This document provides an overview of wet processing techniques in the textile industry, including scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and finishing. It discusses the various types of processes under each technique, provides examples of chemicals and equipment used, and includes diagrams to illustrate how each process works. The conclusion emphasizes that wet processing requires well-trained workers and developments are ongoing to improve quality, competitiveness, and sustainability while satisfying customer needs. Links to related Facebook pages on textile manufacturing topics are also provided.

2. Prepared By : Mazadul Hasan sheshir
ID: 2010000400008
13th Batch (session 2009-2013)
Department : Wet Processing Technology
Email: mazadulhasan@yahoo.com
Blog : www. Textilelab.blogspot.com (visit)
Southeast University
Department Of Textile Engineering
I/A 251,252 Tejgaon ,Dhaka Bangladesh
Prepared By :

3. Total Textile Process at a Glance

4. Wet processing

5. Singeing

6. Desizing
.
.

7. Scouring Process
There are two types of textile scouring processes –
1. Conventional scouring process:
• Kier boiling (discontinuous) scouring.
• Scouring in J or L box (continuous).
• Exhaust method
2. Special scouring process:
• Solvent scouring process.
• Vapor lock scouring proces

8. General recipe for scouring for Kier boiler process:
•Alkali (NaOH) - 2 to 5 gm per Litre.
•Soda ash - x gm per Litre to adjust PH (PH required for
scouring is 10.5).
•Wetting agent - 1 gm per Litre.
•Sequestering agent - 1 gm per Litre.
•Detergent - 1 to 2 gm per Litre.
•Temperature - 100 to 1250c.
•Time - 6 hours (close vessel) and 8 hours (open vessel)
•M : L - 1 : 10

9. Description and Working Principle of Scouring Process:
Kier boiler is a long mild steel or cast iron cylindrical vessel
provided with two perforated tube sheets (disc with a number of
holes). One is placed at the bottom and another is top. These discs
are connected by a number of tunes which carry the liquor from
the bottom compartment to the upper one. In the middle
compartment steam is passed. Thus the tubes carrying the liquor
are surrounded by steam which heats them.
The hot liquor from the multitublar heater is sprayed over the
cloth, packed in the kier, through a hollow perforated ring. The
liquid passes slowly over the packed cloth, collects below the false
bottom, from where it is pumped into the auxiliary heater by a
centrifugal pump and the cycle repeats.

10. Figure scouring process

12. Bleaching
• Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural coloration and
remaining trace impurities from the cotton; the degree of bleaching
necessary is determined by the required whiteness and absorbency.
Cotton being a vegetable fiber will be bleached using an oxidizing
agent, such as dilute sodium hypochlorite or dilute hydrogen
peroxide. If the fabric is to be dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of
bleaching are acceptable. However, for white bed sheets and medical
applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorbency are
essential.
• Reductive bleaching is also carried out, using sodium hydrosulphite.
Fibers like polyamide, polyacrylics and polyacetates can be bleached
using reductive bleaching technology.
• After scouring and bleaching, optical brightening agents (OBA), are
applied to make the textile material appear more white. These OBAs
are available in different tints such as blue, violet and red.

14. Mercerizing process
Mercerizing is the process to improve the luster, hand and other properties of cotton by
using strong caustic alkaline solution . In this process, it can be divided into three uses
that are dyeing printing, finishing and it also has been used in final appearance in
general.

15. Figure of Mercerizing process

16. Note: Fabric Mercerization
is Cheaper than double
Mercerization which
provides a softer hand

18. DYEING PROCESS
Dyeing is the process of give color to fibers, yarn, or fabrics by using
natural or synthetic dye [1] . In this process it have involving three
principle process, that are retardation, migration and diffusion which
all this are chemical process. There are many type of dyeing that using
in textile wet processing such as cross dyeing, union dyeing and gel
dyeing. All of then has there own process to make the dyeing process
smoothly and produce a good quality of dyeing.
Figure 6 : Type of a few color that use in dyeing process

25. Figure of dyeing process

27. TEXTILE PRINTING
Textile printing is referred as localized dyeing. It is the
application of color in the form of a paste or ink to the
surface of a fabric, in a predetermined pattern. Printing
designs onto already dyed fabric is also possible. In properly
printed fabrics the color is bonded with the fiber, so as to
resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing
but, whereas in dyeing proper the whole fabric is uniformly
covered with one color, in printing one or more colors are
applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined
patterns. In printing, wooden blocks, stencils, engraved
plates, rollers, or silk screens can be used to place colors on
the fabric. Colorants used in printing contain dyes thickened
to prevent the color from spreading by capillary attraction
beyond the limits of the pattern or design.

28. Figure of printing machine

29. Finishing
• Textile finishing is the term used for a series of
processes to which all bleached, dyed, printed and
certain grey fabrics are subjected before they put
on the market. The object of textile finishing is to
render textile goods fit for their purpose or end-use
and/or improve serviceability of the fabric.
• Finishing on fabric is carried out for both aesthetic
and functional purposes to improve the quality and
look of a fabric. Fabric may receive considerable
added value by applying one or more finishing
processes.

30. Finishing processes include :
•Raising
•Calendering
•Crease resistance
•Filling
•Softening
•Stiffening
•Water repellency
•Moth proofing
•Mildew-proofing
•Flame retardant
•Anti-static
•soil resistance

31. Calendering
Calendering is an operation carried out on a fabric to improve its aesthetics.
The fabric passes through a series of calender rollers by wrapping; the face in
contact with a roller alternates from one roller to the next. An ordinary
calender consists of a series of hard and soft (resilient) bowls (rollers) placed
in a definite order. The soft roller may be compressed with either cotton or
wool-paper, linen paper or flax paper. The hard metal bowl is either of
chilled iron or cast iron or steel. The calender may consist of 3, 5, 6, 7 and 10
rollers. The sequence of the rollers is that no two hard rollers are in contact
with each other. Pressure may be applied by compound levers and weights,
or hydraulic pressure may be used as an alternative. The pressure and heat
applied in calendering depend on the type of the finish required.
The purposes of calendering are to upgrade the fabric hand and to impart a
smooth, silky touch to the fabric, to compress the fabric and reduce its
thickness, to improve the opacity of the fabric, to reduce the air permeability
of the fabric by changing its porosity, to impart different degree of luster of
the fabric, and to reduce the yarn slippage.

32. Raising
An important and oldest textile finishing is brushing or raising.
Using this process a wide variety of fabrics including blankets,
flannelettes and industrial fabrics can be produced. The process of
raising consists of lifting from the body of the fabric a layer of
fibers which stands out from the surface which is termed as "pile".
The formation of pile on a fabric results in a "lofty" handle and
may also subdue the weave or pattern and color of the cloth.
There are to types of raising machine; Teasel machine and Card-
wire machine. The speed of the card-wire raising machine varies
from 12-15 yards per minute, which is 20-30% higher than that of
teasel-raising. That is why the card-wire raising machine is widely
used.

33. CONCLUSION
Wet processing of textiles constitutes innumerable steps
leading to finished product, each having a number of complex
variables and every lot is like a new lot and much depends on
the well-trained manpower rather than modern machines and
technology. However, developments are taking place at a rapid
pace to satisfy the user with quality product and competitive
price. Though underlying principle for developments is
satisfying user needs. This in turn will impart cost
competitiveness. Then, more functional finishes are also being
developed. However trend is to use more mechanical finishes
than chemical finishes. The key to success in textile wet
processing technology will be the indication of highly trained
manpower at lucrative wages in structured manner.

36. 1. Yarn Manufacturing Technology
Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Yarn-Manufacturing-Technology/485014954866808
2. Fabric Manufacturing Technology
Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Fabric-Manufacturing-Technology/459520217425605
3. Garments Manufacturing Technology
Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Garments-Manufacturing-
Technology/472364799463126
3. Wet processing Technology
Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Wet-Processing-Technology-Dyeing-/468645219825404
4. Fashion-Design-and-Technology
Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Fashion-Design-and-
Technology/587655294583875?ref=ts&fref=ts
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