by DNA fibers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
* 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" James Watson Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins
DNA :- SYNOPSIS :- 1.History
2.Structure of Nucleic acid
3.Structure of DNA & RNA
4.Watson and crick’s model of DNA
5.Types of DNA
6.Types of RNA
7.DNA VS RNA
8.Conclusion
Nuclei acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound containing phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells. The genes control protein synthesis through the mediation of RNA.
What are nucleic acidsWhy are these molecules so important to liv.pdfdeepakarora871
What are nucleic acids?
Why are these molecules so important to living organisms?
What are the basic structures of DNA and RNA? How are they similar? How are they different?
Solution
1.
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers or the molecules that allow the transfer of genetic material
from one generation to another generation.
These large biomolecules are necessary to all known forms of life.
The nucleic acids consists of nucleotides monomers linked together. Nucleotides consists of
nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group.
Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains.
These are linked by a covalent bond and the linkage is between the phosphate and sugar
molecule and the linkage is called the phosphodiester linkage.
They are two types of nucleic acids they are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid ).
Phosphodiester linkage forms the phosphate sugar backbone of both DNA and RNA.
2. DNA contains the instructions for the performance of all cell functions.
DNA is a genetic material and it is organized into the chromosome and it is found in the nucleus
of the cell and it is copied from one generation to another generation.
RNA is essential for synthesis of proteins . The information contained within the genetic code is
passed from DNA to RNA and they results in the formation of proteins.
3. DNA is a double helical structure and it consists of purines and pyramidines which are four
nitrogen bases like adenine, guanine , cytosine and thymine and phosphate -deoxyribose sugar
backbone.
In a double stranded DNA adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
RNA is a single stranded molecule . It consists of phosphate ribose sugar backbone and the
nitrogenous bases like adenine ,guanine ,cytosine and uracil.
In RNA strand, adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine. The nitrogen bases get
bonded to each other by hydrogen bonds.
The DNA and RNA are similar in having three nitrogenous bases like adenine, guanine and
cytosine and they are also similar in phosphate group.
They are different in nitrogen base like in DNA ,they have thymine as nitrogen base and in RNA
, they have uracil. In DNA ,they contain the five carbon sugar as deoxyribose and in RNA , the
five carbon sugar as ribose sugar.RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded..
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
DNA :- SYNOPSIS :- 1.History
2.Structure of Nucleic acid
3.Structure of DNA & RNA
4.Watson and crick’s model of DNA
5.Types of DNA
6.Types of RNA
7.DNA VS RNA
8.Conclusion
Nuclei acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound containing phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells. The genes control protein synthesis through the mediation of RNA.
What are nucleic acidsWhy are these molecules so important to liv.pdfdeepakarora871
What are nucleic acids?
Why are these molecules so important to living organisms?
What are the basic structures of DNA and RNA? How are they similar? How are they different?
Solution
1.
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers or the molecules that allow the transfer of genetic material
from one generation to another generation.
These large biomolecules are necessary to all known forms of life.
The nucleic acids consists of nucleotides monomers linked together. Nucleotides consists of
nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, phosphate group.
Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains.
These are linked by a covalent bond and the linkage is between the phosphate and sugar
molecule and the linkage is called the phosphodiester linkage.
They are two types of nucleic acids they are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid ).
Phosphodiester linkage forms the phosphate sugar backbone of both DNA and RNA.
2. DNA contains the instructions for the performance of all cell functions.
DNA is a genetic material and it is organized into the chromosome and it is found in the nucleus
of the cell and it is copied from one generation to another generation.
RNA is essential for synthesis of proteins . The information contained within the genetic code is
passed from DNA to RNA and they results in the formation of proteins.
3. DNA is a double helical structure and it consists of purines and pyramidines which are four
nitrogen bases like adenine, guanine , cytosine and thymine and phosphate -deoxyribose sugar
backbone.
In a double stranded DNA adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
RNA is a single stranded molecule . It consists of phosphate ribose sugar backbone and the
nitrogenous bases like adenine ,guanine ,cytosine and uracil.
In RNA strand, adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine. The nitrogen bases get
bonded to each other by hydrogen bonds.
The DNA and RNA are similar in having three nitrogenous bases like adenine, guanine and
cytosine and they are also similar in phosphate group.
They are different in nitrogen base like in DNA ,they have thymine as nitrogen base and in RNA
, they have uracil. In DNA ,they contain the five carbon sugar as deoxyribose and in RNA , the
five carbon sugar as ribose sugar.RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded..
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Nucleic acids
are biopolymers, macromolecules
crucial for all life forms. It is a
naturally occurring chemical
compound mainly composed of
a phosphate group,
a pentose sugar and a nitrogen
base(comprising
of purines and pyrimidines ).
Definition
3. Functions
• Primary information carrying
molecules in a cell.
• They create, encode and
store information in every cell for all
living beings.
• Responsible for the transmission of
inherent characters from parents to
offspring.
4. Types of Nucleic Acid
DNA RNA
Types of DNA
• A-DNA
• B-DNA
• Z-DNA
Types of RNA
• rRNA
• TRNA
• mRNA
5. DNA
DNA is a group of
molecules that is
responsible for carrying
and transmitting the
hereditary materials or
the genetic instructions
from parents to off
springs. DNA also plays
an important role in the
production of proteins.
6. Do You Know??
• DNA was first
recognized by the
Swiss biologist
Johannes Friedrich
Miescher(1869).
• There are around 3
million DNA bases in
our genome.
7. DNA Physical Structure
• Two strands resembling a twisted ladder known
as double helix.
• The two chain are anti parallel polarity.
• DNA molecule is composed of units
called nucleotide.
• Two types of nitrogen bases- Purine(Adenine,
Guanine) and Pyrimidine(Thymine, Cytosine)
• Adenine and thymine are bonded by two
hydrogen bonds whereas guanine and
cytosine are bonded by three
hydrogen bonds.
• Each turn of the helix consists of ten base pairs
• Pitch of the helix-3.4nm, diameter of helix-
2.0nm
8. DNA Chemical Structure
This P
• Each strand has a backbone made
of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and
phosphate groups.
• The order of the nitrogenous
bases determines the genetic code.
• The basic building blocks of DNA are
nucleotides (composed of sugar
group, phosphate group and a nitrogen
base).
• The phosphodiester bond links the 3'
carbon atom of one sugar molecule and
the 5' carbon atom of another.
• A glycosidic bond exists in the DNA
molecule between sugar and nitrogen
base
9. Fun Facts
• We all are 99.9% alike.
• Genes make up only about 3% of your
DNA.
• Throughout evolution, humans have
lost over 500 DNA codes.
10. Types of DNA
A-DNA B-DNA Z-DNA
1. It is a right handed,
double helix similar to the
B DNA. Dehydrated DNA
takes an A form that
protects the DNA during
extreme conditions such as
desiccation. Protein
binding also removes the
solvent from DNA, and
the DNA takes an A form.
2. Base pairs per turn- 11
3. Vertical rise per bp- 2.56Å
1. This is the most
common DNA
conformation and is a
right handed helix.
The majority of DNA
has a B type
conformation under
physiological
conditions.
2. Base pairs per turn- 10
3. Vertical rise per bp-
3.4Å
1. It is a left handed DNA
where the double helix
winds to the left in a zig-
zag pattern. It is found
ahead of the start site of
a gene and hence, is
believed to play some role
in gene regulation.
2. Base pairs per turn- 12
3. Vertical rise per bp- 19Å
11. Functions of DNA
• Replication process- Transferring the genetic information
from one cell to its daughters and from one generation to the next
and equal distribution of DNA during cell division.
• Mutation- The change which occur the DNA sequences.
• Transcription-Transcription is the process of copying a segment
of DNA into RNA.
• Cellular Metabolism-Process by which cellular DNA is
maintained, includes both DNA synthesis and degradation
reactions involved in DNA replication and repair.
• Gene Therapy- Allows correction of a gene defect diagnosed in a
embryo
12. Fun Fact!!!
We share 40-50%
of identical DNA
with cabbage.
9% of our DNA is
the same as other
Humans.
Forensics DNA
testing looks at 13
specific segments
of DNA.
13. RNA
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is present in
all living cells that has structural
similarities to DNA. RNA is most
often single stranded. RNA molecule
has a backbone made of alternating
phosphate groups and a sugar ribose.
Function:
• RNA create proteins via translation.
RNA carries genetic information
that is translated by ribosomes into
various proteins necessary for
cellular processes.
14. Structure of RNA
• RNA has the nitrogen bases called
the adenine, guanine, cytosine
and uracil.
• Adenine and uracil are considered as
the major building blocks of
RNA and both of them form base
pair with the help of 2 hydrogen
bonds.
• RNA resembles a hair pin
structure, and nucleotides
are formed in this ribonucleic
material.
15. Do You Know???
• mRNA has shortest life among all the
other types of RNA but also is the
largest one.
• Depending on the functions, RNA can
come in different forms and shape.
16. Types of RNA
tRNA mRNA rRNA
The transfer RNA is held
responsible for choosing
the correct protein/amino
acid required by the body
in turn helping the
ribosomes. It is located at
the end point of each
amino acid. This is also
called aa soluble RNA
and it forms a link
between mRNA and
amino acid
This type of RNA
functions by transferring
the genetic materials into
the ribosomes and pass
the instructions about
the type of proteins,
required by the body
cells. Therefore the
mRNA plays a vital role
in the process of
transcription or during
the protein synthesis
process
The rRNA is the component
of the ribosome and are
located within the
cytoplasm of a cell, where
ribosomes are found. In all
living cells, the ribosomal
RNA plays a fundamental
role in the synthesis and
translation of mRNA into
proteins. The rRNA is
mainly composed of
cellular RNA and are the
most predominant RNA
within the cells of all living
beings.
17. Fun Fact!!!
1.RNA is also referred to as
chemical cousin of DNA.
2.About 5% of the total
weight of a human cell
consist of RNA.
18. Conclusion
Nucleic acids are molecules made up of nucleotides that direct cellular
activities such as cell division and protein synthesis. They are made up of
nitrogen-containing bases, phosphate groups, and pentose sugar
(deoxyribose) . Each type of nucleic acid has a distinctive structure and
plays a different role in our cells. There are two types of nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA. DNA carries the genetic blueprint of the cell and is
passed on from parents to offspring(it is a double-helical structure with
the two strands running in opposite directions, connected by hydrogen
bonds, and complementary to each other).RNA is single-stranded and is
made of a pentose sugar (ribose), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate
group. RNA is involved in protein synthesis and its regulation.
20. Acknowledgments
I would like to take this opportunity to thank our Head of the Botany
Department Dr. Suraj SK Sir, as well as our school principal Dr.Mononjit
Ray who gave me such an amazing opportunity to do this wonderful project.
Also, I wish to thank my parents & friends who helped me a
lot in collecting data, pictures and continuous help and support.
Finally, I would wish to thank everyone involved in this
project time.
By, Ayendrela Sarkar
Barnali Sen
Subham Shah
