Neurulation
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The document discusses neurulation, the process of formation and closure of the neural tube. It involves primary and secondary neurulation, which are guided by molecular signaling pathways involving molecules like Shh, BMP4/7, and cadherins. Defects in neurulation can result in neural tube defects like anencephaly or spina bifida. While neurulation was once thought to be a simple one-step process, it is now understood to be more complex, with closure occurring in regions rather than entirely linearly.
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Neurulation developmental biology
The document discusses the molecular regulation of neural induction and neurulation. It explains that upregulation of FGF signaling and inhibition of BMP4 activity causes ectoderm to become neural tissue by default. During neurulation, the neural plate forms the neural tube as the neural folds fuse in the midline. Neural crest cells emerge and migrate throughout the embryo to form many tissues. Precise regulation of BMP concentrations induces different cell fates in the ectoderm.
Development of brain
1. The brain develops from three primary vesicles and their outgrowths that appear during the 4th and 5th weeks of development. Brain flexures form and influence the shape and organization of brain regions.
2. Specific cell groups in the basal and alar plates of the hindbrain, midbrain, and developing brainstem give rise to various nuclei and nerve fibers that contribute to different functional components involved in motor and sensory functions.
3. Histogenesis occurs in the developing cerebellum, with neuronal and glial cells migrating and differentiating into the distinct layers that characterize the adult cerebellar cortex.
Axis formation in birds and mammals
types of eggs , types of cleavage in birds and mammals,early development in birds and mammals, axis formation in birds and mammals
Development of nervous system
The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and forms the central nervous system. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate which elevates and fuses to form the neural tube. Neural crest cells dissociate and give rise to many structures. The brain develops from three primary vesicles-the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The spinal cord arises from the lower neural tube. Neurons and glia differentiate and migrate within the neural tube. Fusion of the neural folds and closure of neuropores must occur properly to prevent neural tube defects.
Embryological development of the nervous system and special
The document summarizes key stages in the embryological development of the nervous system and special senses. It describes how the neural plate forms and folds to become the neural tube. It then discusses the formation of the three germ layers and how neural induction occurs. It provides details on neurulation and neural tube formation, as well as common defects that can arise. It also summarizes the development of the main divisions and structures of the brain and spinal cord.
Gastrulation
The document summarizes the process of gastrulation in humans. It discusses how the embryo develops two germ layers, the epiblast and hypoblast, just before implantation. It describes the formation of the primitive streak around day 15, which defines the body axes. Cells migrate through the primitive streak during gastrulation to form the definitive endoderm, intraembryonic mesoderm, and ectoderm. Key cellular processes in gastrulation include epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and convergent extension.
Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
EMBRYOLOGY OF BRAIN,NEW
The document discusses the embryology of the brain, including:
- The formation of the neural tube and its subdivisions into primary brain vesicles.
- The development of the medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres from the brain vesicles.
- The formation of structures within each brain region like the cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla and pons.
- The timeline of important developmental events from the formation of the neural plate to myelination.
Recommended
Neurulation developmental biology
The document discusses the molecular regulation of neural induction and neurulation. It explains that upregulation of FGF signaling and inhibition of BMP4 activity causes ectoderm to become neural tissue by default. During neurulation, the neural plate forms the neural tube as the neural folds fuse in the midline. Neural crest cells emerge and migrate throughout the embryo to form many tissues. Precise regulation of BMP concentrations induces different cell fates in the ectoderm.
Development of brain
1. The brain develops from three primary vesicles and their outgrowths that appear during the 4th and 5th weeks of development. Brain flexures form and influence the shape and organization of brain regions.
2. Specific cell groups in the basal and alar plates of the hindbrain, midbrain, and developing brainstem give rise to various nuclei and nerve fibers that contribute to different functional components involved in motor and sensory functions.
3. Histogenesis occurs in the developing cerebellum, with neuronal and glial cells migrating and differentiating into the distinct layers that characterize the adult cerebellar cortex.
Axis formation in birds and mammals
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Development of nervous system
The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and forms the central nervous system. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate which elevates and fuses to form the neural tube. Neural crest cells dissociate and give rise to many structures. The brain develops from three primary vesicles-the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The spinal cord arises from the lower neural tube. Neurons and glia differentiate and migrate within the neural tube. Fusion of the neural folds and closure of neuropores must occur properly to prevent neural tube defects.
Embryological development of the nervous system and special
The document summarizes key stages in the embryological development of the nervous system and special senses. It describes how the neural plate forms and folds to become the neural tube. It then discusses the formation of the three germ layers and how neural induction occurs. It provides details on neurulation and neural tube formation, as well as common defects that can arise. It also summarizes the development of the main divisions and structures of the brain and spinal cord.
Gastrulation
The document summarizes the process of gastrulation in humans. It discusses how the embryo develops two germ layers, the epiblast and hypoblast, just before implantation. It describes the formation of the primitive streak around day 15, which defines the body axes. Cells migrate through the primitive streak during gastrulation to form the definitive endoderm, intraembryonic mesoderm, and ectoderm. Key cellular processes in gastrulation include epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and convergent extension.
Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
EMBRYOLOGY OF BRAIN,NEW
The document discusses the embryology of the brain, including:
- The formation of the neural tube and its subdivisions into primary brain vesicles.
- The development of the medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres from the brain vesicles.
- The formation of structures within each brain region like the cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla and pons.
- The timeline of important developmental events from the formation of the neural plate to myelination.
2. gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process that establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - in the embryo. It begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells from the epiblast migrate through the primitive streak and invaginate inward, some forming endoderm and others mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This process spreads the germ layers throughout the embryo. Disruptions can cause abnormalities like caudal dysgenesis where insufficient mesoderm is formed, impacting lower limb and urogenital development. Rare tumors can also form from remnants of the primitive streak.
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Final chick embryonic-development-ppt
The document summarizes chicken embryonic development from fertilization through organogenesis. It discusses key stages including cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation forming the three germ layers, primitive streak formation, somite formation, neural tube formation, and organogenesis. Diagrams of chicken embryos at various developmental stages from 18 hours to 96 hours are included to illustrate structures as they develop.
Histology of thyroid gland
This document summarizes the histological structure of the thyroid gland. It notes that the thyroid gland consists of two lobes and an isthmus, and its structural unit is the follicle. Each follicle contains a layer of epithelial cells surrounding a follicular cavity filled with colloid. The epithelial cells are cuboidal and can change shape depending on the gland's activity level. Additionally, parafollicular cells in the interfollicular spaces secrete thyrocalcitonin. The colloid within the follicular cavity is a gel-like secretion composed of nucleoproteins and enzymes used to synthesize thyroid hormones.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from them
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from it. Embryonic layers ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm form different structures during embryonic development.
Histological structure of pituitory gland
The pituitary gland has two main parts - the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis contains the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. The pars distalis is the largest part and contains chromophils like somatotrophs and mammotrophs that secrete growth hormones, as well as chromophobes that secrete ACTH. The neurohypophysis contains the pars nervosa and secretes oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone. The pituitary gland regulates many important bodily functions through the hormones produced by its various cell types located within its distinct anatomical regions.
Development nervous system
The nervous system begins developing in the 3rd week of gestation from ectodermal tissue. The central nervous system starts as a neural plate that folds into a neural groove and then fuses to form the neural tube. The neural tube will develop into the brain and spinal cord. Neural crest cells emerge from the neural tube and migrate throughout the body, giving rise to many cell types. By the 5th week, the brain has divided into five vesicles that will form the structures of the adult brain.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
3. formation of notochord
The notochord serves as the basis for the axial skeleton. The formation of the notochord starts with the appearance of the prechordal plate between the tip of the notochord and the oropharyngeal membrane. Prenotochordal cells then form the notochordal process which extends between the prechordal plate and primitive pit. The amnion then invaginates through the primitive pit to form the notochordal canal. The floor of this canal then degenerates to form the neurenteric canal, temporarily connecting the amniotic and yolk sac cavities. The remaining roof forms the notochordal plate which detaches from the endoderm to form the definitive not
Development of chick
The document summarizes key stages in early chick development:
1) Fertilization occurs internally in the oviduct, followed by cleavage and the beginning of gastrulation even before egg laying.
2) Blastulation involves the formation of the blastoderm layers and subgerminal cavity.
3) Gastrulation continues after laying, forming the primitive streak which elongates toward the head region through cell migration.
4) Cells migrate through the streak to form the endoderm and mesoderm, and the ectoderm covers the embryo through epiboly. Axis specification establishes bilateral symmetry.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
Development of spinal cord
The spinal cord arises from the neural tube which forms when the neural plate folds and fuses. The neural tube is made of neuroepithelial cells that migrate and differentiate to form the gray matter of the spinal cord, consisting of the alar plate and basal plate. Axons from cells in the mantle layer collect in the marginal layer to form the white matter. Neural crest cells originate between the neural tube and ectoderm, migrate, and give rise to many structures including ganglion cells, meninges, melanocytes, and Schwann cells.
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Cleavage, Types of cleavage
The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
Neuroendocrine system and Neurosecretion
The neuroendocrine system allows the hypothalamus to regulate endocrine glands and maintain homeostasis. It does this through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system, which connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary via blood vessels. The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that stimulate or suppress hormone production in the anterior pituitary, which then regulates other endocrine glands. Key axes include the HPT, HPA, and HPG axes that control thyroid function, stress response, and reproduction respectively. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus also secrete oxytocin and vasopressin into the bloodstream and posterior pituitary for storage and release.
Glial cells - Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects
Glial cells outnumber neurons in the central nervous system and provide support and protection for neurons. There are several types of glial cells - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. In disease states, glial cells can become reactive or activated and contribute to conditions like stroke, cerebral edema, Alzheimer's disease, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, and glioma. The document provides an overview of glial cell types, functions, pathophysiology, and their involvement in specific nervous system diseases and conditions.
Embryology development of central nervous system
The document summarizes the embryological development of the central nervous system. It begins with the formation of the neural plate and tube from ectoderm. The neural tube develops three primary brain vesicles - the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). Neuroepithelial cells form the neural tube wall and generate neuroblasts that migrate inward to form the mantle layer and later differentiate into neurons and glial cells. Neural crest cells emerge along the neural folds and contribute to peripheral ganglia.
Evolution of Urinogenital Ducts
The document summarizes the evolution of kidneys and urino-genital ducts in vertebrates. It describes how the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros kidney systems develop and how their associated ducts give rise to the male and female reproductive tracts. It explains that in females, the Müllerian ducts form the oviducts, while in males the mesonephric ducts form parts of the reproductive system or are reduced. The kidneys and ducts show adaptations for waste excretion, sperm transport, and supporting embryo development across vertebrate groups.
Paraxial and intermediate mesoderm
Paraxial and intermediate mesoderm form important structures. Paraxial mesoderm forms somites through a "clock and wave" mechanism, with each somite giving rise to vertebrae, muscle, and dermis. Somites are specified by surrounding tissues to develop appropriately. Intermediate mesoderm forms the kidney, with the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros appearing sequentially in vertebrate development. The metanephros becomes the permanent kidney in amniotes.
Neural crest cells / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Neural crest cell
Neural crest cells originate from the ectoderm during neurulation and migrate throughout the body. They differentiate into many structures, including connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and teeth of the face and oral cavity. During development, neural crest cells migrate into the branchial arches which give rise to muscles, blood vessels, cartilage and bones of the face. Abnormal migration or differentiation of neural crest cells can lead to craniofacial abnormalities such as cleft lip/palate.
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2. gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process that establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - in the embryo. It begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells from the epiblast migrate through the primitive streak and invaginate inward, some forming endoderm and others mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This process spreads the germ layers throughout the embryo. Disruptions can cause abnormalities like caudal dysgenesis where insufficient mesoderm is formed, impacting lower limb and urogenital development. Rare tumors can also form from remnants of the primitive streak.
Cleavage and its patterns
1. Cleavage is the repeated division of the fertilized egg without an increase in size that produces an increase in the number of cells.
2. There are three main patterns of cleavage: holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow divides the entire egg; meroblastic, where cleavage is restricted to the upper disc region; and superficial, where early divisions occur in the surface layer.
3. Cleavage can also be classified based on the fate of blastomeres and their arrangement. Determinate cleavage leads to a mosaic embryo where blastomere fate is predetermined, while indeterminate cleavage blastomeres are less rigidly determined. Radial and spiral cleavage describe the arrangement of blastomeres
Final chick embryonic-development-ppt
The document summarizes chicken embryonic development from fertilization through organogenesis. It discusses key stages including cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation forming the three germ layers, primitive streak formation, somite formation, neural tube formation, and organogenesis. Diagrams of chicken embryos at various developmental stages from 18 hours to 96 hours are included to illustrate structures as they develop.
Histology of thyroid gland
This document summarizes the histological structure of the thyroid gland. It notes that the thyroid gland consists of two lobes and an isthmus, and its structural unit is the follicle. Each follicle contains a layer of epithelial cells surrounding a follicular cavity filled with colloid. The epithelial cells are cuboidal and can change shape depending on the gland's activity level. Additionally, parafollicular cells in the interfollicular spaces secrete thyrocalcitonin. The colloid within the follicular cavity is a gel-like secretion composed of nucleoproteins and enzymes used to synthesize thyroid hormones.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from them
Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from it. Embryonic layers ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm form different structures during embryonic development.
Histological structure of pituitory gland
The pituitary gland has two main parts - the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis contains the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. The pars distalis is the largest part and contains chromophils like somatotrophs and mammotrophs that secrete growth hormones, as well as chromophobes that secrete ACTH. The neurohypophysis contains the pars nervosa and secretes oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone. The pituitary gland regulates many important bodily functions through the hormones produced by its various cell types located within its distinct anatomical regions.
Development nervous system
The nervous system begins developing in the 3rd week of gestation from ectodermal tissue. The central nervous system starts as a neural plate that folds into a neural groove and then fuses to form the neural tube. The neural tube will develop into the brain and spinal cord. Neural crest cells emerge from the neural tube and migrate throughout the body, giving rise to many cell types. By the 5th week, the brain has divided into five vesicles that will form the structures of the adult brain.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed in the embryo through cell movements. In amphibians, cells from the blastula's outer layer invaginate and involute to form the inner layers. The blastocoel is replaced by the archenteron. In birds, the epiblast and hypoblast layers are initially formed; the epiblast gives rise solely to the three germ layers. Gastrulation rearranges cells into layers that will develop into tissues and organs.
3. formation of notochord
The notochord serves as the basis for the axial skeleton. The formation of the notochord starts with the appearance of the prechordal plate between the tip of the notochord and the oropharyngeal membrane. Prenotochordal cells then form the notochordal process which extends between the prechordal plate and primitive pit. The amnion then invaginates through the primitive pit to form the notochordal canal. The floor of this canal then degenerates to form the neurenteric canal, temporarily connecting the amniotic and yolk sac cavities. The remaining roof forms the notochordal plate which detaches from the endoderm to form the definitive not
Development of chick
The document summarizes key stages in early chick development:
1) Fertilization occurs internally in the oviduct, followed by cleavage and the beginning of gastrulation even before egg laying.
2) Blastulation involves the formation of the blastoderm layers and subgerminal cavity.
3) Gastrulation continues after laying, forming the primitive streak which elongates toward the head region through cell migration.
4) Cells migrate through the streak to form the endoderm and mesoderm, and the ectoderm covers the embryo through epiboly. Axis specification establishes bilateral symmetry.
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
Development of spinal cord
The spinal cord arises from the neural tube which forms when the neural plate folds and fuses. The neural tube is made of neuroepithelial cells that migrate and differentiate to form the gray matter of the spinal cord, consisting of the alar plate and basal plate. Axons from cells in the mantle layer collect in the marginal layer to form the white matter. Neural crest cells originate between the neural tube and ectoderm, migrate, and give rise to many structures including ganglion cells, meninges, melanocytes, and Schwann cells.
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Cleavage, Types of cleavage
The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
Neuroendocrine system and Neurosecretion
The neuroendocrine system allows the hypothalamus to regulate endocrine glands and maintain homeostasis. It does this through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system, which connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary via blood vessels. The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that stimulate or suppress hormone production in the anterior pituitary, which then regulates other endocrine glands. Key axes include the HPT, HPA, and HPG axes that control thyroid function, stress response, and reproduction respectively. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus also secrete oxytocin and vasopressin into the bloodstream and posterior pituitary for storage and release.
Glial cells - Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects
Glial cells outnumber neurons in the central nervous system and provide support and protection for neurons. There are several types of glial cells - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. In disease states, glial cells can become reactive or activated and contribute to conditions like stroke, cerebral edema, Alzheimer's disease, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, and glioma. The document provides an overview of glial cell types, functions, pathophysiology, and their involvement in specific nervous system diseases and conditions.
Embryology development of central nervous system
The document summarizes the embryological development of the central nervous system. It begins with the formation of the neural plate and tube from ectoderm. The neural tube develops three primary brain vesicles - the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). Neuroepithelial cells form the neural tube wall and generate neuroblasts that migrate inward to form the mantle layer and later differentiate into neurons and glial cells. Neural crest cells emerge along the neural folds and contribute to peripheral ganglia.
Evolution of Urinogenital Ducts
The document summarizes the evolution of kidneys and urino-genital ducts in vertebrates. It describes how the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros kidney systems develop and how their associated ducts give rise to the male and female reproductive tracts. It explains that in females, the Müllerian ducts form the oviducts, while in males the mesonephric ducts form parts of the reproductive system or are reduced. The kidneys and ducts show adaptations for waste excretion, sperm transport, and supporting embryo development across vertebrate groups.
Paraxial and intermediate mesoderm
Paraxial and intermediate mesoderm form important structures. Paraxial mesoderm forms somites through a "clock and wave" mechanism, with each somite giving rise to vertebrae, muscle, and dermis. Somites are specified by surrounding tissues to develop appropriately. Intermediate mesoderm forms the kidney, with the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros appearing sequentially in vertebrate development. The metanephros becomes the permanent kidney in amniotes.
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Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from them
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Neural crest cells / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Neural crest cell
Neural crest cells originate from the ectoderm during neurulation and migrate throughout the body. They differentiate into many structures, including connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and teeth of the face and oral cavity. During development, neural crest cells migrate into the branchial arches which give rise to muscles, blood vessels, cartilage and bones of the face. Abnormal migration or differentiation of neural crest cells can lead to craniofacial abnormalities such as cleft lip/palate.
Cell adhesion molecules and matrix proteins
Cell adhesion molecules are proteins located on cell surfaces that are involved in binding between cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix. The three main types are cadherins, integrins, and selectins. Cadherins are calcium-dependent proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that bind to components of the extracellular matrix and mediate cell-matrix adhesion as well as cell signaling. Selectins mediate the initial capture and rolling of leukocytes along vascular surfaces. Cell adhesion molecules play important physiological roles in processes like leukocyte trafficking, blood coagulation, and morphogenesis. They also have applications as therapeutic targets in areas such as cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory diseases.
Adhesion molecules
This document summarizes several major families of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and adhesion receptors. It discusses cadherins, which form homophilic bonds between adjacent cells and link to the cytoskeleton. Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that bind extracellular matrix proteins and require calcium or magnesium. Selectins contain lectin domains that recognize sugar structures on neighboring cells. Neural cell adhesion molecules are single-pass transmembrane proteins important for neural tissue formation.
cleavage and gastrulation in amphibians
1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
Adhesion molecules
This document summarizes different types of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). It discusses cadherins, which are the primary CAMs in adherens junctions and desmosomes. Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that connect the intracellular and extracellular environments and are involved in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. The immunoglobulin superfamily of CAMs are calcium-independent transmembrane proteins with immunoglobulin-like domains. Selectins mediate the initial tethering of leukocytes to endothelial cells during inflammation. Cell adhesion molecules play important roles in processes like embryogenesis, immunity, tissue development, and cancer metastasis.
İng tip adezyonmoleküll
1) Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) allow cells to adhere to other cells and to the extracellular matrix. The main CAM families are cadherins, integrins, the immunoglobulin superfamily, and selectins.
2) Cadherins are calcium-dependent CAMs that mediate homophilic adhesion between cells of the same type. They link to the actin cytoskeleton via catenins. Cadherins play important roles in tissue formation and embryogenesis.
3) Integrins are heterodimeric CAMs composed of alpha and beta subunits. They mediate calcium-dependent adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix by binding ligands like fibronectin and laminin. Integrins also
Cell-Cell Interaction (Part 1: Cell Junctions)
"Of all the social interactions between cells in a multicellular organism, the most fundamental are those that hold the cells together”
Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins
The document provides information about various biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids, glucose, ribose, and fatty acids. It includes diagrams of their structures and functions in animals and plants. Assessment statements are provided related to distinguishing organic and inorganic compounds, identifying biomolecule structures, examples of mono/di/polysaccharides and their functions, the roles of condensation and hydrolysis reactions, and comparing carbohydrate and lipid use for energy storage.
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Neural crest cells / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy
Neural crest cells / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy
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Zebrafish model
Zebrafish have many benefits as a model organism but also limitations. They are small, fertile, and transparent, making them useful for developmental studies. However, they lack some mammalian organs and differ physiologically from humans. While zebrafish share many protein-coding genes with humans, not all human diseases can be perfectly modeled. Husbandry practices and environment also influence zebrafish health. Overall, zebrafish are a valuable but imperfect model that requires understanding their advantages and restrictions.
The Robustness and Evolvability of Transcription Factor Binding Sites
The Robustness and Evolvability of Transcription Factor Binding SitesIndian Institute of Science Education and reserach Bhopal
This document discusses the robustness and evolvability of transcription factor (TF) binding sites. It notes that TF binding sites are typically 6-10 nucleotides long and can be degenerate, binding different sequences. This degeneracy contributes to mutational robustness and evolvability by allowing binding of different TFs after mutation. Large genotype networks confer both robustness by maintaining phenotypes despite mutations, and evolvability by connecting genotypes with different phenotypes and allowing novel adaptations. The identity and affinity of the cognate TF bound can change regulatory circuits and lead to novel gene expression patterns and evolutionary innovations.The role of Sulphate reducing Bacteria in Ground water management: an assesme...
The role of Sulphate reducing Bacteria in Ground water management: an assesme...Indian Institute of Science Education and reserach Bhopal
This document summarizes a presentation on the role of sulphate reducing bacteria in groundwater quality management through case studies from cities in India. It discusses how sulphate levels in some cities have exceeded desirable limits and the industries contributing to sulphate contamination. It then proposes using sulphate reducing bacteria and developing biological pretreatment and eco-bio blocks to reduce sulphate levels to meet drinking water standards and minimize environmental impacts. The document concludes by highlighting remediation strategies from developed countries that could be applied, such as those used in Minnesota involving aeration, filtration, and chlorination to reduce sulphate levels.Particle genetics:Treating every cell as Unique
Particle genetics:Treating every cell as UniqueIndian Institute of Science Education and reserach Bhopal
This document discusses moving from a deterministic to a probabilistic view of genetics. It notes that living systems are made up of huge numbers of cells that can exhibit individual phenotypes. Rather than viewing genotypes as deterministically shaping phenotypes, it suggests considering how genotypes shape the probability laws of single cell traits. It provides examples of sources of cellular individuality, like mutations and errors, that contribute to stochastic gene expression between identical cells. This probabilistic view recognizes genetic factors as probabilistic trait loci that can increase trait variance without changing mean values. Considering genetics at the single cell level, rather than just the macroscopic individual level, has the potential to reveal genetic variants affecting rare cell behaviors and diseases.Immuno- evolution: From Innate to adaptive
The document discusses the evolution of adaptive immunity from innate immunity. It proposes that most adaptive immune molecules arose from innate molecules, with some exceptions like C3, MHC, and TdT. Adaptive molecules evolved abruptly, making it difficult to isolate their precursors. Some molecules evolved partly for immune functions while retaining other functions. B cell receptors, T cell receptors, RAG, TdT and parts of the complement system have identifiable innate precursors. MHC class II molecules evolved from molecules like DM that were involved in antigen processing. The adaptive immune system is unique to higher organisms and vertebrates.
Clonal interfernce in Viral evolution
Clonal interference occurs in asexual populations where beneficial mutations arising in different lineages compete with each other before being fixed, slowing the rate of adaptation. In sexual populations, beneficial mutations recombine and are fixed simultaneously, providing an advantage. Muller's model predicts that the rate of adaptation increases with population size and mutation rate until beneficial mutations interfere at larger rates. Experimental results show adaptive substitutions occur rarely regardless of these factors.
Cancer epigenetics
1. Cancer epigenetics involves heritable changes in gene expression that are not due to changes in DNA sequence. Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling complexes play important roles in cancer development by regulating gene expression and transcription.
2. Many genes that encode histone modifying enzymes are mutated in cancer. Mutations in DNA methyltransferases, histone methyltransferases, and histone demethylases commonly occur in cancers.
3. Targeting epigenetic enzymes and pathways, such as with DNA methyltransferase or histone deacetylase inhibitors, shows promise as cancer therapies. Combination epigenetic and conventional chemotherapy may help reduce drug resistance.
Stem cell Biobridge
1) The study investigated the hypothesis that neural stem cells from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) are recruited to injured brain sites via extracellular factors to aid repair.
2) It found that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells into the injured cortex led to increased extracellular metalloproteinases, decreased cell death, increased host cell proliferation and regeneration, and improved motor and neurological functions.
3) This suggests stem cells may act as "bio bridges" recruiting endogenous stem cells through metalloproteinase expression to reconnect neurogenic niches to injured sites and promote repair.
Drosophila Leon mutant:Study of Wing Development
Drosophila Leon mutant:Study of Wing DevelopmentIndian Institute of Science Education and reserach Bhopal
This study explores the wing phenotypes of crosses between male Drosophila melanogaster expressing RNAi targeting specific genes (RNAi driver lines) and female leon mutant flies. Various phenotypes were observed in the offspring wings, including rescue, deterioration, and distortion of wing veins and structures. A correlation between the wing phenotypes and physiological/metabolic functions of the targeted genes was found. Many of the genes are expressed in tissues like the brain, heart, and reproductive organs. The results provide insight into how knocking down gene expression can affect wing development and the roles of the genes studied.Quantum biology
The document proposes an academic program in Quantum Biology at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Rajasthan. It discusses the need for interdisciplinary education to solve complex problems. IIT Rajasthan aims to establish connections between technology, society, and humanities. The proposed Quantum Biology program would address fundamental unexplained phenomena in biology using principles of quantum mechanics. It would eliminate boundaries between academic domains through a multidisciplinary curriculum integrating existing centers of excellence. The undergraduate and postgraduate programs would include core courses in quantum mechanics, biology and other fields to produce interdisciplinary scientists and engineers. Research would focus on theoretical and experimental investigations of quantum effects in biological processes like photosynthesis and bird navigation.
Algae Biofuel
The document discusses using algae for biofuel production through heterotrophic growth. It notes that some companies are establishing infrastructure for heterotrophic algae growth, which does not require sunlight. The key advantages are that heterotrophic algae growth requires less space, allows for higher cell concentrations, and offers more control over the feedstock and resulting fuel properties compared to photosynthetic growth. The document also outlines methods for pyrolysis of algae and notes that algae oils can have applications beyond fuel such as in personal care products, surfactants, and more.
Mbti
The document discusses personality types as assessed by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). It provides information on the 16 personality types assessed by the MBTI and describes the four dimensions used to determine type: Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, Judging-Perceiving. It also summarizes leadership reports and career reports generated based on an individual's MBTI results.
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The Robustness and Evolvability of Transcription Factor Binding Sites
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Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
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Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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Neurulation
- 1. Neurulation and Neural Crest Cells Neha Kaundal (10050) Sandeep Satapathy(10079) Smrithi Krishnan R(10090)
- 4. SPEMANN ORGANIZER CHANGE THE FATE OF CELL…!!!! INDUCES NEURAL PLATE FORMATION HOW…..?? SECRETE MOLECULES FOLLOW DEFAULT PATHWAY NEURAL FATE
- 5. Molecular Signaling of Primary Neurulation Positional confirmation for spatial differentiation
- 6. NEURULATION BEGINS HERE...!!! Shh Signaling from the Notochord reaches the MHP of the neuroepithelium
- 7. BMP4/BMP7 Neural Boundary Cells MHP Somites Chondrin, noggin, Follistatin FGF |---------------------| Fated Neural Crest Cells Neural Crest Cells E-cadherin N-cadherin N-CAM Hyaluron
- 9. Zippering action -Closure of Neural Tube Completes in 25days post embryonic development Completes in 27 days post embryonic development Apical constriction by rearrangement of actin, tubulin effect of BMP4/7 signaling Basal bulging out caused by movement of nucleus into this space signaled by shh from notochord
- 10. Cell Fates-Neural tube cells/Neural crest cells
- 11. SENSORY NEURONS MOTOR NEURONS FORMATION OF HEAD,TRUNK &TAIL
- 12. 24-hr Chick 22-23 days of Human
- 13. DEFECTS…….. ANENCEPHALY SPINA BIFIDA END OF NEURROSTRAL AL TUBE FAILS TO CLOSE MISEPRESSION OF WRONG CADHERIN LEADS TO FAIL TO SEPARATE EPIDERMAL ECTODERM AND NEURAL LAYER
- 15. Unfortunately, simplicity is not the answer. In actuality, the folding of the neural tube is still not entirely understood. The simplistic model of the closure occurring in one step cranially and caudally does not explain the high frequency of neural tube defects. Proposed theories include that closure of the neural tube occurs in regions, rather than entirely linearly
- 16. Thank You