This document provides an overview of various textile processing steps, including: 1) Singeing, which burns off loose fibers to improve fabric quality; 2) Desizing to remove starch sizing using water, acid, or enzymes; 3) Scouring to remove oils and dirt to make fabric absorbent; 4) Bleaching to remove color using hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, or sodium chlorite; 5) Dyeing by immersing fabric in dye solutions using different dyes for different fibers.

1. Introduction to Textile
processing
Textile Processing
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2. Flow Chart of Textile Processing
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3. Categories of Fabric w.r.t Treatment3

4. Singeing
The verb ‘singe’ literally means ‘to burn superficially’.
Technically, singeing refers to the burning-off of. Loose
fibres not firmly bound into the yarn and/or fabric
structure. Singeing is an important part
of pretreatment. This is the burning off of protruding fiber
ends from the surface of the fabric. If not done properly,
unclear print patterns, mottled fabric surfaces,
and pilling results.
Singeing of fabric is done in order to achieve the following objectives.
 To improve pilling rating of fabric
 To give a uniform luster to the surface
 Removal of projection fiber
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5. Singeing Types
1.Plate singeing machine
In this type of singeing machine, the cloth passes over and in contact
with one or two heated curved copper plates. The thickness of the plates
ranges from 1 to 2 inches. The heating of the plates is done by a suitable
burning arrangement of gas mixed with air. The plates are heated to
bright redness and the cloth passes over and in contact with these plates
at a speed ranging from 150 to 250 yards per minute.
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Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc (melting point 900-1025°C)

6. Singeing Types
2. Roller Singeing Machine
In this type of singeing machine, the cloth passes over and in contact
with a heated rotary cylinder made of copper or cast iron. The rotary
cylinder has internal firing and revolves slowly so that constantly a fresh
surface of the roller comes in contact with the cloth. The direction of
rotation of the cylinder is opposite to the direction of the fabric so that the
protruding fibres or nap of the fabric is raised.
3. Gas Singeing Machine
In this type of singeing machine, the fabric passes
over a burning gas flame at such a speed that
only the protruding fibres burn and the main body
of the fabric is not damaged by the flame. This is the most common type
of machine used for singeing fabrics as well yarns
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7. DESIZING
The removal of sizing material is called desizing. It
is done in desizng chamber. In this way the sizing
material is removed.
METHODS OF DESIZING
Following methods are used for desizing.
• Water Desizing
• Acid Desizing
• Enzymatic Desizing
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8. Types of Desizing
1-Water De-Sizing
 It is the oldest method for desizing. For this purpose we use hot water. If
our sizing material is soluble in water then it becomes soluble in water
and is removed in this way.
2-Acid Desizing
 For acid desizing we use very dilute HCL or H2SO4 for 4---8 hours. It is
done at room temperature.
3-Enzymatic Desizing
 In this method certain enzymes are used for biodegradation of sizing
material (starch) such as amylase
(C6H10O5) n amylase n(CO2) + n(H2O) +energy
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9. Scouring
The term ‘scouring’ applies to the removal of impurities
such as oils, waxes, gums, soluble impurities and sold
dirt commonly found in textile material and produce a
hydrophilic and clean cloth.
Objective of Scouring :
Scouring removes all the waxes, pectins and makes the
textile material hydrophilic or water absorbent.
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10. BLEACHING
Bleaching means the removal of the all color impurities. Woven and
knitwear fabric that made of wool, cotton and silk are not white
owing to their natural color or contamination in the preceding
process, for fabric that have to dyed in pure white or any color, the
has to bleached.
Bleaching is done by different methods such as
Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
Sodium Chlorite(NaClO2)
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11. Mercerizing
The luster , Dye affinity and tensile strength of the cotton can be
increased by mercerizing. This gives knitwear a smoother feel and
higher dimensional stability. Mercerizing is specially applied on
cotton products such as bed-linen table cloth and fabric for dresses.
The material is treated with concentrated caustic soda solution .the
fiber surface become smoother so that the light reflecting ability
and thus gloss is increased.
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Knitted fabric mercerizing machine

12. Dyeing
Dyeing is the process of coloring textile materials by immersing
the in an aqueous solution of dye called dye liquor. Generally
the dye liquor consists of dye, water and other such materials
which increase the effect of dyeing. Heat is usually applied to
the liquor.
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13. Some specific dyeing materials are mentioned
for some fiber materials.
Different dyeing materials are used for different fiber materials. Various
dyeing materials exits, as the fiber posses different reactive groups due to their
chemical structure
Cellulose:
• Direct Dyes
• Vat Dyes
• Reactive Dyes
• Sulfur dyes
Wool:
• Acid Dyes
• Chrome Developed dyes
Polyester:
• Disperse dyes
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14. Printing
Printing is actually a type of dyeing. The main difference between
printing and dyeing is that in dyeing the fabric is given one color
only by dipping in the solution of dye, whereas in printing
different colors are applied according to the requirement of
design.
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15. PRINTING MACHINE
 For printing usually four types of machines are used.
• ROLLER PRINTING MACHINE
• MULTI ROLLER PRINTING MACHINE
• FLAT BELT PRINTING MACHINE
• ROTARY PRINTING MACHINE
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16. FINISHING DEPARTMENT
In finishing department final process is done. The fabric is brought to
finishing department after bleaching, dyeing or printing. Many
qualities are produced in fabric during finishing like
The Finishing process is divided into two major portion
1. Mechanical Finishing
This is surface treatment of textile by means of special mechanical
processing machine. This process is used to developed the special
fabric characteristics e.g. Shearing, Gigging, Calendaring.
2. Thermal Finishing
Thermal Finishing includes finishing process that requires warmth,
coating of chemical finishes and drying processes are belong to
this group.
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17. STANTER MACHINE
STANTER MACHINE
It is very important machine which is used to finish and dry the fabric. Its
main purposes are:
 Adjustment of fabric width
 Coating(chemical finishes)
The main parts of Stanter machine are:
 Chemical bath
 Stretching frame
 Drying chamber
 Cooling chamber
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