This document summarizes a lecture on non-coherent detection. It discusses coherent and non-coherent receivers, with non-coherent receivers not requiring estimation of carrier phase. It focuses on non-coherent frequency-shift keying (FSK), describing a quadrature receiver with two correlators per frequency to allow detection without phase information. The receiver squares and sums the correlator outputs before comparing to choose the detected frequency. Non-coherent FSK requires twice as many branches as coherent FSK but less bandwidth for the same symbol rate.
introduce the basic modulation tech (PSK, FSK, QAM etc)
and comparison between them.
ref : Communication System (4ed, Haykin)
this ppt is for my seminar
Frequency-Shift Keying, also known as FSK is a type of digital frequency modulation. It is also often called as binary frequency shift keying or BFSK
Similar to analog FM, it is a constant-amplitude angle modulation.
This presentation will discuss the concepts behind FSK
introduce the basic modulation tech (PSK, FSK, QAM etc)
and comparison between them.
ref : Communication System (4ed, Haykin)
this ppt is for my seminar
Frequency-Shift Keying, also known as FSK is a type of digital frequency modulation. It is also often called as binary frequency shift keying or BFSK
Similar to analog FM, it is a constant-amplitude angle modulation.
This presentation will discuss the concepts behind FSK
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
Power point presentation of Amplitude modulation from DSBSC.pptxvairaprakash3
The equation of AM wave in simple form is given by,
eAM(t) = Ec sin 2πfct+(mE_c)/2 cos2π(fc + fm)t - (mE_c)/2 cos2π(fc - fm)t
Here, power of the carrier does not convey any information. Most of the power is transmitted in the carrier is not used for carrying information. Hence the carrier is suppressed and only sidebands are transmitted.Therefore, if the carrier is suppressed, only sidebands remain in the spectrum requiring less power.
DSB-SC Contains two side bands i.e USB & LSB
Power efficiency is 100%
% Power saving in DSB-SC w.r.t AM is 66.67%.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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2. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
Overview
This lecture will look at the following:
• Coherent/non–coherent detection
• Non–coherent FSK
April 2005 Slide: 1
3. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
Coherent/Non–Coherent Detection
• So far we have only considered the case of coherent re-
ceivers, i.e. receivers that use knowledge of the phase of
the carrier frequency. In a communications system using
the modulation of a carrier frequency, the oscillators used
at the transmitter and receiver are not phase locked. As
a consequence there is a phase difference between the ref-
erence signal transmitted and the reference signal used in
the demodulator.
• In order to perform a coherent demodulation in the re-
April 2005 Slide: 2
4. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
ceiver, this phase difference must be estimated and cor-
rected.
• Carrier Phase Estimation for MPSK:
The carrier phase offset may be estimated in the receiver
using a PLL (phase locked loop).
• The received signal is raised to the Mth
power using a
non–linear device. If the received signal is of the form
A cos 2πft + φ +
2πi
M
,
where φ is the phase offset and 2πi/M is the phase shift
April 2005 Slide: 3
5. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
of the modulation. The output of the non–linear device
will contain harmonics of the carrier. A bandpass filter
will be used to select the Mth
harmonic, corresponding
to a signal:
A cos 2Mπft + Mφ +
2Mπi
M
= A cos (2Mft + Mφ)
which is used to drive a PLL. The output of the PLL’s
VCO is divided by M and phase shifted by π/2 so as to
provide the signals A sin(2πft + ˆφ) and A cos(2πft + ˆφ),
where ˆφ is the estimated phase offset.
• The diagram below shows a coherent MPSK receiver in-
April 2005 Slide: 4
6. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
corporating a PLL.
PLL )(1
tF
p/2
Detection
device
ò
T
dt
0
1
r
ò
T
dt
0
2
r
Coherent M-PSK receiver
)(2
tF
April 2005 Slide: 5
7. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
Non–Coherent FSK
• The requirement of estimating the carrier phase for the
M signals makes coherent demodulation of MFSK signals
very complex.
• For FSK, a non–coherent demodulator is preferred, which
does not require the estimation of the carrier phase.
• Tone Spacing:
FSK is usually implemented as orthogonal signalling where
each tone (sinusoid) in the signal set cannot interfere with
any of the other tones.
April 2005 Slide: 6
8. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
• For coherent detection the orthogonality condition leads
to a condition on tone spacing given by:
2π (f1 − f2) T = kπ
or
f1 − f2 =
k
2T
Therefore, for coherently detected FSK the spacing be-
tween frequencies is k/2T, with a minimum spacing of
1/2T.
• For non–coherently detected FSK the orthogonality con-
dition leads to a condition on the frequency spacing given
April 2005 Slide: 7
9. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
by:
2π (f1 − f2) T = 2kπ
For non–coherent FSK the frequency spacing is therefore
k/T with a minimum spacing of 1/T.
• For the same symbol rate, coherently detected FSK occu-
pies less bandwidth than non–coherently detected FSK.
April 2005 Slide: 8
10. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
• Non–Coherent Detection of FSK – Quadrature
Receiver:
For non–coherent detection phase measurement cannot
be exploited. The coherent receiver is modified as fol-
lows:
For a frequency f1, 2 correlators are implemented, one to
correlate with an in–phase reference signal:
Φ1I =
2
T
cos (2πf1t)
and the other to correlate with a quadrature (90◦
out of
April 2005 Slide: 9
11. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
phase) reference signal:
Φ1Q =
2
T
sin (2πf1t)
For this reason a non–coherent detector therefore requires
twice as many channel branches as a coherent detector.
• The diagram below illustrates a non–coherent receiver for
the detection of binary FSK (BFSK):
April 2005 Slide: 10
12. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
Square-Law (.)2
Square-Law (.)2
Non coherent Binary FSK demodulator and square-law detector
Square-Law (.)2
Square-Law (.)2
)(tr
> 0
r1
2
- r2
2
< 0
ò
T
dt
0
)(1 tIF
Ir1
ò
T
dt
0 Qr1
ò
T
dt
0
)(2 tIF
Ir2
ò
T
dt
0 r2
)(1 tQF
April 2005 Slide: 11
13. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
• The upper two branches are configured to detect f1, and
the lower two branches are configured to detect f2.
• If the received signal is of the form cos(2πf1)+n(t), where
the phase is 0 and the frequency is f1, the top branch
of the receiver would yield the maximum output. The
second branch would yield a near 0 output since the ref-
erence signal 2
T
sin (2πf1t) is orthogonal to the signal
component. The third and fourth branches would also
yield near zero outputs since their f2 reference signals
are also orthogonal to the signal component.
• If the received signal is of the form cos(2πf1t + φ), the
April 2005 Slide: 12
14. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
received signal will partially correlate with the cos(2πf1t)
reference signal and partially correlate with the sin(2πf1t)
reference signal. The third and fourth reference signals
will still return a near zero value due to orthogonality.
• The receiver is therefore able to decide whether the re-
ceived signal was an f1 signal or an f2 signal by squaring
and summing the outputs from the upper two branches
and comparing them with the sum of the squares of the
outputs from the lower two branches.
• r1 is given by:
r2
1 = r2
1I + r2
1Q
April 2005 Slide: 13
15. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
r2 is given by:
r2
2 = r2
2I + r2
2Q
• The decision criterion is given by:
r2
1 > r2
2, r2
1 − r2
2 > 0, choose s1
r2
2 > r2
1, r2
2 − r2
1 > 0, choose s2
• A receiver based on this decision criterion is known as a
quadrature receiver.
April 2005 Slide: 14
16. Lectures No. 26: Non–Coherent Detection
Conclusion
This lecture has looked at the following:
• Coherent/non–coherent detection
• Non–coherent FSK
April 2005 Slide: 15