Garment washing is a process used to modify the appearance, comfort, and fashion of garments. There are various types of washes that produce different effects on fabrics, such as vintage, cloud, and acid washes. The type of wash depends on the product - for example, denim requires heavy enzyme washes while knit tees may only need a light softener wash. Common garment washing steps include a desizing process, washing with chemicals like detergent and enzymes, rinsing, drying, and quality checking. Washing introduces effects like fading and increases garment softness and comfort for customers.
Washing is the process & technology which is used to modify the appearance, outlook comfort ability and fashion of the garments is called garment washing.
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
Washing is the process & technology which is used to modify the appearance, outlook comfort ability and fashion of the garments is called garment washing.
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
Terry fabric is a knitted fabric with ring yarn or terry covering at one or both sides. It belongs to one of the fancy knitted fabrics. Terry fabric is characterized by soft touch, thick texture, excellent water absorption and heat retention. Terry fabric can be divided into single-sided and double-sided terry loop fabrics. The terry can form pattern effect on the knitting surface distributed according to some certain rules. Terry fabric after shearing or other process can be turned into fleece fabric or velvet fabric.
Pile fabrics: Manufacturing methods include woven pile fabric formation & others methods such as knit pile fabric, tufted pile fabrics etc. A "Terry" or a "Terry Towel" as is generally known is a woven pile fabric formed by slack tension weave process. of weaving.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
Although these tests are different depending on buyers’ requirements & it needs a vast discussion. But I’ll discuss on very basic things shortly for only garments probationers. Please keep in mind what I wanted to say in my writings, there are so many ways here to perform a job, through day by day practices, you’ll find the easiest way for you to do your job well.
Terry fabric is a knitted fabric with ring yarn or terry covering at one or both sides. It belongs to one of the fancy knitted fabrics. Terry fabric is characterized by soft touch, thick texture, excellent water absorption and heat retention. Terry fabric can be divided into single-sided and double-sided terry loop fabrics. The terry can form pattern effect on the knitting surface distributed according to some certain rules. Terry fabric after shearing or other process can be turned into fleece fabric or velvet fabric.
Pile fabrics: Manufacturing methods include woven pile fabric formation & others methods such as knit pile fabric, tufted pile fabrics etc. A "Terry" or a "Terry Towel" as is generally known is a woven pile fabric formed by slack tension weave process. of weaving.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting.Warp knitting machines--needles are mounted collectively and rigidly in a horizontal metal bar (the needle bar that runs the full knitting width of the machine).
Although these tests are different depending on buyers’ requirements & it needs a vast discussion. But I’ll discuss on very basic things shortly for only garments probationers. Please keep in mind what I wanted to say in my writings, there are so many ways here to perform a job, through day by day practices, you’ll find the easiest way for you to do your job well.
Weave is the method or process of interlacing two yarn or similar material so that they cross each other at right angle to produce woven fabric . Traditionally, denim fabric are 3/1 warp-faced twill fabric made from a yarn dyed warp and an undyed weft yarn and the warp yarn is indigo dyed ,however this twill weave fabric is also available in textures, such as cross hatch and jacquard etc. The textures selected during the design development process for upcoming seasons are chosen with the wash treatment in mind, such as enzyme, acid etc and look & performance requirement of finish product.
Best wash look is the best touch of a garment - Garment washing is the best touch of a garment. Same type of garments can produce several effects for several wash.Apparel finishing can change your garments.
Industrial Garments Washing is one of the major important parts for Textile sector. By industrial garments washing we can remove dust, dirt and infections material. For improving special look on garments as per fashion requirement. Garment washing is normally done after stitching. According to fashion trend and customer demand buyers ask for garment washing. For the washing apparel buyers mention exactly what types of washing they need for the order.
Industrial Garments Washing is one of the major important parts for Textile sector. By industrial garments washing we can remove dust, dirt and infections material. For improving special look on garments as per fashion requirement. Garment washing is normally done after stitching. According to fashion trend and customer demand buyers ask for garment washing. For the washing apparel buyers mention exactly what types of washing they need for the order.
An overview of denim washing process.This article has been published on Denimjeans.com. I just compile the two articles and make a PDF of it so that people can get info easily .
Fixing agent is one of the important textile auxiliaries in dyeing and printing industry, which can improve the color fastness of dye in fabric. On the fabric, it can form insoluble colored material with dye, thus to improve the color of washing, perspiration fastness, and sometimes can improve its sun fastness.
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, dyeing and finishing technology has also been significantly improved. Due to the expansion of international textile trade and the improvement of people's living standards and environmental awareness, it's more required of textiles comfort, clean and safety. Since the 1970s, Germany first launched the "Blue Angel" plan, the world's developed countries (Japan, the United States, etc.) have passed and implemented the related laws, regulations, and rules for the various indicators of textiles. Green textiles require that in the printing and dyeing process prohibit the use of carcinogenic, teratogenic, poor biodegradability of poor and some aromatic amine intermediates banned in the regulations. At the same time, the use of additives not contain heavy metal ions and not producing free formaldehyde is also required, which means the use of "green auxiliaries”.
Classification
The commonly used color fixing agent for dyeing and printing in textile has cationic fixing agent, such as Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Cetylpyridinium Bromide; fixing agent Y; polyamine contraction (silk fixing agent la); crosslinking fixing agent; non formaldehyde dye fixing agent, and phenolic sulfonate formaldehyde condensate used for nylon (polyamide) fabrics instead of tannin as fixing agents.
Preparation
Take the fixing agent y as an example: After adding the quantitative double cyanide amine to the atmospheric pressure reaction kettle to dissolve, in order to quantify the formaldehyde solution in the constant agitation slowly drops into the reactor, finally uses the ammonium chloride neutralization, produces the certain solid quantity transparent viscous liquid to be the finished product. This method produces the formaldehyde fixing agent, the solid color effect is good but there is free formaldehyde pollution problem, which is now banned in many products.
Acid wash is again becoming popular on denim jeans and we are going to see more of acid washes in the coming seasons. Here, let’s have a quick look at the acid washing process. An acid wash finish treatment creates significant contrasts in the color of the denim material. It can be done on Indigo & Sulphur base fabric garments. As the randomly faded, acid washed style came into vogue in 1980s, the process of treating denim in such a way began to become increasingly refined. Some tried to use a method similar to the stonewashing, yet the fading did not occur as dramatically or throughout the material. Acid-washed on apparel, (Phosphoric Acid is used in the process, acid would react with fabric surface and destroy the fabric), is washed with thermocol ball, pumic stones or until it is bleached almost white. During Acid wash, thermocol ball or pumic stones are used. By the action of thermocol ball or pumic stones, irregular fading affect is developed on the heavy garments like denims, thick canvas/twill, and sweater.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
4. 4
With the change of time, human choice, demand, garment design and fashion is
changing very quickly. To meet the demand of users, garment manufacturers are
adapting new technology and processes. Garment wash is a new technology, which is
used to modify the outlook, appearance, comfort ability and fashion of the garments is
called garments washing. Garment washing is normally processed after stitching. As
per fashion trend and customer demand buyers ask for garment washing though it
increases the cost of the garment. For the washing they mention exactly what types of
washing they need for the order. For example, Tom Tailor buyer asked for washes like –
Vintage wash, Cloud wash, softener wash or Acid wash. Each wash has different types
of appearance on the fabric surfaces. Wash types mainly depends on the product
types. For denim product heavy enzyme is required where for knitted Tee light softener
wash may be okay.
Introduction
5. 5
In line with ever changing human behaviors and longing to be unique in outlook,
mankind dress themselves in fashionable as well as comfortable garments. To be
or get unique in outlook garment washing is very convenient way. This is a wing of
garment wet processing technology.
This is the textile technology by which a unique appearance along the seam, size,
comfort ability & fashion etc. properties are changed of a solid or multi colored or
printed garment.
Fabric of the garment may be dyed with reactive dye, direct dye, sulpher dye, acid
dye, basic dye, pigment and even metal complex dye and printed with pigment,
direct dye, reactive dye etc.
Garment Washing
7. 7
1. Wet process/Chemical process
Normal wash/ garment wash/rinse wash
Pigment wash
Caustic wash
Enzyme wash
Stone wash
Stone enzyme wash
Tinting (Tie) & Over Dyeing(Dip Dyeing)
Super white wash
Bleach wash
Acid wash
Silicon wash
Soft wash
2. Dry process/Mechanical process
Sand blasting
Hands scraping
Over all wrinkles
Permanent wrinkle
Broken and tagging
Grinding and destroy
PP spray and PP sponging etc.
Types of Garment Washing:
8. 8
These are the main objects for garments washing
1.To develop softness in garment: Size materials in fabric are removed by
washing & there is also advantage to add softener. Drape ability also increased.
2.To introduce unique appearance: washing that introduces fading effects
along with the seam on the garments by washing out dyes or pigments in the
garments.
3.To create new fashion: Washing process of garments bring different out looks
(faded, color tinted, old look etc.) of garment that is used for creating new
fashion.
4.Special type of finishes are also possible such as wrinkle, wrinkle free, flame
retardant, water proof breathable, soil retardant finish etc.
5.To satisfy the customer: As shrinkage occurs so customer can wear it just
after purchasing/buying.
Objects of Garments Washing
9. 9
Garments from store house
↓
Count
↓
Quality check
↓
Batch
↓
Washing
↓
Hydro extractor
↓
Drying
↓
Quality check
↓
Packing
↓
Delivery
Flow Chart of Washing:
10. 10
Common procedure of garments washing:
1. Garments can be inverted to minimize unwanted abrasion streaks (especially useful
when preset creases are present).
2. Load machine with garments.
3. Desize with alpha amylase enzyme and detergent.
4. Drain.
5. Rinse.
6. Fill machine with water and heat to 60 C. The liquor ratio can range from 10:1 to 20:1.◦
A number of synthetic detergents can be used. Also, alkaline products such as soda ash
or caustic soda can be added in amounts ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 grams/liter. Some
chemical suppliers offer special products that accelerate the wash down process,
dependent upon the particular dyestuff used.
7. Wash/tumble action for 20-60 minutes, depending upon desired effect.
8. Drain and rinse.
9. Apply softener.
10. Tumble dry.
11. Invert garments, if previously turned.
12. Press, if required.
11. 11
1. Starch or size materials, which are applied during fabric production especially
in case of woven fabric are removed by wash as a result the garment become soft
and hence the drape ability and comfort ability increased significantly.
2. Softness could be increased by addition of softeners by doing soft finish or
applying the softener.
3. Dirt’s, impurities, germs etc. obviously will be added in the garment during its
manufacturing are removed due to washing because a variety of chemicals are
used such as detergent, bleaching agents etc.
4. Due to washing, maximum shrinkage occurs; hence there is the zero
possibility of further shrinkage. As a result there is no size or fitting problem in
washed garments.
Advantages of Garments Washing
12. 12
1. Faded effect and a variety of stylish effects produced by different washing
techniques. Nowadays these faded and stylish effects are accepted as a new
fashion for fashion world.
2. Similar out look and effect could be produced by different washing techniques or
by different process. As a result there is a great scope of implementation of
brilliances of technicians. Every machine of a garment washing factory can be
used for multipurpose for this reason total project cost is comparatively lower
where as washing add a handsome value to the garments.
Advantages of Garments Washing
13. 13
Garments Size Change:
This change takes place due to shrinkage properties of the fabric. The amount of
shrinkage properties of fabric determines the amount of size changing of the
garments.
Size materials and finishing's partly removed:
Different types of washing are done with different types of chemicals and process,
which are responsible for the removal of size materials and finishing's from the
fabric.
Color is partly removed:
Unfixed dyes may remain on the garment after dyeing. This un-fixed dye will be
subsequently removed due to washing. Thus color is partly removed.
Unavailable Changes/Limitation of Garments washing
14. 14
There Are Different Types of Garments washing in our country
• Normal wash/Garment wash/Rinse wash /Soft wash,
• Pigment wash,
• Silicon wash,
• Bleach wash,
• Caustic wash,
• Acid wash,
• Enzyme wash,
• Stone wash,
• Enzyme wash with stone,
• Supper white wash,
• Wash & over dyeing,
• Wash & Tinting,
• Over all wrinkles,
• Permanent wrinkle/Resin Finish.
• etc.
Types of Garment washing
15. 15
Some Washing Chemical List
1. Desizing Agent : DesizingHts, D-Peast
2. Anti Back Stain Agent : Antistain – Lp-30
3. Fastness Improvers For Dyeing : Albafix®
4. Levelling Agents For Dyeing : Albatex®
5. Fastness Improvers For Dyeing : Albafix®
6. Enzyme : G Enzyme S89, G Enzyme – Sl,
InnozymeNpe S89
7. Salt : G/Salt.
8. Alkali : Naso4
9. Ph Control : Using Buffer & Acid
10. Bleaching Agent : Sodium Hypochlorite Naocl; 15% Cl2 Available
11. Calcium Hypochlorite.
12. Neutralizing Agent : Hydro Peroxide, Bisulphate OrThiosulphate.
13. Softener : Innosoft 1070
21. 21
Different kinds of washing & Garments dyeing price list
Please see below the our price list (Wash Type)
• Normal Garments wash per dozon = 0.6$
• Trumble/Normal fabric wash per kg = 10 taka
• Stone wash per dozon = 1.5$
• Stone Enzyme wash per dozon = 2.0$
• Acid wash per dozon = 5.0$
• Sand wash per dozon = 4.0$
• Enzyme wash per dozon = 1.0$
22. 22
• Garments made from indigo, vat, reactive, direct etc dyed fabric can be bleach
washed.
• It is a decolorization process by oxidation action.
• Color can be removed uniformly from the garment and removal of color done as
per requirement. In general there are three categories such as light bleach
(where maximum color is removed), medium bleach and bleach.
• All types of garment can be washed. Such as: woven knit garments.
• In case of woven fabric a pretreatment (Desizing) process is required.
• Dust, dirt, oil spot, impurities etc. are removed that may come from during
process i.e. cutting, stitching and the back process.
• Significant fading effect can be achieved. But we can achieve more wash effect by
increasing processing time and decreasing the liquor ratio.
• To improve the color fastness & rubbing fastness.
• To increase the hairiness on garments this increases its old-look appearance.
• Maximum weight losses occur in case of light bleach.
Bleach Wash
23. 23
Process :
This washing process follows the following steps.
• Step 01 or Desizing
• Step 02 or Bleaching
• Step 03 (Neutralization of Chlorine)
• Step 04 or Neutralization
• Step 05 or Softening
• Step 06 or Drying
Bleach Wash
24. 24
Suppose a lot size 100kg of twill trouser.
Step 01 or Desizing:
1. Load the garment in washing m/c 100kg garment
2. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
3. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
4. Add amylase enzyme 1-3% 1-3kg
5. Add detergent/antistain to the liquor;1% i.e. 1kg
6. Supply steam to raise temp. 60 c
7. Continue the process 20 min
8. Drop the liquor
9. Hot wash with water temp 40-50c for 5 min.
Step 02 or bleaching:
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
2. Start m/c running Speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add soda to liquor 2% i.e. 2kg
4. Add caustic to liquor 2% i.e. 2kg
5. Add bleaching powder (K.C.I.) 10 gm/lt i.e. 5 gm
6. Rinse thoroughly.
Bleach Wash
25. 25
Step 03 (Neutralization of Chlorine):
• Add water with 1:5 liquor ratio =500Lt
• Start m/c running with moderate speed =12-15 rpm
• Add 35% of H2O2 0.5-1.0% = 500gm-1kg
Or Add bisulphate 1-2% =1kg-2kg
• Continue the process at Room temp. =5 min
• Drop the liquor & a hot wash at 40-60 c =5 min
• Add water in 1: 5 Liquor ratio = 500 Lt
• Start machine running = speed 12-15 rpm
• Add sodium hyposulphite 3 gm/ltr = 1500gm.
• Supply steam to raise temp As required (40c)
• Continue the process 10-20 min
• Drop the liquor,
• Rinse thoroughly.
Bleach Wash
26. 26
Step 04 or Neutralization:
1. Add water in 1: 5 Liquor ratio = 500 Lt
2. Start machine running = speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add acetic acid to the liquor 1-2ml/lt = 0.5-1Lt
4. Continue the process = 5 min
5. Drop the liquor
Step 05 or Softening:
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio = 500 Lt
2. Start m/c running speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add softener to the liquor 0.1 - 0.5% = 100- 500gm
4. Supply steam to raise the temp. = As required 40 to 60 c
5. Continue the process = 5 min
6. Drop the liquor & unload the garments
Step 06 or Drying:
1. Hydroextract the garments.
2. Dry in the tumble dryer.
Incase of knit garments desizing step is not required but a wash for 5 minutes at
room temperature is necessary.
Bleach Wash
27. 27
Stone wash is done on garments made from denim & jeans fabric. Sometimes twill
fabric garments are also subjected for stone wash.
Fading effect is produced in the garments in irregular pattern. Fading effect is
more pronounced across the seam line and the multiple ply position.
Stone wash mainly followed by a decolouration process.
Garments become comfortable during use.
Stone Wash
28. 28
Process :
This washing process follows the following steps:
• Step 01 or Desizing
• Step 02 or Stone Wash followed by Bleach wash
• Step 03 (Neutralization of Chlorine)
• Step 04 or Neutralization
• Step 05 or Softening
• Step 06 or Drying
Stone Wash
30. 30
Process: It follows the bellow mentioned steps.
Suppose 100kg of garments in a lot size.
Step 01 or Desizing
1. Load the garment in washing m/c 100kg garment
2. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
3. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
4. Add amylase enzyme 1-3% 1-3kg
5. Add detergent/antistain to the liquor; 1% i.e. 1kg
6. Supply steam to raise temp. 60 c
7. Continue the process 20 min
8. Drop the liquor
9. Hot wash with water temp 40-50c for 5 min.
Step 02 (Stone Wash):
1. Load the m/c with water at 1:5 liquor ratio = 500Lt water
2. Add pumic stone ½ of volume of garments volume or as required
= 30kg to 50 kg
3. Start m/c running with moderate speed =12-15 rpm
4. Add bleaching powder to the liquor 2-4% =2-4kg
5. Add soda ash to the liquor 6-8% = 6-8 kg
6. Continue the process =20-40 min
7. Drop the liquor & a hot wash at 40 to 50c = 5min
Stone Wash
31. 31
Step 03 (Neutralization of Chlorine):
1. Add water with 1:5 liquor ratio = 500 Lt
2. Start m/c running with moderate speed = 12-15 rpm
3. Add 35% of H2O2 0.5-1.0% = 500gm-1k
Or Add bisulphate 1-2% =1kg-2kg
4. Continue the process at Room temp. = 5 min
5. Drop the liquor & a hot wash at 40-60 c = 5 min
Note: H2O2 Neutralization gives brighter tone then the bisulphate.
Step 04: (Neutralization)
1. Add water with 1:5 liquor ratio = 500 Lt
2. Start m/c running with moderate speed = 12-15 rpm
3. Add acetic acid 1-2% = 1Lt-2Lt
4. Continue the process at Room temp to 60c. = 5-8 min
5. Drop the liquor
Stone Wash
32. 32
Step 05 or Softening:
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio 500 Lt
2. Start m/c running speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add softener to the liquor 0.1 - 0.5% 100- 500gm
4. Supply steam to raise the temp As required 40 to 60 c
5. Continue the process 5 min
6. Drop the liquor & unload the garments
Step 06:
1. Hydroextract the garments.
2. Dry in the tumble dryer.
Note: Stone wash sometimes done without bleaching; actually it depends upon
the requirement
Stone Wash
33. 33
• Garments made from heavy jeans & denim fabrics course canvas, sweater & thick
twill etc. are washed by acid wash technique.
• Irregular pattern fading effect is produced in the garments. But the effects more
pronounce than stone wash.
• This is very dirty process due to widely use of pumic stone.
Acid Wash
34. 34
Process:
It follows the following steps.
Step 01 or Desizing:
Load the garment in washing m/c 100kg garment
1. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
2. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
3. Add amylase enzyme 1-3% 1-3kg
4. Add detergent/antistain to the liquor;1% i.e. 1kg
5. Supply steam to raise temp. 60 c
6. Continue the process 20 min
7. Drop the liquor
8. Hot wash with water temp 40-50c for 5 min.
Step 02:
1. Unload the garments from m/c
2. Hydro extract the garments
3. Dry it partially by running tumble dryer for 5 to 10 mins.
4. Unload the garments & keep in open air for conditioning (1/2 an hour)
Stone Wash
35. 35
Step 03:
1. Take stone of same volume of the volume of garments.
2. Soak the stone with the following chemical solution for 2-3 min
Water 100 Lt
Potassium permanganate 1kg (1gm/Lt)
Phosphoric Acid 200-300gm (0.2-0.3gm/lt)
Here the porous of stone will, pick up the solution
3. Soaked stones are dried in the open air for 60-90 min
Step 04:
1. Load the garments treated in step 01 & step 02 in a dry m/c. lot size should
be 20 to 30kg.
2. Load treated stone in step 03 volume of the garments volume.
3. Run the m/c for 5 to 7 min. Due to rotation of inner cylinder the soaked stones
will hit the garments surfaces, thus the chemicals in the stone will destroy the
color of fabric where the stone will hit. Multi layer fabric area like collar, cuff,
and pocket, pocket side seam etc area will brushed more than the single layer
areas, hence more fading effect will be produce in those areas result new color
effect in the garments.
4. Unload the garments & separate the stone from the batch.
Stone Wash
36. 36
Step 05:
It is a neutralizing process. KMnO4 & H3PO4 reacts & gives Oxygen, which
oxidized the color. Hence a by-product MnO2 is also produced which should
be neutralized.
6KMnO + 4H3PO4 =2K3PO4+ Mn3(PO4)2+ 6H2O+ 3MnO2+2O2
This MnO2 is solubilized by sodium Metabisulfite (Na2S2O5)
Na2S2O5 + H2O = 2NaHSO3
NaHSO3+MnO2=MnSO4+NaOH
1. Load the garments to the m/c
2. Add water with 1: 5 liquor ratio 500Lt
3. Run m/c with moderate speed 12-15 rpm
4. Add Sodium meta-bisulfite 1-2 g/Lt 500gm-1kg
5. Continue the process 5-10 min
6. Drain the liquor
7. Hot wash 40-50c 5 min
Stone Wash
37. 37
Step 06 or Neutralization:
1. Add water in 1: 5 Liquor ratio 500 Lt
2. Start machine running speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add acetic acid to the liquor 1-2ml/lt 0.5-1Lt
4. Continue the process 5 min
5. Drop the liquor
Step 07 or Softening:
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio 500 Lt
2. Start m/c running speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add softener to the liquor 0.1 - 0.5% 100- 500gm
4. Supply steam to raise the temp As required 40 to 60 c
5. Continue the process 5 min
6. Drop the liquor & unload the garments
Step 08:
1. Hydroextract the garments.
2. Dry in the tumble dryer.
Stone Wash
38. 38
• Enzyme wash is done on garments made from denim & jeans fabric, twill fabric
garments. Sometimes knit items are also subjected for Enzyme wash
• Garments made from indigo, vat, direct etc dyed fabric can be enzyme washed.
Reactive dyed garments can be washed also but wash effect not pronounced as
mentioned earlier.
• It produces frosty/ice effect on garment and seam abrasion across the seam.
• Enzyme works chemically not mechanically for this reason it provide less
damage/wastage then stone wash.
• It improves improve the color fastness & rubbing fastness.
• Enzyme improves the anti-pilling properties and decrease the hairiness hence it
gives a very smooth surface of the garments.
Enzyme wash
39. 39
Process:
It follows the bellow mentioned steps.
Suppose 100kg of garments in a lot size.
Step 01 or Desizing
1. Load the garment in washing m/c 100kg garment
2. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
3. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
4. Add amylase enzyme 1-3% 1-3kg
5. Add detergent/antistain to the liquor;1% i.e. 1kg
6. Supply steam to raise temp. 60 c
7. Continue the process 20 min
8. Drop the liquor
9. Hot wash with water temp 40-50c for 5 min.
Enzyme wash
40. 40
Step 02 Enzyme
1. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
2. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
3. Supply steam to raise temp. As required 55-60 C
4. Add acetic acid 1-3% 1-3kg
5. Add anti back staining 1% i.e. 1kg
6. Add Acid Enzyme As required 1-3% i.e. 100-300gm
7. Continue the process depending up on the effect 30-50 min
8. Drop the liquor
9. Hot wash with water temp 80-90c run 1-2 min. (for killing the enzyme).
10. Drain the bath
11. Rinse thoroughly
Enzyme wash
41. 41
Step 03 or Softening:
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio = 500 Lt
2. Start m/c running = speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add softener to the liquor 0.1 - 0.5% = 100- 500gm
4. Supply steam to raise the temp = As required 40 to 60 c
5. Continue the process = 5 min
6. Drop the liquor & unload the garments
Step 04:
1. Hydroextract the garments.
2. Dry in the tumble dryer.
Note: Enzyme wash usually followed by bleaching; and it depends upon the
requirements of lightening the garments.
Enzyme wash
42. 42
• Enzyme wash with stone is done on garments made from denim & jeans fabric,
twill fabric garments. Sometimes knit items are also subjected for Enzyme wash
with stone
• Garments made from indigo, vat, direct etc dyed fabric can be Enzyme washed
with stone. Reactive dyed garments can be washed also but wash effect not
pronounced as mentioned earlier.
• It produces more frosty/ice effect on garment and seam abrasion across the seam
than the enzyme wash.
• Enzyme works chemically and stone works mechanically for this reason it provide
effect more quickly then enzyme wash.
• It improves improve the color fastness & rubbing fastness.
• Enzyme improves the anti-pilling properties and decrease the hairiness where as
stone mechanically increase hairiness. On the other hand this process shortens
the time. For this reason enzyme and stone amount should be used very carefully.
Enzyme wash with stone
43. 43
Process:
It follows the bellow mentioned steps.
Suppose 100kg of garments in a lot size.
Step 01 or Desizing
1. Load the garment in washing m/c 100kg garment
2. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
3. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
4. Add amylase enzyme 1-3% 1-3kg
5. Add detergent/antistain to the liquor; 1% i.e. 1kg
6. Supply steam to raise temp. 60 c
7. Continue the process 20 min
8. Drop the liquor
9. Hot wash with water temp 40-50c for 5 min.
Enzyme wash with stone
44. 44
Step 02 Enzyme with stone
1. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
2. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
3. Supply steam to raise temp. As required 55-60 C
4. Add acetic acid 1-3% 1-3kg
5. Add anti back staining 1% i.e. 1kg
6. Add Acid Enzyme As required 1-3% i.e. 100-300gm
7. Add pumic stone ½ of volume of garments volume or as required
= 30kg to 50 kg
8. Continue the process depending up on the effect 30-50 min
9. Drop the liquor
10. Hot wash with water (for killing the enzyme) temp 80-90c run 1-2 min.
11. Drain the bath
12. Rinse thoroughly
Enzyme wash with stone
45. 45
Step 03 or Softening:
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio 500 Lt
2. Start m/c running speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add softener to the liquor 0.1 - 0.5% 100- 500gm
4. Supply steam to raise the temp As required 40 to 60 c
5. Continue the process 5-15 min
6. Drop the liquor & unload the garments
Step 04:
1. Hydroextract the garments.
2. Dry in the tumble dryer.
Note: Enzyme wash usually done with bleaching; and it depends upon the
requirements of lightening the garments.
Enzyme wash with stone
46. 46
• Cotton garments made from grey fabric are used for super white wash.
• To obtain maximum whiteness effect on garments super white wash is performed.
Process:
This process follow the below steps.
Suppose a lot of 100 kg garments is produced.
Step 01 or Desizing
1. Load the garment in washing m/c 100kg garment
2. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
3. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
4. Add amylase enzyme 1-3% 1-3kg
5. Add detergent/antistain to the liquor;1% i.e. 1kg
6. Supply steam to raise temp. 60 c
7. Continue the process 20 min
8. Drop the liquor
9. Hot wash with water temp 40-50c for 5 min.
Super White Wash
47. 47
Step 02 :
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio 500 Lt water
2. Start m/c running with moderate speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add detergent as 2% 2 kg
4. Caustic soda as 10% 10 kg
5. H2O2 as 12% 12 Lt
6. Stabilizer as 5% 5 Lt
7. Supply temp to raise temp 95 c
8. Continue the process 75 min
9. Drop the liquor.
Super White Wash
48. 48
Step 03 : (Refining Wash)
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio 500 Lt
2. Start m/c with moderate speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add detergent as 2% 2 kg
4. Caustic soda as 4% 4 kg
5. H2O2 as 10% 10 Lt
6. Stabilizer as 4% 4 Lt
7. Raise temp by steam supply 95 C
8. Continue the process 75 min
9. Drop the liquor
10. Hot wash 50 C for 5 min.
Super White Wash
49. 49
Step 04: Neutral Wash
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio 500 Lt
2. Start m/c with moderate speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add A. acid as 1% 1 Lt
4. Continue the process at R.T to 50 C 5 min
5. Drop the liquor.
Step 05: Brightening Treatment
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio 500 Lt water
2. Add FWA/FBA as required (considering 1%)1 kg
3. Supply steam to raise the temp 80 C
4. Continue the process 10 min
5. Drop the liquor.
Super White Wash
50. 50
Step 05: Softening
1. Add water in 1:5 liquor ratio = 500 Lt
2. Start m/c running = speed 12-15 rpm
3. Add softener to the liquor 0.1 - 0.5% = 100- 500gm
4. Supply steam to raise the temp = As required 40 to 60
c
5. Continue the process = 5-15 min
6. Drop the liquor & unload the garments
Step 06:
1. Hydroextract the garments.
2. Dry in the tumble dryer.
Note: white garments should be soften with non-ionic softener and dried in the
steam dryer. Otherwise a reddish tone will appear.
Super White Wash
52. Process:
Suppose a lot size of 100kg garments:
1. Load the garment in washing m/c 100kg of garment
2. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
3. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
4. Add detergent to the liquor 0.3-1% i.e. 0.30-1.0kg
5. Supply steam to raise temp. 40 c to 60 c
6. If back staining is occur then use anti back staining chemicals to
minimize such kind of problem 1-2% i.e. 1.0-2.0kg
7. Run the process 5-20 min
8. Drop the liquor
9. Hot wash with minimum liquor 1:3 i.e. 300lt (its temp 40-60c)
10. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
11. Add softener to the liquor 0.1 to 0.5% i.e. 100gm to 500gm
12. If back staining & bleeding then use anti back staining & fixing chemical
Anti back 1-2% i.e. 1-2kg,
Fixing agent 0.5-1% i.e. 0.5-1kg
13. Supply steam to raise temp As required (40c to 60c)
14. Continue the process for 2-15 min
15. Drop the liquor
16. Unload the garment
17. Hydro extracts the garment.
18. Dry it in a tumble dryer.
Normal Wash
53. We have to follow the bellow sequences:
1. Trial a sample batch (If back-staining occur)
2. Wash another sample batch with antiback-staining chemicals. (If back-
staining occur)
3. Wash another sample batch without detergent (If back-staining occur)
4. Wash another sample batch without temperature (If back-staining occur)
5. Wash another sample batch without detergent & temperature and with
antiback-staining agent after fixing with fixing chemicals (If back-staining
occur).
6. Stop washing and inform customer.
How to solve Back-staining Problem During Normal Wash
54. It is also easiest, shortest and cheapest process as a result it is most popular wash like as
normal wash.
1. Pigment dyed/Pigment printed fabric used for making garment can be pigment
washed.
2. Size material is removed partially
3. Dust, dirt, oil spot, impurities etc. are removed that may come from during process
i.e. cutting, stitching and the back process.
4. With the addition of softener the softness of the garments can be improved as
well as drape ability. But as pigments harden the printed or dyed surface softener
need more in compare with normal wash.
5. All types of garment can be washed. Such as: woven knit garments.
6. Significant fading effect can be achieved. But we can achieve more wash effect by
increasing processing time and decreasing the liquor ratio.
Note: white garments should be soften with non-ionic softener and dried in the steam
dryer. Otherwise a reddish tone will appear.
Pigment Wash
55. Process:
Suppose a lot size of 100kg garments (woven)
Step 01 or Desizing:
1. Load the garment in washing m/c 100kg garment
2. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
3. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
4. Add amylase enzyme 1-3% i.e. 1-3kg
5. Add detergent/antistain to the liquor; 1% i.e. 1kg
6. Supply steam to raise temp. 60 c
7. Continue the process 20 min
8. Drop the liquor
9. Hot wash with water temp 40-50c for 5 min.
Silicon wash
56. Step 02
1. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio 500lt
2. Start m/c running Speed 15/12 rpm
3. Add Silicon to the liquor 0.1 to 0.5% i.e. 100gm to 500gm
4. Add softener to the liquor 0.1 to 0.5% i.e. 100gm to 500gm
5. Supply steam to raise temp As required (40c to 60c)
6. Continue the process for 10-15 min
7. Drop the liquor
8. Unload the garment
Step 03
1. Hydroextract the garments.
2. Dry in the tumble dryer.
Incase of knit garments desizing step is not required but a wash for 5
minutes at room temperature is necessary.
Silicon wash
57. • Caustic wash generally doing on Reactive dye, Sulpher dye, Direct dyed or printed
Garments.
• If printed fabric is used for making garments then about 20-30% pigment is
washed out, as a result faded color effect is produced.
• Size material is removed partially but more then normal wash & pigment wash.
• Dust, dirt, oil spot, impurities etc. are removed that may come from during
process i.e. cutting, stitching and the back process.
• All types of garment can be washed. Such as: woven knit garments.
• Significant fading effect can be achieved. But we can achieve more wash effect by
increasing processing time and decreasing the liquor ratio.
• To improve the color fastness & rubbing fastness.
• To increase the hairiness on garments this increases its oldlook appearance.
Caustic wash
58. Process:
The washing procedure follows the bellow mentioned steps.
Supposed a lot size 100kg garments.
1. Load the garments in the washing m/c = 100kg garments.
2. Load the m/c with water at 1:5 liquor ratio= 500Lt water
3. Start m/c running with moderate speed =12-15 rpm
4. Add caustic soda to the liquor 4% =4kg
5. Add soda ash to the liquor 2% = 2 kg
6. Add detergent to the liquor 1% = 1 kg
7. Add H2O2 to the liquor 4% = 4 Lt
8. Add stabilizer to the liquor 2% = 2 Lt
9. Supply steam to raise the temp =70 c
10. Continue the process for achieving the desire shade = 60-90 min
11. Drop the liquor
12. Hot wash 50c to remove all unaccepted material for = 5 min
13. Drain the liquor
Caustic wash
59. 14. Neutralization:
a. Add water in 1: 5 Liquor ratio = 500 Lt
b. Start machine running = speed 12-15 rpm
c. Add acetic acid to the liquor 1-2ml/lt =0.50- 1Lt
d. Continue the process =5 min
e. Drop the liquor
15. Add water at 1:5 liquor ratio = 500Lt
16. Run m/c running with moderate speed =12-15 rpm
17. Add softener as required 0.1 to 0.5% = 10-50gm
18. Continue the process at 40-50c = 5-10 min
19. Drop the liquor
20. Unload the garments.
21. Hydroextract & dry the garments with the tumble dryer.
Caustic wash
60.
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Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Yarn-Manufacturing-Technology/485014954866808
2. Fabric Manufacturing Technology
Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Fabric-Manufacturing-Technology/459520217425605
3. Garments Manufacturing Technology
Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Garments-Manufacturing-
Technology/472364799463126
3. Wet processing Technology
Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Wet-Processing-Technology-Dyeing-/468645219825404
4. Fashion-Design-and-Technology
Link : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Fashion-Design-and-Technology/587655294583875?
ref=ts&fref=ts
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