The central dogma of molecular biology proposes a one-way flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making RNA using DNA as a template in the 3' to 5' direction. The three major types of RNA are mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. Elongation of transcription occurs as RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing RNA strand. Termination happens via different mechanisms depending on the type of RNA polymerase and results in release of the completed RNA molecule.
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promotepolymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA genetranscription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE ANDMECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OFTRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL ANDENERGETIC DETAILS
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promotepolymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA genetranscription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE ANDMECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OFTRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL ANDENERGETIC DETAILS
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
it describes transcription with simple diagram and animation. its steps and inhibitors are described for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. it will be easily understood by UG students . post transcriptional modification of all the RNA are also described with diagrams.
User Interface Prototyping - Low- and High-Fidelity Prototyping TodayThomas Memmel
Zühlke offers various usability engineering services – get in touch at www.zuehlke.com/usability
User Studies, User Profiling & User Modeling (e.g. Personas), User-Centered Requirements Engineering, Usability Concepts & Modeling (e.g. Scenarios, Storyboards), Agile Development & User Experience (e.g. User Stories combined with elements of Interaction Design), User Interface Prototyping (Low- & High-Fidelity), User Interface Engineering (Integration of Usability Methodology in the Software Development Process), Usability Testing (e.g. with Mobile Usability Lab), User Interface Specification.
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
The process by which an RNA copy of a gene is made or it’s a DNA dependent RNA synthesis.
Transcription resembles replication
In its fundamental chemical mechanism
Its polarity (direction of synthesis)
Its use of a template
Transcription differs from replication
It does not requires a primer
It involves only limited segments of a DNA molecule
Within transcribed segments only one DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of RNA.
This Powerpoint consists of RNA synthesis (transcription) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This also explains about the post-transcriptional modifications in the mRNA. How the post transcriptionla modifications help in the gene expression.
dna transcription is a important topic for biology student. this presentation may be helpful for student of biology.it is useful for all types of courses as like M.Sc, B.Sc, 11th and 12th standard.
Prokaryotes are organisms that consist of a single prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They range from 10–100 μm in diameter, and their DNA is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.Prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei. Therefore, the processes of transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can all occur simultaneously.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. • Central dogma of molecular biology proposes a unidirectional or one
way flow of information from DNA to RNA (transcription) and from
RNA to protein (translation).
• The concept was given by Watson and Crick.
3. • First step is transcription (synthesis of RNA from DNA), but in case of
reverse transcription DNA is synthesizes from RNA in retrovirus. That
concept is given by Temin and Baltimore in Rous sarcoma virus, also
known as teminism and enzyme catalyze this reaction is reverse
transcriptase or RNA dependent DNA polymerase.
• In second step, messenger RNA (mRNA) moves the information from
the DNA to the ribosomes to direct the production of
protein. Translation represents a change in the language from the
nucleotide letters in RNA to the amino acid letters in protein
4. • RNA synthesis (transcription) is a transfer of the information from
the DNA where it is stored into RNA which can be transported and
interpreted
• Three Major Classes of RNA
These are synthesized by transcription of the appropriate genes and
are involved in protein synthesis.
1) mRNA- carries the message from the DNA to the ribosome.
2) rRNA- are major structural components of the protein-synthesizing
ribosome.
3) tRNA- act as adaptor molecules in aligning the amino acids
according to the sequence present in the mRNA.
5. • Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase which makes RNA using DNA
as a template.
• The strand of DNA which is transcribed is the template/sense/non-coding
strand in 3’-5’ direction.
• The other strand is called non sense/non template/coding strand which is in
5’-3’ direction.
• Prokaryotes have only one RNA polymerase which synthesis all the three
types of RNA’s.
6. RNA polymerase moves along
the template strand of the DNA
in the 3’ to 5’ direction, and the
RNA molecule grows in the 5’ to
3’ direction.
RNA polymerase consists of five
polypeptide chains-β,β’,2 α & σ.
The σ subunit recognizes
promoter on DNA template.
β subunit helps in formation of
phosphodiester bond
β’ subunit helps in binding with
template DNA
Fig. RNA
polymerase
7. Binding - DNA promoter region is a stretch of about 40 bp
adjacent to and including the transcription start point. Promoter have
a start point (designated +1 and usually an A), the six-nucleotide -10
sequence, and the six-nucleotide -35 sequence, located approx. 10
nucleotides and 35 nucleotides upstream from the start point.
• RNA polymerase binds at promoter by σ subunit.
8. • RNA synthesis starts from start point
• Ribonucleotide triphosphates(rNTPs) acts as substrate and hydrogen
bonded to complementary bases of template strand at start point
• RNA polymerase form phosphodiester bond between 3’-OH end of 1st
rNTP and 5’-P end of next rNTP & PPi releases
• After adding upto 9 rNTPs, σ subunit detaches from RNA polymerase
enzyme
Fig. Initiation of transcription
9. Elongation
• Successive rNTPs are added to 3’-OH end of growing RNA chain
about 18 base pairs of DNA are unwound
• The most recently synthesized RNA is still hydrogen-bonded to the
DNA, forming a short RNA-DNA hybrid(about 12 bp long)
• This unwinding and rewinding causes by RNA polymerase
but supercoiling is reduced by topoisomerase
Fig. Elongation of
transcription
11. Rho independent
• The newly formed RNA has GC rich
sequence followed by poly U
sequence
• GC rich sequence form hairpin loop
which pulls RNA chain and weak
bond between A=U broken & RNA
released
Rho dependent
• Rho factors/proteins causes
disruption of RNA-DNA hybrid
• Rho protein is a specialized
helicase which recognizes 50-90 bp
upstream of terminator in mRNA
sequence
• Rho protein releases newly formed
RNA
12. Name Location Product
α-Amanitin
sensitivity
RNA
polymerase I
(Pol I, Pol A)
Nucleolus
larger ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
(28s,18s and 5.8s)
Resistant
RNA
Polymerase
II (Pol II, Pol
B)
nucleus
messenger RNA ,most small
nuclear RNAs ,small interfering
RNA and micro RNA
Very sensitive
RNA
Polymerase
III (Pol III,
Pol C)
nucleus (and
possibly the
nucleolus-
nucleoplasm
interface)
transfer RNA ,other small RNAs
(including the small 5S ribosomal
RNA (5s rRNA) ,snRNA U6, signal
recognition particle RNA (SRP
RNA) and other stable short RNAs
Moderately
sensitive
Mitochondri
a
Mitochondria Mitochondrial RNA’s
Resistant
Chloroplast Chloroplast Chloroplast RNA’s Resistant
13. -180 -107 -45 +1 +20
Transcriptio
n
5’ 3’
Fig. Promoter of RNA polymerase I
Fig. Promoter of RNA polymerase II
Fig. Promoter of RNA
polymerase III
14. • Transcription factors and the
polymerase undergo binding to
initiate transcription
1) TFIID binds to the TATA box
followed by
2) The binding of TFIIA and
TFIIB.
3) The resulting complex is now
bound by the polymerase, to
which TFIIF has already
attached.
4) The initiation complex is
completed by the addition of
TFIIE, TFIIJ, and TFIIH.
5) Activation step requiring ATP-
dependent phosphorylation of the
RNA polymerase molecule which
initiates transcription
15. • Elongation in eukaryotes is same as in prokaryotes
Termination
RNA polymerase I – requires protein factors which recognize 18
nucleotides terminal sequence in newly formed RNA and then
termination occurs
RNA polymerase II – recognizes poly U sequence on template DNA but
hairpin loop is not formed
RNA polymerase III – newly formed mRNA cleaved at 10-35
nucleotides downstream from AAUAAA sequence in growing mRNA. At
cleaved site in mRNA poly A tail is formed