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- 1. Nucleic Acid & Nucleotides BSN 1st Biochemistry for Nurses
- 2. Course Outline • At the completion of this unitstudents will be able to: • Review of the cell Structure of Nucleic acid • Chemistry of Nucleic Acid, Nucleosides and Nucleotides • Structure of DNA & RNA • Functions of Nucleic Acid • Biological importance of Nucleotides
- 4. Animal Cell Nucleus The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions. It stores the cell’s hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell’s activities, which include intermediary metabolism, growth, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).
- 5. Nucleic Acid • Nucleic acids are polynucleotides joined together through phosphodiaster Bond • They are present in the nucleus – The nucleic acid have two unique properties • Reproduce their kind or to store or express and transmit genetic information • Undergo mutation
- 6. Types • Nucleic acids are of two types i.e. 1. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) It is responsible for protien synthesis. 2. DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid) It is the basic hereditary unit in humans it carries genetic information from one generation to the next.
- 7. Components of nucleic acids Composed of • Pentose sugar (Ribose; RNA, Deoxyribose; DNA). • Phosphate group • Nucleobase or Nitrogenous base
- 8. Nitrogenous Bases • There are two groups of nitrogenous bases which are known as purines and pyrimidines • Purines : contain Adenine and Guanine • Pyrimidines : contain thymine, cytosine and uracil nitrogenous bsses.
- 9. Sugar • Sugar present in nucleic acid is always a Penrose i.e ribose, both in oxidized and deoxidized forms. • Ribose: it’s an oxidized form, present in RNA • Deoxyribose: it’s a deoxidized form, present in DNA PHOSPHATE • It is provided by phosphoric acid
- 10. Stages of Nucleic acid formation • Nucleoside Nucleotide Polynucleotide (nucleic acid) – Nucleoside • A nucleoside has a chemical composition that consists of a sugar and a base without the phosphate group. • Adenine, Guanine and cytosine are combined with both rivers and deoxyribose and therefore their nucleusides are present in both DNA in RNA • Uracil combines only with ribos and their for it is present only in RNA. • Thymine combines only with deoxy ribos and therefore it is present only in DNA.
- 11. Nucleosides
- 12. Nucleotide It is a nucleoside with phosphate e.g. adenosine mono phosphate, Guanosine monophosphate
- 13. Polynucleotide • Polynucleotide is a nucleic acid and its formed by joining of many nucleides through phosphordiester bonds. • Nitrogenous base + Sugar = Nucleoside • Nucleoside + phosphate = Nucleotide • Many Nucleotides= polynucleotides
- 14. Derivatives of Nitrogenous Bases • Besides forming nucleic acids, following are the derivatives of nitrogenous bases: • Adenine: high energy phosphate compounds e.g. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • Co-enzymes e.g. NAD, NADP, FAD and CoA • 2nd messenger e.g. 3, 5-cycli AMP (cAMP) • Guanine : high energy phosphate compounds e.g GTP and GDP • Thymine: has no important derivatives
- 15. • Cytosine: hi energy phosphate compound e.g. CTP • CTP forms CDP-Choline, which helps in the synthesis of lecithins and cephalins • Uracil: • Also provide • UDP-Gluvose: helps in glycogen synthesis • UDP-Glucronic acid: helps in the detoxification of benzoic acid, bilirubin and many other toxic substances. • UDP-Galactose: helps in the development of nervous tissues.
- 16. Types of Nucleotides (RNA) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) Uridine monophosphate (UMP)
- 17. DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid This chemical substance is present in the nucleus of all cells in all living organisms DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood, nerve etc) is controlled by DNA The kind of organism which is produced (buttercup, giraffe, herring, human etc) is controlled by DNA DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
- 18. DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long chain of sub-units The sub-units are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar called deoxyribose a phosphate group -PO4 and an organic / Nitrogenous base DNA molecule Ribose is a sugar, like glucose, but with only five carbon atoms in its molecule Deoxyribose is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom
- 19. The most common organic bases are Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) The bases
- 20. The deoxyribose, the phosphate, and one of the bases, Combine to form a nucleotide adenine deoxyribose PO4 Nucleotides A molecule of DNA is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 sugar-phosphate backbone + bases Joined nucleotides 7
- 22. In fact, the DNA usually consists of a double strand of nucleotides The sugar-phosphate chains are on the outside and the strands are held together by chemical bonds between the bases PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4
- 23. The bases always pair up in the same way Adenine forms a bond with Thymine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine PO4 PO4 PO4 thymine PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 adenine cytosine PO4 guanine Bonding
- 24. Before a cell divides, the DNA strands unwind and separate Each strand makes a new partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides The result is that there are now two double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus So that when the cell divides, each nucleus contains identical DNA This process is called replication Replication
- 26. PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 Each strand builds up its partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides 18
- 27. Transcription It is a process of gene expression resulting in the synthesis of mRNA from DNA template RNA Polymerase catalyses this process. It occurs inside the nucleus of Eukaryotes and in the Cytoplasm of Prokaryotes.
- 28. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region. Promoter is before the gene that is to be transcribed (eukaryotes need transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind to the TATA box) Determines which strand of DNA to use Elongation - adds nucleotides to mRNA strand based on DNA strand in a 5’ 3’ direction (adding only to the 3’ end). Termination – RNA polymerase “falls off” the DNA strand when the termination sequence (terminator) is reached. AAUAAA in eukaryotes, this is now pre-mRNA
- 29. Mutations 29 After replication, changes in DNA molecule cause mutations These changes result in a permanent alternation of the base sequence in the Daughter DNA. Types of Mutations Point mutation: it is the substitution of one base for another Insertion: It is the addition of one or more nucleotides within a DNA sequence. Deletion: It is the removal of one or more nucleotide from a DNA sequence Inversion : It the reattachment of nucleotide within same chromosome but in reverse direction.
- 31. RNA • Name: Ribonucleic acid • Nitrogen bases: A-U-C-G (adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine) • Structure: single - strand of nucleotides • Sugar: ribose (5-carbon sugar) • Function: to carry the DNA code to the ribosomes • Number of types: 3 • Names of the types: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA • Codon: 3 nitrogen bases that code for an amino acid • Transcription; transferring DNA code onto mRNA • Why is RNA important? Without RNA there would not be instructions for making proteins at the ribosomes in cells.
- 32. What is codon? 3 NITROGEN BASES on mRNA THAT CODE FOR AN AMINO ACID mRNA •Nucleic Acid •Single-stranded •Made in nucleus as a result of transcription •Travels to ribosome with transcribed DNA code •Called messenger RNA
- 33. rRNA • Made of a large and a small unit that come together for protein synthesis •Found in the cytoplasm • Translates the mRNA code to amino acid code in making proteins • Called ribosomal RNA
- 34. AMINO ACID tRNA ANTICODON tRNA • Small coiled RNA with three unmatched bases • Found in the cytoplasm • Carries amino acid to ribosome • Called transfer RNA
- 35. Protein Synthesis • Protein synthesis is a highly complex process, which is regulated by DNA. • It takes place in the ribosomes present in the cytoplasm. • 4 ATPs I required and used for each amino acid added to the elongation protein chain. • DNA transmits the information (codons) of protein synthesis to the cytoplasm through mRNA. • Each codon is specific for a specific amino acid required for protein synthesis. • Protein synthesis starts with the start codon and stop codon. • mRNA takes these codon one by one to tRNA which has anti-codons. • Once the anti-codon on tRNA reads the codon on mRNA, it gets the required specific amino acid and transferred it to the ribosome containing rRNA
- 36. rRNA then incorporates that specific amino acid in the growing peptide chain this process is known as translation of genetic code. Once the required protein is synthesized completely stop codon is sent which stops the protein synthesis. After stop codon terminates the protein synthesis peptidyl transferase gets activated and releases the synthesized protein
- 38. • Post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins refers to the chemical changes that occur after a protein has been produced. It can impact the structure, electrophilicity and interactions of proteins. • Proteins may be modified by phosphorylation, glycosylation, ADP- ribosylation, hydroxylation and addition of other groups