Textile Fibers are the basic structural units of Textile fabrics. Knowing the building blocks of textile fibers(polymers) is vital inoder to explain chemical and physical properties.
every natural fiber has unique textile property like Strength elongation and length. these properties are important for making yarn and fabric in the textile industry.
Fiber is the main part of a textile material. All fabric/garments properties and process is directly depends on fiber which contain by the garment.A number of methods are available for characterization of the structural, physical, and chemical properties of fibers. Various methods are used for fiber identification like microscopic methods, solubility, heating and burning method, density and staining etc. End-use property characterization methods often involve use of laboratory techniques which are adapted to simulate actual conditions of average wear on the textile or that can predict performance in end-use.
every natural fiber has unique textile property like Strength elongation and length. these properties are important for making yarn and fabric in the textile industry.
Fiber is the main part of a textile material. All fabric/garments properties and process is directly depends on fiber which contain by the garment.A number of methods are available for characterization of the structural, physical, and chemical properties of fibers. Various methods are used for fiber identification like microscopic methods, solubility, heating and burning method, density and staining etc. End-use property characterization methods often involve use of laboratory techniques which are adapted to simulate actual conditions of average wear on the textile or that can predict performance in end-use.
In this chapter production ,phsical and chemical properties ,physical and chemical structures as well as end use applications of cotton and other bast fibers will be studied.
In general, clothing from the ancient Greek and Roman times was based more on function rather than style. Clothing was loose and flowing, never tight fitting. Tunics covered with layers of draped cloth were common for both men and women.
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Essential requirements of fiber forming polymersBademaw Abate
Matter is composed of atoms linked together by bonds of varying strength. The physical properties of the materials are determined by the arrangement of these atoms and the strength of the bonds between these atoms. An essential requirement in fiber structure is some means of ensuring continuity and strength along the length of the fiber.
Manufacturing of important polymers and polymer processing Bademaw Abate
This note contains synthesis of important monomers from hydrocarbons and prooduction of associated polymers which are most frequently used for textiles.
Nano technology in textiles. seminar. pptxBademaw Abate
The application of nanotechnology in textiles is growing so fast. The main difference b/n nano finishing and conventional finishing is durability, comfort and breath-ability enhancement in nano finishes.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
Textile Fiber ppt by B.A
1. CHAPTER ONE
LECTURE 1 ON
INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE FIBERS
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY (EiTEX)
By: Bademaw Abate(Lecturer)
2. Introduction
A textile is flexible material consisting of network of natural
or artificial fiber often referred to as thread or yarn.
fibers is defined as unit of matter characterized by
flexibility, fineness, and a high ratio of length to thickness.
Fabric refers to any material made through weaving,
knitting, crocheting, or bonding .
Apparel is anything that one puts on ones body. Clothing,
shoes, hats, globes, & scarves are example of apparel items
3. Definition of Fiber and Textile fibers
Fiber:
It is defined as one of the delicate, hair portions of the tissues
of a plant or animal or other substances that are very small in
diameter in relation to there length.
A fiber is a material which is several hundred times as long as
its thick.
Fibres have been defined by the Textile Institute as units of
matter characterized by :
flexibility,
fineness
high ratio of length to thickness.
4. Cont…
Other characteristics might be added, if the fibre is to be of any
use for general textile purposes, a sufficiently high temperature
stability and a certain minimum strength and moderate
extensibility.
The characteristic dimensions of fibres are the basis of their use
and need to be stressed:
individual fibres (or elements of a continuous filament) weigh only
a few micrograms
their length/width ratio is at least 1000:1
It is the basic structural element of textile products.
It is a smallest textile component which is microscopic hair like
substance that may be manmade or natural.
5. Textile Fiber:
Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile
fiber.
Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various
methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, and twisting.
The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of
at least 5 millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and sufficient strength.
Other important properties include elasticity, fineness, uniformity,
durability, and luster.
Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber. Because it can
not fill up the above properties. So we can say that all fiber are not textile
fiber.
6. Cont…
ordinary textile fibres must be, at least partly, elastic up to breaking
extensions between 5 and 50%.
This is an unusual intermediate range of extensibility, since glasses
and crystalline solids are less extensible, whereas rubbers are much
more extensible.
all textile fibers are partially oriented, linear polymers.
A remarkable fact is that almost all the general textile fibre market is
met by six polymer types:
the natural polymers,
cellulose and proteins,
the synthetic (manufactured) polymers, polyamide, polyester, polyolefin
and vinyl (including acrylic).
7. Essential properties Textile Fibers
Basic Textile Fiber Properties
There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric
material to make an adequate fiber.
Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in
its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to
make a fiber. Such secondary properties include :
moisture absorption characteristics,
fiber resiliency, abrasion resistance,
density,
luster,
chemical resistance,
thermal characteristics,
flammability.
8. CONT..
Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are:
Fiber length to width ratio,
Fiber uniformity,
Fiber strength and flexibility,
Fiber extensibility and elasticity,
Fiber cohesiveness.
9. CONT.
Length to Width Ratio: Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be
considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber.
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows:
• But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than ½ inch.
According to the length, the fibers may be classified into the
following two categories: Staple Fiber, Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width Ratio
Cotton 1400
Wool 8000
Flax 170
Silk 330000
10. Cont…
Strength:
Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area.
With this term (strength / tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a
bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension / load.
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is
usually used.
Tenacity :force per unit linear density
That is, tenacity = breaking load/ mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd).
11. Tenacity of Some Common Fiber:
Fiber Grams Per Denier
Raw cotton 3.0 - 4.9
Jute 3.0 - 5.8
Flax 2.6 - 7.7
Ramie 5.5
Silk 2.4 - 5.1
Wool 1.1 - 1.7
Hemp 5.8 - 6.8
12. Cont…
Flexibility:
It is one of the essential property of textile fiber.
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable, then only it can be wrapped around
another fiber during spinning.
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical
fibers as they are stiff and brittle.
Cohesiveness:
It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber.
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold
on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns.
13. Cont….
Uniformity:
It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are
spun into yarn.
To make a good quality yarn, it is important that the fibers must
be similar in length and width in spinning quality and in
flexibility .
There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but
for natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve.
So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in
order to manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics.
14. Cont….
Elastic Recovery:
Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its
original length.
If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of
attenuation, it is said to have 100% elastic recovery at x-percent
elongation.
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage.
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several
aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is
held in the stretched position.
15. CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of
Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient
civilizations all over the globe.
For many thousand years, the usage of fiber was limited by
natural fibers such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres
for different applications.
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or
chemical fibres.
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural
fibre since ancient times.
16. Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers
Vegetable Fibres
Animal Fibres
Mineral fibers
Man Made fibers
Regenerated fibres
Synthetic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
17. Cont…
Classification of fibers can be done by:
Type(Natural and manufactured)
Length(Short staple, long staple, continuous filament)
Size(Ultra fine, fine, regular, course)
19. NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an
animal, vegetable or mineral source that can be
convertible after spinning into yarns and then into
fabric.
Under them there are various categories:
Plant
Animal
minerals
20. Vegetable fibers
They can be further on classified as:
fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton, java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax, ramie ,hemp, jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp, sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit/ nut shells(coconut fibre – Coir) cotton and linen
are the most important among them.
21. Cont…..
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content – Linen or Flax (raw and bleached)
and Ramie
High Lignin content – Jute, Hemp
22. Cotton
Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the
cotton plant .
cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant .
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and
ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen).
Composition
90% cellulose,6% moisture and the remainder fats and
impurities.
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like
coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality.
23. PROPERTIES
It has 8% moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties
of strength, durability, and absorbency.
it is fresh , crisp , comfortable ,absorbent , flexible, has no pilling
problems and has good resistance to alkalis.
it has poor wrinkle resistance, shrinkage, poor acid resistance , less
abrasion resistance , susceptible to damage by moths and mildew, need
slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove.
its fibre length ranges from ½ inches to 2inches
it has 10%increase in strength when wet.
it has a flat twisted tube shape.
24. KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the
seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree.
Properties
It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water
and loses only 10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day
period.
It is eight times lighter than cotton
it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator.
it is also lightweight, non-allergic, non-toxic, resistant to rot
and odorless.
since it is inelastic and too fragile, itcan't be spun.
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness, impermeability,
thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
25. BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem
(the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties
The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other
kinds, and ropes, yarn, paper, composites and burlap.
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that
point represents a weak point.
They are obtained by the process called retting
26. JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in
amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant
cellulose and lignin .
Properties
Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood.
The plant grows up to a height of 2.5m and its fibre length is about 2m.
it is generally used in geo textiles.
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects.
it has low wet strength, low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
27. RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops, having
been used for.
Properties
Ramie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre.
it is fine absorbent ,quick drying fibre, is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre.
its plant height is 2.5m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton.
28. HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber
from the stem, the hemp naturally maybe creamy white,
brown, gray, black or green.
Properties
it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long, running the length
of the plant.
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and
durability, resistance to ultraviolet light and mold,
comfort and good absorbency
29. COIR FIBRE
• Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut
husk after soaking.
• It is long, hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness,
lower water absorption capacity, and shorter life than
long retted fibre.
30. ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely
of proteins such as silk, hair/fur, wool and feathers.
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is
Hair Fibres (Staple) ;Wool, Specialty hair fibres
Secretion Fibres(Filament) , Silk, Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
31. SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles. It
is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva, in
the process known as sericulture
Properties
It’s a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm.
it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards.
it is relatively lustrous ,smooth, lightweight, strong
and elastic.
it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber.
32. Types of silk
Domestic silk-
Mulberry silk : This is a white to
yellow colored silk. It is fine and issued mainly for apparel.
Wild silk-
Mug silk : This is a golden yellow coloured silk .It is obtained
from these mi-domesticated silkworm ,which feeds on the
aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants.
Eri silk : This is got from the domesticated silkworm. It feeds
mainly on castor leaves.
Tussar silk : Tussar Silk, also known as Kosa Silk, is valued for
its purity and texture. Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons
especially grown on Arjun,
33. WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain i.e., 14%.
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it, it has heat in stored within
the length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches.
34. Cont…
there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed
from sheep already dead.
merino wool is the best grade of wool.
In addition to clothing, wool has been used as
carpeting, felt, wool insulation
35. MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from
varieties of rocks.
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium
containing iron and aluminum and other minerals.
It is acid proof, flame proof and rust proof.
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted.
36. MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosic– Cotton linters and wood pulp
Viscose rayon, Cupra-ammonium, Cellulose
Acetate (secondary and triacetate), Polynosic,
High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Protein– Casein fibre from milk Groundnut
Fibre, Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
37. Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in nature.
Wood, paper, and cotton all contain cellulose. Cellulose
is an excellent fiber.
Cellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer
glucose.
The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are
rayon, acetate and triacetate which are derived from the
cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters.
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
38. Cont…
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibres:
Protein:
• Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of
Milk Ground nut
• From other Sources:
• Mineral: Glass, Ceramic and Graphite Metallic
Fibres: By mining and refining of metals like silver,
gold, aluminum and steel.
• Rubber Fibres: Sap tapped from the rubber tree.
• Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
39. RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber.
it is the first man made fibre .
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface.
it loses 30-50% of its strength when it is wet.
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and
therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber.
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and
cupra ammonium rayon.
40. ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose
acetate.
Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood
pulp with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid.
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance
Wide range of colors and lusters
Excellent drapability and softness
Relatively fast drying
Shrink, moth and mildew resistant
Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept
dyes ordinarily used for cotton and rayon.
41. Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66, Nylon 610, Nylon 6 etc
Polyester-Terylene, Terene, Dacron etc.
Polyvinyl derivatives
Polyvinylchloride
Polyvinylchloride acetate
Polyvinylchloride –Acrylonitrile
Polyacrilonitrile
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polystyrene and Copolymers
Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers
Polyolefins
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
42. MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
• POLYESTER, NYLONARAMID,
ACRYLICMODACRYLIC,
• SPANDEX, OLEFIN, VINYONSARAN,
NYTRILTEFLON / FLUOROCARBONALGINATE :
• Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived
from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such
fabrics as surgical dressings which can be ;Polyester, Nylon
, Natural rubber .
43. POLYESTER
Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional
group in their main c
The term "polyester" is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene
terephthalate (PET).
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic, have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface.
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp.
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric.
44. NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used as
A fiber.
There are several forms of nylon depending up on
chemical synthesis such as nylon 4, 6, 6.6, 6.10,
6.12,8,10 and 11.
Nylon is found in clothing all the time, but also in
other places, in the form of a thermoplastic material.
45. Cont…
Nylons are also called polyamides, because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain.
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with
each other with hydrogen bonds.
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline
regions and make fibers.
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth
surface
46. Cont…
Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of isoprene units, a
hydrocarbon dienemonomer.
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various
other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
.
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties.
Rubber's stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect, the
Payne effect and is often model her elastic.
47. Inorganic Fibres
Glass– Silica sand, lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic – Alumina, Silica and Graphite fibres –
Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium, silver, gold and stainless
steel
48. GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from
extremely fine fibers of glass. Glass fiber is formed when thin
silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers
with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica, SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization, it must be heated to te
49. con
The rest type of glass use for fiber was soda-lime
glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them, blocks of glass
fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many
polymer products.
it has a good thermal insulation, with at thermal
conductivity of 0.05 W/m
50. Because glass has anamorphous structure, its
properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in
the tensile adsorbed, and can worsen microscopic
crack defects, and lessen tenacity.
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after
extended periods
51. METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed
of metal, plastic-coated metal, metal-Gold and silver
have been used since yarns for fabric decoration.
More recently, aluminum yarns, aluminized nylon
yarns have replaced glass.
They are made through laminating process.
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing.
52. When suitable adhesives and films are used, they are not
affected by salt water, chlorinated water in swimming pools
or climatic conditions.
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be
dry-cleaned.
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron,
especially at high temperatures, can melt the fibers.
They are used mainly for decorative purpose.