Textile finishes improve the appearance, feel, and functionality of fabrics. There are two main types of finishes - aesthetic finishes which improve visual qualities like texture or sheen, and functional finishes which provide benefits like stain resistance or crease resistance. Finishing processes include scouring to remove impurities, bleaching to produce a pure white color, dyeing or printing to add color patterns, and calendaring to produce a smooth texture. Properly finished fabrics have enhanced durability, comfort, and performance properties for long-lasting use.
The document discusses the preparatory processes involved for wool before manufacturing. It describes the composition of raw wool which mainly consists of keratin protein along with impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It then explains processes like carbonization and scouring used to remove these impurities. Carbonization uses sulfuric acid to remove burrs while scouring is done through emulsion, solvent, or freezing methods to remove dirt and fat without degrading the wool. Bleaching methods for wool include reductive bleaching using sodium hydrosulphite or oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxide.
Milling, crabbing, decatising, and carbonizing are finishing processes for wool, polyester, and nylon fabrics. Milling uses moisture, heat, and pressure to full and densify wool fabrics. Crabbing sets wool fabrics through tension and heat treatment to reduce distortions. Decatising sets wool fabrics by compressing them with steam between wool felt. Carbonizing converts polyester/cotton blends to 100% polyester by dissolving the cotton with sulfuric acid. Each process aims to stabilize fibers and set the fabric structure.
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Milling is a process that felts wool fabrics to make them thicker, fuller, and more uniform. It involves treating wool fabrics with moisture, heat, and pressure in a milling machine. There are several types of milling depending on the chemicals used, such as alkaline milling using sodium carbonate, soap milling using soap solutions, and acid milling using diluted sulfuric acid. The objective is to felt the wool fibers together to condense and shrink the fabric while also making the weave less visible. Milling improves the strength, handle, and appearance of the wool fabric.
The document summarizes various types of textile finishing processes. It discusses classifications of finishing based on the nature of finish, degree of permanence, and performance. It then provides examples and brief explanations of common finishing processes like optical finishing, compacting, calendaring, brushing, raising, napping, shearing, resin finish, softener treatment, water repellent finish, and anti-microbial finish. The objectives and mechanisms of different finishes are also outlined.
Pilling is formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is caused by abrasion in wear.
Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come loose from a fabric surface and form balled particles of fiber
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
The document discusses the preparatory processes involved for wool before manufacturing. It describes the composition of raw wool which mainly consists of keratin protein along with impurities like dirt, suint, fat, and burrs. It then explains processes like carbonization and scouring used to remove these impurities. Carbonization uses sulfuric acid to remove burrs while scouring is done through emulsion, solvent, or freezing methods to remove dirt and fat without degrading the wool. Bleaching methods for wool include reductive bleaching using sodium hydrosulphite or oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxide.
Milling, crabbing, decatising, and carbonizing are finishing processes for wool, polyester, and nylon fabrics. Milling uses moisture, heat, and pressure to full and densify wool fabrics. Crabbing sets wool fabrics through tension and heat treatment to reduce distortions. Decatising sets wool fabrics by compressing them with steam between wool felt. Carbonizing converts polyester/cotton blends to 100% polyester by dissolving the cotton with sulfuric acid. Each process aims to stabilize fibers and set the fabric structure.
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Milling is a process that felts wool fabrics to make them thicker, fuller, and more uniform. It involves treating wool fabrics with moisture, heat, and pressure in a milling machine. There are several types of milling depending on the chemicals used, such as alkaline milling using sodium carbonate, soap milling using soap solutions, and acid milling using diluted sulfuric acid. The objective is to felt the wool fibers together to condense and shrink the fabric while also making the weave less visible. Milling improves the strength, handle, and appearance of the wool fabric.
The document summarizes various types of textile finishing processes. It discusses classifications of finishing based on the nature of finish, degree of permanence, and performance. It then provides examples and brief explanations of common finishing processes like optical finishing, compacting, calendaring, brushing, raising, napping, shearing, resin finish, softener treatment, water repellent finish, and anti-microbial finish. The objectives and mechanisms of different finishes are also outlined.
Pilling is formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is caused by abrasion in wear.
Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come loose from a fabric surface and form balled particles of fiber
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
This procedure is sometimes referred to as “Burn Out”. A cotton / polyester blended fabric can be printed with a print paste containing the burn out chemicals, and after fixation, the cotton portion is destroyed and only the polyester remains. Burn-out textiles is a technique used to develop raised designs on fabric surface. This is primarily being done in fabrics with at least 2 different fibre content i.e. Cotton-Polyester, Silk-Rayon etc.
This document provides an overview of textile finishing processes. It defines textile finishing as treatments applied to fibers, yarns, or fabrics to impart desired functional properties. These finishes are broadly classified into mechanical, chemical, and enzyme finishes. The document then describes various mechanical processes like calendaring and chemical processes like flame retardant treatments. It also discusses enzyme finishing and some specific thread finishing techniques.
Durable press finishing provides fabrics with crease retention and freedom from ironing after washing through the use of cross-linking resins. The process involves padding the fabric with a resin like DMDHEU, making the fabric into garments, and curing them at a high temperature to set the creases. This provides better crease retention than wash and wear finishes. The resin must cure at high heat without discoloring and remain fast after washing. However, durable press finishing can reduce fabric strength and abrasion resistance due to the high resin levels and prolonged curing, so softeners are added to minimize these issues.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
This document profiles Abdullah Al Mahfuj, a student studying Textile Engineering at Green University of Bangladesh. His presentation discusses double cloth fabrics. Double cloths are fabrics made of two layers of threads woven separately and then stitched together. They have two objectives: to improve thermal resistance and provide a good appearance and feel. Double cloths are classified based on how the layers are stitched together, including self-stitching from face to back or back to face, or using different stitching threads between layers. Their end uses include industrial applications like hoses and insulation, as well as clothing like overcoats.
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
Honeycomb, Mock Leno, Huckaback weaves and Dobby Figure Designs Azmir Latif Beg
Miscellaneous Weaves:
Honeycomb, Mock Leno,
Huckaback, Dobby Figure Designs
Designs in which the ornament consists chiefly of small, detached spots or figures are employed in nearly all classes of yarn and yarn combinations, for dress fabrics, fancy vesting, and other textures in which elaborate figure ornamentation is not desired.
Technical textiles are fabrics designed for their technical performance properties rather than aesthetics. Textile finishing treatments enhance fabric qualities after dyeing. There are various types of chemical finishes that impart new properties like waterproofing, flame resistance, and antimicrobial effects. Key chemical finishes discussed include waterproofing and water repellent finishes using chemicals like vulcanized rubber or fluorocarbons, flame repellent finishes using bromine or phosphorus, and antimicrobial finishes using triclosan or metallic salts. The presentation concludes that textile finishes significantly improve fabric appearance, performance, and protection from damages.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
This document discusses various flame retardant finishes for different fabrics. It describes the requirements for a flame retardant finish and the key mechanisms by which they work, such as reducing oxygen content or increasing moisture content in fibers. It then provides details on specific flame retardant finishes for cotton, wool, polyester, cotton/polyester blends, nylon, and acrylic fabrics. Common flame retardant chemicals used include antimony oxychloride, borax, boric acid, sodium phosphate, THPC, urea, phosphorus compounds, and halogen compounds. Processes generally involve padding, drying, and curing the treated fabrics.
Printing means localized application of dyes on the fabric according to design. For printing it is required to produce printing paste. Printing Paste is a viscous paste which is made from pigments, thickeners and many of chemical. A good printing paste is mainly responsible for good printing effect. So it is very important to make a printing paste. There are different types of ingredients are used to make printing paste
Generally following ingredients are used in printing paste:
Dyestuffs or pigment.
Wetting agents.
Thickener.
Solvents dispersing agents.
Defoaming agents.
Oxidizing and reducing agents.
Catalyst and oxygen carrier.
Acid and alkali.
Career and swelling agent.
Miscellaneous agent
This document discusses anti-bacterial finishes that are applied to cellulosic fabrics like linen and cotton to make them resistant to bacteria. Rot proofing finishes protect fabrics from biological decay caused by mold, fungi and bacteria when exposed to moisture. Common active ingredients used in rot proofing finishes include compounds of antimony, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt and copper. Specific finishes mentioned include those using copper naphthanates and Willesden finish which uses a cuprammonium solution to treat canvas and tent cloth. The finish must not affect the fabric's properties or fastness and should be non-toxic, odorless and not discolor or degrade the fabric.
This document discusses various machinery used for textile preparation processes. It describes batch, semi-continuous, and continuous processes. For batch processes, it focuses on kiers, jiggers, and winches which are used for pre-treatment. Kiers are cylindrical vessels for scouring cotton rope, while jiggers and winches process fabrics in open width or rope form. For semi-continuous and continuous processes, it discusses padding mangles, J-boxes, and steamers which allow continuous fabric movement and chemical application. It also covers washing units and mercerization equipment and processes.
Roller printing is a textile printing technique invented in 1783 that uses engraved copper rollers instead of hand-carved blocks. The design is engraved onto the copper roller, which is then electroplated with chrome for durability. Multiple rollers can be used to print one repeat of a design onto fabric passing over a central cylinder. Defects can occur due to scratches, loose threads, or uneven pressure, but roller printing allows for higher production compared to earlier techniques.
Basic knowledge about blend dyeing
Dyeing of Blended Fibres & Fabrics
Blends:
Blends are any textile material from fiber through yarn to fabric which are deliberate combination of chemically or physically different fibrous polymer. Cotton and Polyester blend is an example of chemically different blend and Cotton and Viscose is physically different blend because both are cellulosic.
Reason for blending:
1.Economy: The dilution of an expensive fibre by blending with a cheaper substitute.
2.Durability: The incorporation of a more durable component to extend the useful life of a relatively fragile fibre.
3.Physical properties: A compromise to take advantage of desirable performance charactristics contribuition by both fibre components.
4.Color: The development of new fabric design for garments incorporating multicolor effect.
5.Appearance: The attainment of attractive appearance & perceptible qualities using combinations of yarns of different lusture, crimp or denier which still differ in appearance even when dyed with same color.
6.Other reasons-
Blending develops fibre properties.
Colorant modification is possible by blending.
Finishing process modification.
Improved moisture absorption, antistatic characteristics, reduced pilling, improved abrasion resistance.
Dyeing Possibilities with Blends:
1.Union Dyeing:
• This is suitable for fabrics containing two fibres to dye them in a single uniform colour, each dye suitable for one kind of fibre in the blend.
• Union dyeing is same as cross dyeing except that instead of multi-colour effects. One solid colour is produced. The dyer accomplishes this by using two or more classes of dye, each of the same colours.
• Different fibres may require different dyes to obtain the same colour; this may be done by putting the appropriate colour dye that is specific to each type of fibre in to one dye bath.
• For eg: a fabric composed of rayon and acetate can be dyed with a solid colour green by using a direct dye for the rayon, and a disperse dye of the same colour for the acetate.
2.Resist/Reserve dyeing:
• In resist dyeing at least one (but not all) of the components of the blend remains essentially undyed i.e almost white.
3.Cross dyeing:
• Cross dyeing produces fibres of contrasting color
• This is two types-
a)Shadow effect/Tone-in-Tone dyeing:
Two fibres are dyed in same hue & brightness but the depth is different. It is called tone-in-tone or shadow effect.
b)Contrast effect:
Two fibres are dyed with strong difference in hue, brightness & depth.This is called contrast effect. Pleasing final appearance is important here.
This presentation discusses the process of dip dyeing garments. It begins with an introduction and background of the presenter. Then, it defines different types of dyeing including dip dyeing. The document proceeds to describe the dip dyeing process which involves immersing garments in dye baths to create gradients from darker at the bottom to lighter at the top. It provides details on the equipment, pre-treatment, recipes, and step-by-step working procedures for dip dyeing a batch of baby girl shorts.
Fabric finishes are applied after fabric production to improve appearance, feel, or properties. Aesthetic finishes influence texture, luster, drape, and hand. Calendering uses rollers to impart finishes like glazing, moire, or embossing. Other techniques include brushing, shearing, and flocking to modify texture. Functional finishes provide benefits like wrinkle resistance or stain release. A fabric's fiber content and construction determine suitable finishing methods.
Dr bmn college special finishes for textiles pradnya_ss
This document provides information about various textile finishing processes. It begins with an introduction to textile finishing, defining it as the final surface treatment of cloth after weaving or knitting to prepare it for market. It then discusses the objectives and types of finishing, including mechanical finishes like calendaring and chemical finishes like bleaching. Specific mechanical finishes like tentering and calendaring are described in more detail. The document also covers special finishes like resin finishing, degumming, carbonising and softening. It aims to improve the appearance, feel and performance properties of fabrics.
This procedure is sometimes referred to as “Burn Out”. A cotton / polyester blended fabric can be printed with a print paste containing the burn out chemicals, and after fixation, the cotton portion is destroyed and only the polyester remains. Burn-out textiles is a technique used to develop raised designs on fabric surface. This is primarily being done in fabrics with at least 2 different fibre content i.e. Cotton-Polyester, Silk-Rayon etc.
This document provides an overview of textile finishing processes. It defines textile finishing as treatments applied to fibers, yarns, or fabrics to impart desired functional properties. These finishes are broadly classified into mechanical, chemical, and enzyme finishes. The document then describes various mechanical processes like calendaring and chemical processes like flame retardant treatments. It also discusses enzyme finishing and some specific thread finishing techniques.
Durable press finishing provides fabrics with crease retention and freedom from ironing after washing through the use of cross-linking resins. The process involves padding the fabric with a resin like DMDHEU, making the fabric into garments, and curing them at a high temperature to set the creases. This provides better crease retention than wash and wear finishes. The resin must cure at high heat without discoloring and remain fast after washing. However, durable press finishing can reduce fabric strength and abrasion resistance due to the high resin levels and prolonged curing, so softeners are added to minimize these issues.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
This document profiles Abdullah Al Mahfuj, a student studying Textile Engineering at Green University of Bangladesh. His presentation discusses double cloth fabrics. Double cloths are fabrics made of two layers of threads woven separately and then stitched together. They have two objectives: to improve thermal resistance and provide a good appearance and feel. Double cloths are classified based on how the layers are stitched together, including self-stitching from face to back or back to face, or using different stitching threads between layers. Their end uses include industrial applications like hoses and insulation, as well as clothing like overcoats.
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
Honeycomb, Mock Leno, Huckaback weaves and Dobby Figure Designs Azmir Latif Beg
Miscellaneous Weaves:
Honeycomb, Mock Leno,
Huckaback, Dobby Figure Designs
Designs in which the ornament consists chiefly of small, detached spots or figures are employed in nearly all classes of yarn and yarn combinations, for dress fabrics, fancy vesting, and other textures in which elaborate figure ornamentation is not desired.
Technical textiles are fabrics designed for their technical performance properties rather than aesthetics. Textile finishing treatments enhance fabric qualities after dyeing. There are various types of chemical finishes that impart new properties like waterproofing, flame resistance, and antimicrobial effects. Key chemical finishes discussed include waterproofing and water repellent finishes using chemicals like vulcanized rubber or fluorocarbons, flame repellent finishes using bromine or phosphorus, and antimicrobial finishes using triclosan or metallic salts. The presentation concludes that textile finishes significantly improve fabric appearance, performance, and protection from damages.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
This document discusses various flame retardant finishes for different fabrics. It describes the requirements for a flame retardant finish and the key mechanisms by which they work, such as reducing oxygen content or increasing moisture content in fibers. It then provides details on specific flame retardant finishes for cotton, wool, polyester, cotton/polyester blends, nylon, and acrylic fabrics. Common flame retardant chemicals used include antimony oxychloride, borax, boric acid, sodium phosphate, THPC, urea, phosphorus compounds, and halogen compounds. Processes generally involve padding, drying, and curing the treated fabrics.
Printing means localized application of dyes on the fabric according to design. For printing it is required to produce printing paste. Printing Paste is a viscous paste which is made from pigments, thickeners and many of chemical. A good printing paste is mainly responsible for good printing effect. So it is very important to make a printing paste. There are different types of ingredients are used to make printing paste
Generally following ingredients are used in printing paste:
Dyestuffs or pigment.
Wetting agents.
Thickener.
Solvents dispersing agents.
Defoaming agents.
Oxidizing and reducing agents.
Catalyst and oxygen carrier.
Acid and alkali.
Career and swelling agent.
Miscellaneous agent
This document discusses anti-bacterial finishes that are applied to cellulosic fabrics like linen and cotton to make them resistant to bacteria. Rot proofing finishes protect fabrics from biological decay caused by mold, fungi and bacteria when exposed to moisture. Common active ingredients used in rot proofing finishes include compounds of antimony, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt and copper. Specific finishes mentioned include those using copper naphthanates and Willesden finish which uses a cuprammonium solution to treat canvas and tent cloth. The finish must not affect the fabric's properties or fastness and should be non-toxic, odorless and not discolor or degrade the fabric.
This document discusses various machinery used for textile preparation processes. It describes batch, semi-continuous, and continuous processes. For batch processes, it focuses on kiers, jiggers, and winches which are used for pre-treatment. Kiers are cylindrical vessels for scouring cotton rope, while jiggers and winches process fabrics in open width or rope form. For semi-continuous and continuous processes, it discusses padding mangles, J-boxes, and steamers which allow continuous fabric movement and chemical application. It also covers washing units and mercerization equipment and processes.
Roller printing is a textile printing technique invented in 1783 that uses engraved copper rollers instead of hand-carved blocks. The design is engraved onto the copper roller, which is then electroplated with chrome for durability. Multiple rollers can be used to print one repeat of a design onto fabric passing over a central cylinder. Defects can occur due to scratches, loose threads, or uneven pressure, but roller printing allows for higher production compared to earlier techniques.
Basic knowledge about blend dyeing
Dyeing of Blended Fibres & Fabrics
Blends:
Blends are any textile material from fiber through yarn to fabric which are deliberate combination of chemically or physically different fibrous polymer. Cotton and Polyester blend is an example of chemically different blend and Cotton and Viscose is physically different blend because both are cellulosic.
Reason for blending:
1.Economy: The dilution of an expensive fibre by blending with a cheaper substitute.
2.Durability: The incorporation of a more durable component to extend the useful life of a relatively fragile fibre.
3.Physical properties: A compromise to take advantage of desirable performance charactristics contribuition by both fibre components.
4.Color: The development of new fabric design for garments incorporating multicolor effect.
5.Appearance: The attainment of attractive appearance & perceptible qualities using combinations of yarns of different lusture, crimp or denier which still differ in appearance even when dyed with same color.
6.Other reasons-
Blending develops fibre properties.
Colorant modification is possible by blending.
Finishing process modification.
Improved moisture absorption, antistatic characteristics, reduced pilling, improved abrasion resistance.
Dyeing Possibilities with Blends:
1.Union Dyeing:
• This is suitable for fabrics containing two fibres to dye them in a single uniform colour, each dye suitable for one kind of fibre in the blend.
• Union dyeing is same as cross dyeing except that instead of multi-colour effects. One solid colour is produced. The dyer accomplishes this by using two or more classes of dye, each of the same colours.
• Different fibres may require different dyes to obtain the same colour; this may be done by putting the appropriate colour dye that is specific to each type of fibre in to one dye bath.
• For eg: a fabric composed of rayon and acetate can be dyed with a solid colour green by using a direct dye for the rayon, and a disperse dye of the same colour for the acetate.
2.Resist/Reserve dyeing:
• In resist dyeing at least one (but not all) of the components of the blend remains essentially undyed i.e almost white.
3.Cross dyeing:
• Cross dyeing produces fibres of contrasting color
• This is two types-
a)Shadow effect/Tone-in-Tone dyeing:
Two fibres are dyed in same hue & brightness but the depth is different. It is called tone-in-tone or shadow effect.
b)Contrast effect:
Two fibres are dyed with strong difference in hue, brightness & depth.This is called contrast effect. Pleasing final appearance is important here.
This presentation discusses the process of dip dyeing garments. It begins with an introduction and background of the presenter. Then, it defines different types of dyeing including dip dyeing. The document proceeds to describe the dip dyeing process which involves immersing garments in dye baths to create gradients from darker at the bottom to lighter at the top. It provides details on the equipment, pre-treatment, recipes, and step-by-step working procedures for dip dyeing a batch of baby girl shorts.
Fabric finishes are applied after fabric production to improve appearance, feel, or properties. Aesthetic finishes influence texture, luster, drape, and hand. Calendering uses rollers to impart finishes like glazing, moire, or embossing. Other techniques include brushing, shearing, and flocking to modify texture. Functional finishes provide benefits like wrinkle resistance or stain release. A fabric's fiber content and construction determine suitable finishing methods.
Dr bmn college special finishes for textiles pradnya_ss
This document provides information about various textile finishing processes. It begins with an introduction to textile finishing, defining it as the final surface treatment of cloth after weaving or knitting to prepare it for market. It then discusses the objectives and types of finishing, including mechanical finishes like calendaring and chemical finishes like bleaching. Specific mechanical finishes like tentering and calendaring are described in more detail. The document also covers special finishes like resin finishing, degumming, carbonising and softening. It aims to improve the appearance, feel and performance properties of fabrics.
Dr BMN - Finishes for appearance__hand_and_performancepradnya_ss
This document discusses various textile finishing processes. It describes embossing as using heated rollers to raise designs on fabric surfaces. Napping raises fibers on materials like cotton and rayon using needle rollers. Flocking adheres small fibers to fabrics to form designs. Softening finishes like anionic, cationic and nonionic conditioners are used to reduce static cling and soften textiles. Delustering and brightening chemicals are applied to synthetic fibers and fabrics to respectively reduce shine and increase the appearance of whiteness. Common brighteners are added to laundry detergents and paper.
This document provides an overview of various textile processing steps, including:
1) Singeing, which burns off loose fibers to improve fabric quality;
2) Desizing to remove starch sizing using water, acid, or enzymes;
3) Scouring to remove oils and dirt to make fabric absorbent;
4) Bleaching to remove color using hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, or sodium chlorite;
5) Dyeing by immersing fabric in dye solutions using different dyes for different fibers.
This document provides information about various textile finishing processes. It discusses mechanical finishing processes like calendaring, stentering, beetling, glazing, schreinerizing, embossing, moiering, raising, and napping. It also discusses chemical finishing processes like waterproofing, water repellency, and sanforizing. Calendaring is used to smooth and impart luster to fabrics. Stentering is used to stretch and heat set fabrics. Beetling and glazing impart a flattened, lustrous appearance. Raising raises the fabric surface using metal points. Napping raises fiber ends to create a fuzzy surface. These mechanical and chemical finishing processes are used to impart functional properties and improve aest
This document provides an overview of wet processing techniques in the textile industry, including scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and finishing. It discusses the various types of processes under each technique, provides examples of chemicals and equipment used, and includes diagrams to illustrate how each process works. The conclusion emphasizes that wet processing requires well-trained workers and developments are ongoing to improve quality, competitiveness, and sustainability while satisfying customer needs. Links to related Facebook pages on textile manufacturing topics are also provided.
The document discusses various types of finishes used in the textile industry. It describes finishing as the final step that adds functionality and improves surface quality. There are several types of finishes that can be applied to fabrics, including preparatory, stabilizing, textural, and functional finishes. Preparatory finishes prepare fabrics for downstream processing, while stabilizing finishes control the dimensional stability of fabrics. Textural finishes alter the surface appearance and hand of fabrics, and functional finishes provide properties like crease-resistance, waterproofing, or flame retardancy. The document focuses on temporary, semi-durable, and permanent finishes, as well as specific finishes for water-repellency and flame retardancy.
Textile manufacturing and fabric processing (fiber to fabric)damayantimeher
This presentation deals with basic of fiber to fabric manufacturing process i.e spinning weaving , dyeing and printing.Spinning portion cover both natural fiber spinning, details of weaving and wet chemical processing portion cover dyeing printing and finishing of fibre yarn and fabric
Textile finishing involves mechanical or chemical processes to increase a material's aesthetic and functional properties. It is done to make materials more presentable and durable for customers. There are different types of finishes including aesthetic finishes to modify appearance; functional finishes to improve performance; physical/mechanical finishes using treatments like calendaring and napping; and chemical finishes applied with chemicals and curing. Examples of specific finishes are crease-resistant for wrinkle-free fabrics, water-repellent for outdoor wear, and antimicrobial to protect against microbes. Finishing aims to enhance properties like appearance, feel, durability, and functionality.
Textile finishing involves processes that textiles undergo after pretreatment, dyeing, or printing to enhance their attractiveness, comfort, and usefulness. Finishing can improve fabric appearance through processes like calendaring or optical brightening, or alter fabric handle through softening or stiffening. Finishing also improves fabric serviceability by adding properties like flame resistance, water resistance, or easy care attributes. Finishing methods are classified as aesthetic, functional, temporary, permanent, or semi-permanent and involve chemical or mechanical processes. Common mechanical processes include calendaring, brushing, singeing, tentering, and raising. Chemical processes include softening, hardening, resin finishing, mercerization, and fire resistant or antimicrobial
This document discusses textile finishing. It begins by explaining that finishing is the final process given to textiles to enhance appearance, feel, and impart durable properties. Finishing can be classified based on the type of finish (physical/mechanical vs. chemical), degree of permanence (permanent to temporary), or performance (aesthetic vs. functional). Common aesthetic finishes are calendaring and mercerization, while functional finishes include water-repellent and durable press treatments. Specific finishing processes for various fiber types are outlined, and techniques like compacting, decating, and water-repellent finishes are explained in detail.
A wrinkle, also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in the cloth or garments. Wrinkle is a particular type of pressure in the finished fabric. It is produced during finishing operations by the thickness of the seam used to join pieces for processing.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
This document discusses softening of fabrics, which modifies surface properties to improve comfort, wear, and performance. Textiles undergo processes that make surfaces harsh, so softening is needed. Mechanical methods like breaking, calendering, and raising can soften fabrics. Chemical methods use softeners like cationic agents that coat fibers and prevent static cling while making fabrics softer. Cationic softeners orient positively on fibers' negatively charged surfaces. Testing evaluates softening effectiveness by measuring static cling, stiffness, and yellowing. Softened fabrics have benefits like improved lubricity, properties, and handle.
This document provides information on textile finishing processes. It begins by explaining that finishing is the final process given to textiles to improve appearance, feel, and functionality. It then classifies finishing according to the type of finish (physical/mechanical vs. chemical), degree of permanence (permanent, durable, semi-durable, temporary), and performance impact (aesthetic vs. functional). Specific finishing processes are defined, like compacting, decating, water repellent finishes using paraffin wax, silicones and fluorochemicals. The document also discusses flame retardant finishes and calendaring.
All steps of preparation of fabric for dyeing.Amit kumar
The document describes various wet processing steps for textiles, including:
- Pretreatment processes like singeing, shearing, and cropping to remove surface fibers and impurities.
- Preparation steps like greige inspection and stitching before wet processing.
- Desizing to remove starch coatings from warp yarns.
- Scouring to remove natural and added impurities using alkalis.
- Bleaching to whiten fibers using oxidizing agents.
The summary highlights the key goal of pretreatment, preparation steps, and common wet processing steps like desizing, scouring, and bleaching that are used to clean and treat textiles.
This document provides an overview of textile and garment finishing methods. It discusses what finishing is and how it can give textiles desirable appearance, feel, and durable properties. Finishing methods are classified as either physical/mechanical or chemical finishes. Specific finishing methods covered include calendering, sanforizing, decating, napping, water repellent finishes, and washes. The document explains how each method works and what properties it imparts to textiles.
The document describes various wet processing steps involved in textile manufacturing, including preparation, pretreatment, and finishing processes. Some key points:
- Preparation steps include grey inspection, stitching, shearing, cropping, and singeing to smooth fabric surfaces and remove loose fibers.
- Pretreatment aims to remove natural and added impurities through desizing, scouring, bleaching, and optional mercerization. This makes fabrics more absorbent and receptive to dyes.
- Common pretreatment methods include desizing to remove starches added during weaving, scouring using alkalis to remove natural waxes and oils, and bleaching to further whiten fabrics using oxidizing agents like
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1. TEXTILE FINISHES
THE JOURNEY OF TEXTILE TO MEET PERFECTION
BY: KIRTI PATEL ( BHM II)
&
DEEPAK KUMAR (BBA HM II)
TO: Mrs. ROOPALI DAME
2. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A FINISH?
ITS NEED/ROLE
CLASSIFICATION
EXPLANATION IN DEPTH
HOW IT’S DONE
CONCLUSION
3. INTRODUCTION
We all understand the role of textiles in our daily life. Every soul born
needs and understands the use of textiles and that’s how important it
is. To make these fabrics and textiles long lasting, attractive and make
it functional, it is really crucial for it them to undergo several tests,
additions and subtractions. To make it worthy of lasting long for a
long time, giving them best quality and provide it best suitable
characteristics, textile finishes are important. We will understand its
role and several steps involved in giving the textile the perfect finish.
Lets understand its journey from a fabric to perfection
4. TERMS & DEFINITIONS
FINISHES
A fabric finish is applied to a fabric once it has been
made, to improve its appearance, Feel or other
properties.
Finishing processes are carried out to improve the
natural properties or attractiveness of the fabric and
to increase its serviceability
6. NEED AND ROLE OF FINISHES
Fabric Finishes are used to improve the fabric in some way. This could be:
1. Improve the appearance - colour, pattern or sheen. Change the texture of the
fabric-embossing, Brushing or smoothing
2. Improve the feel-softer, crisper, firmer.
3. Improve the drape (how the fabric hangs)-weighted
4. Improve wearing qualities, crease resistance, stain resistance, flammability and
waterproof
5. Modify care requirements, easy wash, quicker drying times, colour fast, less
shrinkage
7. What does finishing do?
1.Provide aesthetic value
2.Softens the fabric or stiffens it as per the requirement
3.Adds to durability & longitivity
4.Adds to comfort
5.Provide safety
6.Improves performance
9. CLASSIFICATION OF FINISHES
ON THE BASIS OF SPECIALITY
AESTHETIC FINISHES
FUNCTIONAL FINISHES
ON THE BASIS OF QUALITY
TEMPROARY FINISHES
SEMI PERMAENT FINHSES
PERMAMANENT FINISHES
ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF MACHINERY
MECHANICAL FINISHES
CHEMICAL FINISHES
10. AESTHETIC FINISHES
The appearance of fabrics is sometimes deceiving. In part, the
Appearance depends on the type of fibres, the construction of the yarns
and fabrics, and the dyeing and printing involved.
However, finishes can be applied to fabrics that enhance the basic aesthetic
qualities. Aesthetic finishes influence the lustre,
texture, drapability. Hand and surface appearance of fabrics as well as
enhance a host of other qualities.
Aesthetic finishes change the appearance and/or hand or drape
of the fabrics.
11. SIZING
After winding and warping process yarn is sized during beam preparation.
Sizing is the process of applying a protective adhesive coating on the surface
of the yarn, so that the warp yarn can withstand against the weaving forces.
Another way, sizing is an application of size and lubricants to the warp yarns.
Objectives of sizing:
To improve weave ability of warp yarn by making it smoother, stronger,
and more resistant to abrasion against various machine parts.
An optimal size recipe, which guarantees a process safe work-ability and a good
weaving behavior.
14. DESIZING
During wet processing, various chemicals are applied and before starting these
processes we must be sure of maximum absorption of these chemicals. For
this, the sizing materials are removed by desizing.
We can say, the main aim of desizing is the elimination of the size material
from the fabric. If the sizing materials cover the warp yarns, it will lead to
uneven dyeing, printing or finishing. If not taken out completely.
Desizing depends upon the sizing agents, adhesions between sizing materials
and fabric materials, allowing the desizing agent to degrade or solubilize the
size material and finally to wash out the degradation products. Caustic soda,
diluted sulphuric acid is used for desizing
16. DEGUMMING
Degumming is the process of removing sericin or silk gum from silk.
Removing the gum improves the shine, colour and texture of the silk
because the gum can serve as a protective layer.
It is typically left on the silk until it is ready to dye. In some cases fabrics is
woven to completion and then degummed, to protect the yarn from
abrasion on the loom.
Degumming also removes accompanying substances such as fats, oils,
natural pigments, and mineral components. The degumming process not
only helps in dyeing, but also particularly for good printing results.
18. WEIGHTING
After the processing of silk material, it loses about 25% of its weight particularly after
degumming. This loss in weight leads to a great loss of money since they are very
expensive.
To compensate the loss, some weight is artificially added to the material by chemical
means.
Silk is weighted using the metallic salts either in the yarn stage or as a woven
fabric. It may be weighted during the dyeing process where the metallic salts are
added to the dye. In the weighting process, the silk fibers absorb the metallic salts.
These salts are not removed even after repeated laundering.
Tin salts are widely used for silk weighting. Ex – stannic chloride by fixation with
sodium carbonate, sodium silicate, sodium phosphate
20. SCOURING
The term ‘scouring’ applies to the removal of impurities such as oils, wax,
gums, soluble impurities and solid dirt commonly found in textile material
and produce a hydrophilic and clean cloth. NaOH solution is used in
this process.
Objectives of Scouring:
To remove natural as well as added impurities of essentially hydrophobic character
as completely as possible.
To increase absorbency of textile material.
To leave the fabric in a highly hydrophilic condition without undergoing chemical or
physical damage significantly.
21. SCOURING BEING DONE BY KIER BOILING PROCESS
General recipe for scouring for
Kier boiler process:
• Alkali (NaOH) - 2 to 5 gm per
litre.
• Soda ash - x gm per litre to
adjust PH (PH required for
scouring is 10.5).
• Wetting agent - 1 gm per litre.
• Sequestering agent - 1 gm per
litre.
• Detergent - 1 to 2 gm per litre.
• Temperature - 100 to 1250c.
22. CALENDERING
Calendering is a type of mechanical levelling and segmenting process
for ‘finishing’ fabrics or webs to produce a special effect, namely
flattening, lustre, compacting, glazing, smoothing, texturing and
other embossed patterns by passing in open width between two adjacent rollers
kept under pressure.
The passage of material (full-width piece goods) between two rollers is called nip,
to produce flat, compact and polished fabric.
24. DECATIZING
By this process, high quality wool and woollen blend fabrics receive a
permanent fixing. The wool fabrics acquire important basic qualities like a
flowing drape, crease resistance and a discreet glaze finish.
The fabric is compressed between two layers of woolen felt and steam is is
blown continuously in between it which gives it body and a fixed shape and a
fine glaze.
26. TENTERING
This finish is given to a fabric when their edge becomes uneven due to dying
processes or wet finishing. The tentering process straightens out the edges
and weaves of the fabrics, making it even in the width.
A tenter folds holds the edges spread across the chain in a required tension
manner which is then released onto to the cylinder to be folded.
27.
28. NAPPING
This produces a raised effect on the fabrics and renders it soft and warm. The fabric
is first passed over a revolving cylinder covered with teasels (bent wire).
The teasels scratch the fibres up to form a nap thus formed is then clipped to a
uniform height by passing it through a shearing machine. Cotton and wool are given
this finish.
The fuzzy finish, produced by napping makes a soft fabric, which provides warmth
because of the insulative air cells in the nap. The thicker the nap, the more air cells,
and the warmer the fabric. The fact that stains can be removed more readily from a
napped surface is an additional advantage.
31. SHEARING
This process clips any short end of fibers or yarns slicking
out of fabrics. The fabric is passed through 2 roller brushes and both
sides of the material are cleaned at the same time.
Shearing is achieved by machines with razor sharp blades angled at
definite length which gives the textile the pre-requisite finish.
Different designs and ridge effects can be introduced using modified
blades.
33. FLOCKING
A type of raised decoration applied to the surface of a fabric in which an
adhesive is printed on the fabric in a specific pattern and then finally chopped
fibers are applied by means of dusting, airbrushing, or electrostatic charges.
The fibers adhere only to the areas where the adhesive has been applied and the
excess fibers are removed by mechanical means.
Different types of designs, patterns and embossing effects can be obtained by
using flocking at cheaper rates. The designs are high in quality but with time and
moisture it may lose its quality.
36. SANFORIZATION
Many fabrics shrink after their first wash. To overcome this defect, they are
sanforized. The process ensures less than 1% shrinkage for fabrics after
washing. The process is carried out by passing the pre-shrunk fabric
between a thick cloth and the surface of steam heated metallic roller. The
fabric thus finished does not shrink further.
Sanforizing is a controlled compressive shrinkage process, which is applied
on fabric to achieve shrinkage before making the garments. It is
a mechanical finishing process of treating textile fabrics to prevent the
normal dimensional alternation of warp and weft. Sanforizing is also called
anti-shrinkage finishing process.
38. MERCERIZING
A treatment of cotton yarn or fabric to increase its luster and affinity for dyes. The
material is immersed under tension in a cold sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) solution in
warp or in the piece, and is later neutralized in acid.
The process causes a permanent swelling of the fiber and thus increases its luster. It is
the process of treatment of cellulosic material with cold or hot caustic conditions under
specific conditions to improve its appearance and physical as well as chemical properties.
Purpose of mercerizing
1.To improve the luster
2.To improve the strength
3. To improve the dye uptake and moisture regain.
39. BLEACHING
This is necessary if any staining or discoloration have occurred during
prior manufacturing process. Bleaching results in a pure white material.
When fabrics have been bleached for finishing; they are referred as
‘bleached goods’. It can be carried out by oxidizing or reducing agents.
They are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, titanous chloride,
sodium sulphate etc.
41. DYEING
This process is used to enhance the appearance of fabric by adding colour
and pattern. There are various methods of dyeing like raw stock dyeing, slug
dyeing yarn, dyeing, yarn dyeing, piece dyeing etc.
It is estimated that over 10,000 different dyes and pigments are used
industrially and over 7 x 105 tons of synthetic dyes are annually produced
worldwide
43. PRINTING
• Not strictly speaking ‘finishes’ these processes are used to enhance the
appearance of fabric by adding colour and pattern.
• There are various methods of printing like block printing, screen
printing, roller printing etc.
• Designs are made digitally or by hand on a sheet and are then finalized
by feeding them into computer controlled printers. 3-D effects and
attractive designs, patterns and numerous logos, pictures can be
printed on textiles.
45. SINGEING
During the singeing process fibres which are not tied in threads or in the
cloth are burned or turned to gas through the action of thermal energy,
normally by means of flame. This means that a fabric surface is achieved
which is virtually free of hairs and fibres.
Objectives:
• Singeing of a fabric is done in order to obtain a clean fabric surface
which allows the structure of the fabric to be clearly seen.
• Fabrics, which have been singed, soil less easily than un-singed fabrics.
• The risk of pilling, especially with synthetics and their blends, is reduced
in case of singed fabrics.
• Singed fabrics allow printing of fine intricate patterns with high clarity
and detail.
47. CONCLUSION
Textile finishes gives the best quality and best comfortable fabrics for our
use. It plays a crucial role in making fabric durable and long lasting.
We hope we were able to convey as much information as the presentation
intended. That’s all for now, have a good day, everyone.
Thank you.