Neuroparalytic keratitis
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Dry eye is a disease of the tear film and ocular surface caused by reduced tear production or increased tear evaporation. It results in eye discomfort, visual disturbance, and potential ocular surface damage. Dry eye can be caused by problems with the lacrimal functional unit such as aging, autoimmune disease like Sjogren's syndrome, or environmental factors. Diagnosis involves evaluating tear production via tests like Schirmer's test and tear breakup time, and assessing ocular surface staining. Treatment depends on dry eye severity and may include artificial tears, anti-inflammatories, punctal plugs, and management of underlying conditions. The goal is to supplement tears, reduce evaporation, stimulate natural tear production, and minimize
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Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease are both rare granulomatous uveitides that can cause bilateral eye inflammation. Sympathetic ophthalmia occurs after trauma or surgery to one eye, while VKH disease is thought to be an autoimmune response against ocular and skin melanocytes. Both can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with high-dose corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Imaging like fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography are useful for monitoring disease activity and response to treatment.
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This document summarizes key concepts related to strabismus and eye movement examination. It defines terms like strabismus, visual axis, anatomical axis, orthophoria and describes tests to evaluate eye alignment and movement including:
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- Synoptophore for grading binocular vision
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Corneal ulcers
Corneal ulcers can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa invading and damaging the cornea. Bacterial ulcers involve lymphocyte infiltration and necrosis, leading to stages of active ulceration, regression as phagocytosis occurs, and eventual cicatrization. Fungal ulcers provoke a severe inflammatory response, stromal necrosis, and potential perforation if filamentous fungi penetrate the descement's membrane. Symptoms include pain, photophobia, blurred vision, discharge, and redness. Treatment depends on the causative agent and involves topical or systemic antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, or anti-amoebic medications, as well as debride
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Angle closure glaucoma is characterized by a shallow anterior chamber that forces the iris against the trabecular meshwork, obstructing drainage of aqueous humor and increasing intraocular pressure. It most commonly affects older females and Asians. Predisposing factors include pupil block from iris contact with the lens and peripheral iris flattening. Symptoms include rapidly worsening vision, eye pain, redness, nausea and photophobia. Signs include corneal edema, fixed mid-dilated pupil, elevated intraocular pressure, and narrow iridocorneal angles on gonioscopy. Management involves emergency treatment to lower pressure through medications or surgery like laser iridotomy to create an opening in the iris.
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Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
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Concomitant and Incomitant, AHP and Hess chart
This document discusses abnormal head posture, concomitant and incomitant strabismus, and Hess chart testing. It defines concomitant as having equal angle of deviation in all gazes, while incomitant deviation varies between gazes. Incomitant can be neurogenic from nerve palsies or mechanical from conditions like Brown syndrome. Abnormal head posture is a motor adaptation to maintain comfortable vision and includes face turns, chin elevation/depression, and head tilts. Hess chart testing uses red/green filters or mirrors to dissociate the eyes and identify muscle weaknesses or palsies.
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Sturm's conoid
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KERATITIS.pptx
This document summarizes different types of keratitis (inflammation of the cornea). It describes various infectious and non-infectious causes of keratitis including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, exposure, neurotrophic disorders, and hypersensitivity reactions. For each type of keratitis, it outlines the etiology, clinical features such as symptoms and signs, and recommended treatment approaches. The document provides an overview of key information on managing various forms of keratitis for eye care professionals.
dry eye
Dry eye disease, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition caused by disturbances in the tear film that leads to an unstable tear film when the eye is open. It is a common reason for visits to ophthalmologists and affects about 75% of people over age 65, with the average patient being 54 years old. The disease involves inflammation that disrupts the normal feedback loop controlling tear production. Diagnosis involves tests like tear breakup time and Schirmer tests, and treatment focuses on replacing tears through artificial drops or increasing natural tear production through drugs like cyclosporine drops.
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- Cover-uncover test and alternate cover test to detect heterotropia and heterophoria
- Prism bar cover test for measuring strabismus angle
- Synoptophore for grading binocular vision
- Maddox rod test for detecting horizontal and vertical phorias
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This document summarizes Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) keratitis and Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus. It discusses the pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of HSV epithelial keratitis and stromal/endothelial keratitis. It presents two case scenarios of recurrent HSV keratitis. It also summarizes the findings of the Herpetic Eye Disease Study regarding the efficacy of antivirals and steroids for treating HSV eye infections.
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Primary open angle glaucoma
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by adult onset, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) above 21 mmHg with an open iridocorneal angle, optic disc cupping, and visual field loss. Risk factors include older age, family history, higher IOP, and certain medical conditions. POAG is caused by reduced outflow of aqueous humor from the eye due to thickening of the trabecular meshwork. Diagnosis requires evidence of optic nerve damage and visual field loss in addition to elevated IOP. Treatment aims to lower IOP and prevent further vision loss through medications, laser trabeculoplasty, or surgery.
MCQs for revision ophthalmology
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions about various ophthalmic conditions and treatments. The questions cover topics like causes of blindness, types of entropion/ectropion, cranial nerve disorders, corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, pterygium, and treatments for conditions like ptosis, blepharitis and corneal ulcers. The questions are in a multiple choice format with 4 answer options for each.
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory condition where the cornea progressively thins and changes from a dome shape to a cone shape. It typically develops between ages 8-45. The cornea thins and breaks occur in the Bowman's layer and Descemet's membrane. Diagnosis involves examining for Fleischer's ring, Vogt's striae, and irregular topography. Mild cases are treated with glasses or soft contacts while more severe cases require rigid gas permeable contacts or surgical interventions like intracorneal ring segments, lamellar keratoplasty, or penetrating keratoplasty.
Corneal Opacity
This document provides an overview of evaluating and treating corneal opacity. It discusses classifying opacity based on etiology ("STUMPED" classification), conducting a clinical exam including visual acuity tests and slit lamp examination of location, size, depth and vascularization of opacity. Further workup may include tear film evaluation, pachymetry, ultrasound and anterior segment OCT. Treatment aims to address underlying causes and then restore vision if possible through contact lenses, refractive surgery, or keratoplasty depending on opacity depth and visual potential.
Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma- Saral
Primary angle closure glaucoma is caused by blockage of the aqueous humor outflow due to closure or narrowing of the anterior chamber angle. It progresses through stages from primary angle closure suspect to acute angle closure to angle closure glaucoma, where glaucomatous optic nerve damage and visual field defects are present. Risk factors include hyperopia, smaller anterior chamber angle, older age, and Asian ethnicity. Treatment begins with intravenous mannitol or glycerol to lower pressure urgently, followed by topical eye drop medications like beta-blockers or pilocarpine. The definitive treatment is laser iridotomy or trabeculectomy surgery to permanently open the drainage angle.
Corneal ulcers
Corneal ulcers can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa invading and damaging the cornea. Bacterial ulcers involve lymphocyte infiltration and necrosis, leading to stages of active ulceration, regression as phagocytosis occurs, and eventual cicatrization. Fungal ulcers provoke a severe inflammatory response, stromal necrosis, and potential perforation if filamentous fungi penetrate the descement's membrane. Symptoms include pain, photophobia, blurred vision, discharge, and redness. Treatment depends on the causative agent and involves topical or systemic antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, or anti-amoebic medications, as well as debride
Angle Closure Glaucoma
Angle closure glaucoma is characterized by a shallow anterior chamber that forces the iris against the trabecular meshwork, obstructing drainage of aqueous humor and increasing intraocular pressure. It most commonly affects older females and Asians. Predisposing factors include pupil block from iris contact with the lens and peripheral iris flattening. Symptoms include rapidly worsening vision, eye pain, redness, nausea and photophobia. Signs include corneal edema, fixed mid-dilated pupil, elevated intraocular pressure, and narrow iridocorneal angles on gonioscopy. Management involves emergency treatment to lower pressure through medications or surgery like laser iridotomy to create an opening in the iris.
Bacterial corneal ulcer DrBP
Corneal ulcers occur due to loss of corneal epithelium and inflammation. Bacteria are a common cause and can penetrate breaks in the epithelium. Symptoms include reduced vision, pain, watering and photophobia. Examination reveals the size, depth and borders of the ulcer. Treatment involves topical antibiotics based on smear or culture results along with cycloplegics. Systemic antibiotics may be needed for severe cases. Surgery with tissue adhesives or grafting is used for perforations. Prognosis depends on severity, depth and cause of the ulcer.
Corneal Ulcer
Corneal ulcer refers to corneal tissue excavation associated with an epithelial defect, usually with infiltration and necrosis. Corneal ulcers can be classified based on etiology, location, or involvement of corneal layers. Common causes include infection, trauma, dry eye, or contact lens overuse. Signs include pain, redness, tearing, photophobia, and a gray infiltrate. Diagnosis involves corneal scraping and culture. Treatment depends on cause but generally includes topical antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, or amoebicides with cycloplegics. Complications include hypopyon, perforation, scarring, or endophthalmitis. Timely diagnosis and proper management can save vision.
Leukocoria (White Pupillary Reflex)
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a disease of the retina caused by damage to blood vessels due to long-term effects of diabetes, and is a leading cause of vision loss. It can cause microaneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, hard exudates, and the growth of new abnormal blood vessels. Prolonged poor blood sugar control, hypertension, and other factors increase the risk. Treatment involves laser therapy such as focal laser treatment for macular edema or pan-retinal photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy. Anti-VEGF injections are also used to treat macular edema and neovascularization by inhibiting vascular leakage and growth of abnormal vessels. Regular screening is important
Corneal opacity
Corneal opacity is a loss of normal transparency of the cornea due to scarring. It can be caused by healed corneal wounds, ulcers, or congenital defects. Risk factors include vitamin A deficiency, measles, eye injuries, infections, contact lens overwear, and cold sores. Symptoms are reduced or lost vision, pain, redness, photophobia, and cloudy appearances in parts of the eye. Types of opacity include nebula, macula, leukoma, and anterior staphyloma. Treatment options are phototherapeutic keratectomy using excimer laser for nebula, optical iridectomy for central opacities, and keratoplasty.
Scleritis1
This document discusses scleritis, an inflammation of the sclera. It defines scleritis and notes it is less common than episcleritis. Scleritis can be classified as anterior or posterior, with anterior scleritis subdivided into non-necrotizing diffuse/nodular or necrotizing forms with or without inflammation. Associated systemic diseases are common in 45% of patients. Signs, symptoms, investigations, and treatment are described depending on the classification of scleritis. Surgical treatment may be needed for extreme scleral thinning or corneal complications.
Concomitant and Incomitant, AHP and Hess chart
This document discusses abnormal head posture, concomitant and incomitant strabismus, and Hess chart testing. It defines concomitant as having equal angle of deviation in all gazes, while incomitant deviation varies between gazes. Incomitant can be neurogenic from nerve palsies or mechanical from conditions like Brown syndrome. Abnormal head posture is a motor adaptation to maintain comfortable vision and includes face turns, chin elevation/depression, and head tilts. Hess chart testing uses red/green filters or mirrors to dissociate the eyes and identify muscle weaknesses or palsies.
Red eye
Red eye can be caused by conditions affecting the conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, anterior chamber, or eyelids. Common causes include conjunctivitis (bacterial, viral, allergic), keratitis (infectious or non-infectious), corneal abrasion or ulcer, subconjunctival hemorrhage, episcleritis, iritis, hyphaema, glaucoma, entropion, ectropion, and orbital cellulitis. A thorough history and physical exam is needed to determine the cause and guide treatment.
Sturm's conoid
Sturm's conoid refers to the optical condition where the refractive power of the cornea and lens are not uniform in all meridians, resulting in two focal points separated by a focal interval. The distance between focal points is called the Sturm's conoid interval. The shape of light rays at different levels in a Sturm's conoid forms ovals and circles. Astigmatism can be corrected through surgical procedures like astigmatic keratotomy, limbal relaxing incisions, laser ablation, suture removal after keratoplasty, relaxing incisions with compression sutures, corneal wedge resection, and implantation of toric IOLs.
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Herpes simplex keratitis & herpes zoster opthalmicus
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This document summarizes different types of keratitis (inflammation of the cornea). It describes various infectious and non-infectious causes of keratitis including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, exposure, neurotrophic disorders, and hypersensitivity reactions. For each type of keratitis, it outlines the etiology, clinical features such as symptoms and signs, and recommended treatment approaches. The document provides an overview of key information on managing various forms of keratitis for eye care professionals.
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Dry eye disease, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition caused by disturbances in the tear film that leads to an unstable tear film when the eye is open. It is a common reason for visits to ophthalmologists and affects about 75% of people over age 65, with the average patient being 54 years old. The disease involves inflammation that disrupts the normal feedback loop controlling tear production. Diagnosis involves tests like tear breakup time and Schirmer tests, and treatment focuses on replacing tears through artificial drops or increasing natural tear production through drugs like cyclosporine drops.
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Episcleritis is a benign inflammation of the outer layer of the eyeball (episclera) that causes redness and mild discomfort. It typically affects young adults and has no known cause, though it can be associated with conditions like gout. Scleritis is a more serious inflammation of the white part of the eyeball (sclera) that can cause vision loss if untreated. It usually occurs in older patients and has been linked to autoimmune disorders and infections. Scleritis is classified based on location and severity, with necrotizing forms requiring strong steroids or immunosuppressants to prevent complications like scleral thinning. Blue sclera is an asymptomatic condition where the sclera
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The document summarizes diseases of the eye. It discusses diseases affecting different parts of the eye, including the orbit, lacrimal apparatus, eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, uveal tract, lens, retina, optic nerve and glaucoma. Specific conditions covered include orbital cellulitis, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, trachoma, pterygium, neonatal conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Diagnostic features and treatment approaches are provided for many of the discussed diseases.
DISEASES OF IRIS.pptx
Uveal tissue is the middle vascular coat of the eyeball.
From anterior to posterior, it can be divided into 3 parts –
IRIS, CILIARY BODY CHOROID.
Iris is the anterior most part of the uveal tract.
The iris consists of four layers,
Anterior limiting layer
Iris stroma
Anterior epithelial layer
Posterior epithelial layer
The colour of iris depends on Anterior limiting layer.
The Eyelids Husam Salhab
The document discusses the anatomy, function, and common diseases of the eyelids. It describes the structures of the eyelid including glands that secrete oils and tears. The functions of the eyelids are to protect the eye, prevent drying, and maintain the tear film. Common diseases include abnormal lid positions like ptosis, entropion, and ectropion. Inflammation of the eyelids can cause blepharitis. Benign lumps may occur due to blocked glands or cysts. Malignant tumors include basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Abnormalities of the lashes can cause conditions like trichiasis.
Eye in connective tissue disoreders
Connective tissue diseases can involve the eyes and cause various inflammatory conditions. Rheumatoid arthritis is a common cause of scleritis and episcleritis, occurring in 4-10% of patients. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes) is the most common ocular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis, affecting 10-35% of patients, mostly women. Scleritis may occur and can cause vision loss if not treated adequately with immunosuppressants. Keratitis can also occur from corneal thinning or ulceration. Systemic lupus erythematosus can also cause ocular inflammation and is more common in women.
Mnemonics of Ophthalmology II
This document contains mnemonics and summaries on various topics in ophthalmology:
1. It lists the 5 attachments of Whitnall's tubercle using the mnemonic "L".
2. It describes the neuroectoderm derivatives using the mnemonic "MORE".
3. It provides the differential diagnosis of leukocoria using the mnemonic "PREDICT".
4. It summarizes causes of proptosis using the mnemonic "VEIN".
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases
This document discusses the ocular manifestations of various systemic diseases. It begins by outlining the eye examination process and then lists 11 categories of systemic diseases that can involve the eyes: 1) Connective tissue diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, 2) Spondyloarthropathies like ankylosing spondylitis, 3) Inflammatory bowel diseases, 4) Multisystem diseases like sarcoidosis and Behcet's, 5) Infectious diseases, 6) Mucocutaneous diseases, 7) Cardiovascular diseases, 8) Endocrine-metabolic diseases like diabetes, 9) Myopathies, 10) Neurologic diseases, and 11) Hematological
Microbial keratitis
Infection of the Cornea of Eye.
Presentation by Dr. Haseeb Ahmed Bhatti during his years of MBBS study at Ziauddin University .
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases
This document discusses the ocular manifestations of various systemic diseases. It begins by outlining the importance of eye exams in diagnosing multisystem disorders. Several sections then review the common ocular signs of different disease categories, including connective tissue diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus), infectious diseases (like tuberculosis and syphilis), endocrine disorders (diabetes and thyroid disease), neurological conditions, hematological issues (leukemia), and more. For each condition, the document lists characteristic ocular findings that may indicate involvement of the eyes and assist in overall diagnosis and management of the systemic illness.
Neurotrophic
This presentation summarizes neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) and exposure keratopathy (EK). NK is a degenerative corneal disease associated with trigeminal nerve damage resulting in loss of corneal sensation. EK occurs when incomplete eyelid closure exposes the cornea. Both can cause corneal defects, ulcers, melting and perforation. The presentation defines the conditions, discusses causes such as facial nerve palsy, signs/symptoms, classifications, and treatment options which include lubrication, bandages, and surgery. Management is challenging as the conditions can progress despite treatment.
Cornea-Sclera.ppt
This document provides information on various corneal and scleral disorders. It discusses the anatomy and layers of the cornea, as well as common infectious keratitis caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi. Specific conditions covered include herpes simplex keratitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, bacterial keratitis, acanthamoeba keratitis and fungal keratitis. It also summarizes corneal dystrophies, corneal shape disorders, central and peripheral corneal degenerations, corneal grafting, refractive surgeries, episcleritis and scleritis.
Ocular menifestation of neurological diseases
This document summarizes various ocular manifestations of different neurological diseases. It discusses infections like TORCH which can cause ocular damage through direct action of the infecting agent, teratogenic effects, or delayed reactivation after birth, leading to issues like retinitis, choroiditis, cataracts. Neurological diseases discussed in relation to their ocular effects include tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, Marfan syndrome, Down syndrome, neurodegenerative conditions, and more. Specific findings associated with each condition are outlined such as Kayser-Fleischer rings in Wilson's disease or port wine stains in Sturge Weber syndrome.
L-2 Eye lid disorder.pdf
The document summarizes key anatomical structures and functions of the eyelids. It describes the layers of the eyelid including skin, muscles, connective tissue and conjunctiva. It also discusses glands such as meibomian glands and their secretions. Common congenital anomalies, inflammations, infections and positions of the eyelids are described. Specific conditions like hordeolum, chalazion, blepharitis and entropion are explained in terms of their etiology, symptoms, signs and treatments.
Dry eye syndrome
Dry eye syndrome is a highly prevalent disease characterized by loss of tear film homeostasis. It can be classified as aqueous-deficient or evaporative dry eye. Aqueous-deficient dry eye includes Sjögren's syndrome dry eye and non-Sjögren's syndrome dry eye. The pathophysiology involves tear hyperosmolarity, tear film instability, and inflammation of the ocular surface. Diagnosis is based on patient history, examination findings, tear break-up time, ocular surface staining, and tear secretion tests. Treatment depends on disease severity and may include artificial tears, anti-inflammatory medications, punctal plugs, and secretagogues.
BLEPHARITIS ppt.pptx
Blepharitis is an inflammatory eyelid condition with various types defined by location and cause. Anterior blepharitis includes bacterial, seborrheic, and parasitic forms. Bacterial blepharitis is caused by staphylococci and streptococci bacteria, presenting with glued eyelashes and irritation. Seborrheic blepharitis results from excess sebum, appearing as oily scales. Parasitic blepharitis involves eyelash mites. Posterior blepharitis or meibomitis involves inflamed meibomian glands, seen as streaks on eversion. Diagnosis involves tests like tear breakup time and treatment focuses on lid hy
opthalmology.Cornea&sclera.(dr.tara)
The document discusses diseases of the cornea, including its anatomy and functions. It describes various types of corneal inflammation and ulcers, their causes, symptoms, signs, and treatments. Specifically, it covers ulcerative keratitis, hypopyon ulcer, herpes simplex keratitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and keratitis in rheumatoid arthritis. For each condition, it provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, and medical and surgical management approaches.
TREATING ALLERGIC EYES
This document discusses the treatment of allergic eyes. It begins by explaining that allergic conjunctivitis is a very common cause of eye issues in India. It can be acute (seasonal or perennial) or chronic (vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis). The pathophysiology involves mast cell degranulation and inflammatory mediator release causing symptoms like itching. Chronic types involve constant inflammation from eosinophils and cytokines. The document then outlines treatment options for different severity levels based on a grading system from 0-30 of symptoms like itching, discomfort and chemosis. Mild cases use antihistamines, mast cell
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Embryology of human eye
The development of the human eye begins around 22 days when the embryo is about 2 mm long. The main components that form the eyeball are the optic vesicle, lens placode, and surrounding mesoderm. By the end of the fourth week, the optic vesicle bulges out to form the optic cup, with the proximal part forming the optic stalk. The surface ectoderm thickens over the optic vesicle to form the lens placode which then sinks below the surface to form the lens vesicle. Associated mesenchyme condenses and differentiates to form layers that will develop into structures like the cornea, sclera, iris, choroid and ciliary body.
Transposition
Hy friends thank you all of you for your love. please see my slideshare. I have made simple and easy to understand for all students. and aslo i have been present same slide on my youtube channel "optometrist Nepal" so if you have any difficult to understand visit in my channel.
Blepharitis
Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelid margins that can be acute or chronic. There are several types including bacterial, seborrheic, posterior, and parasitic blepharitis. Causes include bacterial infections, conjunctivitis, improper contact lens care, meibomian gland dysfunction, eye makeup, dandruff, allergies, and parasites. Symptoms include irritation, photophobia, itching, discomfort, eyelid crusting, eyelash loss, burning, and tearing. Treatment involves warm compresses, lid scrubs, antibiotics (ointments or drops), steroids, lubricants, diet changes, and avoiding irritants. Complications can include trichiasis
Anatomy of eyelids
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eyelids. It discusses the gross anatomy including the parts and positions of the eyelids. It describes the structures of the eyelids from anterior to posterior including the skin, muscles like the orbicularis oculi and levator palpebral superioris, fibrous layers, and conjunctiva. It also discusses the glands of the eyelids and their blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and nerve innervation.
Opthalmic and geometric optics
This document discusses optics and the human eye. It begins by explaining the nature of light as electromagnetic waves that can behave as both particles and waves. It then covers properties of light such as its speed and propagation in straight lines. The document discusses how the eye is sensitive to wavelengths between 600-350nm and absorbs shorter wavelengths. It explains light rays and beams and the dual wave-particle nature of light. Key optics concepts like reflection and refraction are summarized according to their laws. The document concludes by mentioning optics of the human eye.
Visual pathway
The visual pathway transmits visual impulses from the retina to the visual cortex. It consists of the optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations, and visual cortex. The optic nerve carries axons from retinal ganglion cells and travels from the eyeball to the optic chiasma, where fibers from the nasal retina cross to the opposite side. The optic tracts extend from the optic chiasma to the lateral geniculate bodies, which relay visual information to the primary visual cortex via the optic radiations.
Anatomy of eyeball
The document summarizes the anatomy of the eyeball. It describes the eyeball as having an outer fibrous layer made up of the cornea and sclera, a middle vascular layer made up of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, and an inner nervous layer made up of the retina. It notes the eyeball is divided into anterior and posterior segments, with the anterior segment containing the iris, cornea, aqueous humor, and crystalline lens, while the posterior segment contains the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic disc. Blood supply to the eyeball comes from the short and long ciliary arteries and central retinal artery, while drainage is through the short ciliary veins, anterior c
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Neuroparalytic keratitis
- 1. P R E S E N T A T I O N B Y S A R O J S A H Neuroparalytic keratitis
- 2. Neuroparalytic keratitis Neuroparalytic keratitis is a degenerative disease characterized by corneal sensation reduction,spontaneous epithelium breakdown, which results in the formation of corneal ulcer. ETIOLOGY :- It is due to the 5th nerve ( trigeminal nerve ) paralysis Herpes simplex virus I Herpes Zoster virus II Ocular and systemic disease
- 3. Symptoms It is painless condition due to corneal anesthesia Blurred vision Signs :- 1) Irregular Epithelium 2) scarring 3) stroma is cloudy and yellow 4) Ciliary congestion
- 4. Diagnostic procedure 1) corneal sensitivity 2) coreal staining 3) Schirmer test 4) Corneal scrapings and cultures Differential Diagnosis :- Dry eye Exposure keratitis Limbal stem cells deficiency Chemical injury
- 6. Treatment Treat the corneal ulcer Protect the eye with eye shield Artificial tears and Ointment are given to lubricate the cornea Closure of the lacrimal puncta to conserve moisture Tarsorrhaphy is indicated in this cases
- 7. Thank you