NUCLEAR FISSION Braj mohan kushwah
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Nuclear fission and fusion explained the results of Hahn and Strassman's 1939 experiment bombarding uranium-235 with neutrons. Meitner and Frisch determined the uranium had split into smaller elements through nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is the splitting of heavier nuclei into lighter nuclei and releases energy according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2. Nuclear chain reactions can occur when the number of neutrons released through fission triggers further fissions. Nuclear fusion is when two light nuclei combine and fuse, but requires overcoming the electrostatic repulsion between protons which requires extremely high temperatures provided by stars.
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Science 7.3-Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei and is accompanied by a large release of energy. It can occur through a chain reaction where one fission reaction causes additional reactions. Nuclear fusion is the process where two light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus and occurs at extremely high temperatures like in the core of the sun. CANDU reactors are Canadian nuclear reactors that use deuterium and uranium in induced nuclear reactions.
Nuclear chemistry by shubhram
Nuclear Chemistry is guided by Dr. Santosini Patra and submitted by three students. It discusses the structure of the nucleus, subatomic particles, isotopes, radioactive isotopes, mass defect, binding energy, nuclear stability, and types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma emission. It also covers half-life, decay series, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and their relation to binding energy and attaining nuclear stability. Radiation hazards are discussed in the context of alpha, beta, and gamma emissions.
Fission and fusion
Nuclear energy involves processes like fission, fusion, and radioactive decay that involve changes to atomic nuclei. Fission is the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei into lighter ones and is used in nuclear reactors to produce energy. Nuclear fusion is the combining of light atomic nuclei into heavier ones and powers stars like our Sun through converting mass into vast amounts of energy.
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is a branch of physics that focuses on the study of atomic nuclei and their interactions. It explores the properties and behavior of atomic nuclei, which are the central cores of atoms containing protons and neutrons. This field is crucial for understanding the fundamental forces that govern the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic levels.
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lec34.ppt
1. The document discusses analytic functions of complex variables through examples. It defines analytic functions as those whose derivatives of all orders exist in the region of analyticity.
2. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are derived and their implications are explored, including that they imply the Laplace equation and orthogonality of level curves.
3. Several examples are worked through to determine if functions are analytic by checking if they satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are also derived in polar coordinates.
lec33.ppt
The Cauchy Riemann (CR) conditions provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) to be analytic in a region. The CR conditions require that the partial derivatives of u and v satisfy ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y and ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x. If a function satisfies these conditions at all points in a region, then it is analytic in that region. The document proves this using cases where ∆y = 0 and ∆x = 0, showing the derivatives must be equal. Examples are provided to demonstrate checking functions for analytic
lec31.ppt
Complex numbers allow solutions to equations like x2 + 1 = 0 by extending real numbers to include imaginary numbers. A complex number z is defined as z = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit equal to √-1. Complex numbers can be added and multiplied following specific rules, such as z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2) for addition and z1z2 = (x1x2 - y1y2) + i(y1x2 + x1y2) for multiplication. The inverse of a complex number z is calculated as z-1 = (x/(x2+y
lec32.ppt
The document discusses properties of complex numbers including:
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lec42.ppt
1) The document discusses examples of calculating the Jacobian of transformations. It defines the Jacobian as the determinant of the partial derivatives of the transformed coordinates.
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lec41.ppt
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2) The mapping ω = eiθ0(z-z0)/(z-z0) maps an area in the upper half z-plane to the interior of a unit circle in the ω-plane. Points on the x-axis in z are mapped to the boundary of the circle.
lec39.ppt
The document discusses Taylor and Laurent series expansions. It provides examples of using these expansions to represent functions around points.
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lec38.ppt
1) Jordan's lemma is used to convert real integrals over the infinite real axis into complex integrals over a contour enclosing the real axis in the complex plane.
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lec37.ppt
1) The document discusses evaluating contour integrals using the residue theorem. It provides examples of calculating residues and evaluating integrals where the contour encloses poles.
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lec23.ppt
1) The document discusses representation of the Dirac delta function in cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. It shows that δ(r - r') = δ(ρ - ρ')δ(φ - φ')δ(z - z')/ρ in cylindrical coordinates and δ(r - r') = δ(r - r')δ(θ - θ')δ(φ - φ')/r^2 in spherical coordinates.
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lec21.ppt
1. The Dirac delta function is an important concept in quantum mechanics and electrodynamics that describes an impulse or large force acting over a very short time interval.
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lec20.ppt
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lec19.ppt
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lec18.ppt
This document discusses solving a mass-spring system as an eigenvalue problem. It:
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2) Transforms the coupled differential equations into a matrix eigenvalue equation.
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lec17.ppt
This document discusses linear transformations and matrices. It introduces how linear transformations on physical quantities are usually described by matrices, where a column vector u representing a physical quantity is transformed into another column vector Au by a transformation matrix A. As an example, it discusses orthogonal transformations, where the transformation matrix A is orthogonal. It proves that for an orthogonal transformation, the inner product of two vectors remains invariant. It also discusses properties of other types of matrices like Hermitian, skew-Hermitian and unitary matrices.
lec16.ppt
This document discusses properties of symmetric, skew-symmetric, and orthogonal matrices. It defines each type of matrix and provides examples. Key points include:
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lec30.ppt
1) The document discusses calculating the moment of inertia tensor for a cylinder with radius R and height H. It is shown that the only non-zero components of the inertia tensor are Ixx = (3MH + 4MR2)/12, Iyy = Ixx, and Izz = MR2/2.
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lec28.ppt
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lec27.ppt
1) The document discusses tensors with multiple indices and the cross product of two vectors A and B. The components of the cross product vector C are given by Ai Bj - Aj Bi.
2) It describes how tensor components transform between coordinate systems using transformations of partial derivatives. The transformation property for cross products is derived.
3) Tensors are defined by their rank, with the number of covariant and contravariant indices specifying a tensor's rank. Vectors have a rank of 1. Examples calculate tensor components in different coordinate systems.
lec26.ppt
1) There are two types of vectors - contravariant vectors whose components transform according to Equation 1, and covariant vectors whose components transform according to Equation 2.
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NUCLEAR FISSION Braj mohan kushwah
- 2. Nuclear Fission & Fusion
- 3. History: Hahn & Strassman (1939) •Bombarded Uranium-235 samples with neutrons expecting the Uranium-235 to capture neutrons •Instead, the products showed different chemical properties that they could not explain
- 4. •Explained Hahn & Strassman results. •Instead of heavier Uranium, it had split into smaller elements = Nuclear Fission Meitner & Frisch
- 5. Nuclear Forces 1. Electric repulsion – ________ charge particles repel each other same 2. Strong Nuclear Force – causes protons and neutrons to ________ each otherattract •Stable Nuclei = strong nuclear force is ________ than repulsion force greater •Unstable Nuclei = strong nuclear force is ________ than repulsion force oHave too many or too few neutrons in nucleus oHave more than 83 protons in nucleus oWill decay into a more stable nucleus less
- 6. Nuclear Fission – splitting of heavier nuclei into lighter nuclei. U235 92 n1 0 Ba137 56 Xe84 36 n1 0 energy+ +15+ + How much energy? E=mc2 _______= _______ x (_____ _ _____)2 c=3.0x108 Energy mass speed of light E=mc2 explains _____ _____ (total mass of nucleus is less than sum of individual particles) mass defect
- 8. Nuclear Chain Reactions: •Nuclear fission releases more neutrons which trigger more fission reactions •The number of ________ released determines the success of a chain reaction neutrons
- 10. Nuclear Fusion - Energy released when two light nuclei combine or fuse •However, a large amount of energy is required to start a fusion reaction: o Need this energy to overcome ________ forces of protons. o Extremely high temperatures can provide start-up energy. repulsion More energy in fusing hydrogen that fission of uranium
- 11. Nuclear Fusion
- 12. Stars energy is produced through fusion reactions Fusion occurs until Fe is produced because less energy is released than required to fuse Fe nuclei = _____ ____ ____Star burns out
- 13. Cold Fusion: Efforts are being made to start and sustain a fusion reaction at lower temperatures, in other words with a lower amount of input energy