These slides contain the basic information and principle of nervous transduction, It also includes the information about the type of the neurons, structure of the neuron, resting and active membrane potential, synapes and events occurring in it, and introduction to the neurotransmitters.
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
difference between Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes kamilKhan63
In prokaryotes the transcription is simple while in eukaryotes the transcription is complicated or complex.
Occurrences
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in nucleus.
3. In prokaryotes mRNA is transcribed directly from the template DNA strand while in eukaryotes 1st pre-mRNA is formed and then processed to yield mature mRNA.
"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
difference between Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes kamilKhan63
In prokaryotes the transcription is simple while in eukaryotes the transcription is complicated or complex.
Occurrences
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in nucleus.
3. In prokaryotes mRNA is transcribed directly from the template DNA strand while in eukaryotes 1st pre-mRNA is formed and then processed to yield mature mRNA.
Control of gene expression ppt
definition of gene expression
inducible gene expression
repressible gene expression
control of gene expression in eukaryotics .all the in information about this topic is include .
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
basic nervous system-CNS-PNS -cell bodie- axon-dendron-grye matter- white mat...shailesh sangle
The nervous system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that coordinates and regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli. It is responsible for the control and coordination of all the body's functions, including movement, sensation, thought, and behavior.
The nervous system can be divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of all the nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body.
The nervous system is made up of different types of cells, including neurons and glial cells. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit signals through the body in the form of electrical impulses. Glial cells, on the other hand, support and protect the neurons and help maintain the proper functioning of the nervous system.
The nervous system is responsible for many vital functions, including:
Sensory processing: The nervous system receives sensory information from the environment and the body's internal organs, and processes and interprets this information to generate appropriate responses.
Motor control: The nervous system controls the muscles and other organs of the body to produce movement and other responses.
Cognitive functions: The nervous system is responsible for the processes of learning, memory, language, and other complex mental activities.
Autonomic functions: The nervous system regulates the body's automatic functions, such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, and other bodily processes that are not under conscious control.
Overall, the nervous system is a complex and intricate system that plays a critical role in maintaining the body's homeostasis and overall well-being.
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Control of gene expression ppt
definition of gene expression
inducible gene expression
repressible gene expression
control of gene expression in eukaryotics .all the in information about this topic is include .
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
basic nervous system-CNS-PNS -cell bodie- axon-dendron-grye matter- white mat...shailesh sangle
The nervous system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that coordinates and regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli. It is responsible for the control and coordination of all the body's functions, including movement, sensation, thought, and behavior.
The nervous system can be divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of all the nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body.
The nervous system is made up of different types of cells, including neurons and glial cells. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit signals through the body in the form of electrical impulses. Glial cells, on the other hand, support and protect the neurons and help maintain the proper functioning of the nervous system.
The nervous system is responsible for many vital functions, including:
Sensory processing: The nervous system receives sensory information from the environment and the body's internal organs, and processes and interprets this information to generate appropriate responses.
Motor control: The nervous system controls the muscles and other organs of the body to produce movement and other responses.
Cognitive functions: The nervous system is responsible for the processes of learning, memory, language, and other complex mental activities.
Autonomic functions: The nervous system regulates the body's automatic functions, such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, and other bodily processes that are not under conscious control.
Overall, the nervous system is a complex and intricate system that plays a critical role in maintaining the body's homeostasis and overall well-being.
IF YOU ARE INTRESTED TO SHOP MAMA EARTH'S PRODUCTES ....
Mamaearth is an Indian personal care brand that offers natural, toxin-free, and sustainable products for all age groups. Their product range includes skincare, haircare, baby care, and men's grooming products. The brand is focused on promoting a healthy and sustainable lifestyle, and all their products are cruelty-free and environmentally friendly.
COPY THAT LINK AND PASTE ON SEARCH BAR OF GOOGLE
https://ekaro.in/enkr20230328s23089700
CHOOSE YOUR AND ORDER NOW.......
thank you....
COORDINATION 1
Coordination is a linking together of the functions of different organs so that they work at a fine time and rate required by the body.
Coordination is achieved through a nervous and endocrine or hormonal system.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
types of neurons, structure and functions, types of glia cells, their structure and function, functioning of a neuron - resting potential, action potential, graded potential, absolute and relative refractory period.
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2. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Transduction in the nervous system typically refers to stimulus alerting events
wherein a physical stimulus is converted into an action potential, which is
transmitted along axons towards the central nervous system where it is
integrated.
Electrical impulses jump from neuron to neuron in the brain through their
branching nerve fibers. This movement of electrical potentials is called signal
transduction.
4. HOW IT IS GENERATED?
Depolarization:
A decrease in the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the neuron.
Action Potential:
A short term change in the electrical potential that travels along a cell.
Hyperpolarize:
To increase the polarity of something, especially the polarity across a biological membrane.
Node of Ranvier:
A small constriction in the myelin sheath of axons.
Salutatory Conduction:
The process of regenerating the action potential at each node of Ranvier.
5. NEURON
NEURON or NERVE CELLS is defined as structural
and functional unit of the nervous system.
Neuron can be differentiated from other cells on the 2
basis.
1. Neurons has branches or processors called axons
or dendrites
2. Neurons does not have centrosome
6. CLASSIFICATION
Neurons are classified by 3 different methods:
A. Depending upon the number of poles
B. Depending upon function
C. Depending upon the length of axon
7. DEPENDING UPON THE NUMBER OF
POLES
Base on the number of poles from which the nerve
fiber arise , neurons are divided into three types
• Unipolar neurons
• Bipolar neurons
• Multipolar neurons
8. DEPENDING UPON THE FUNCTION
On the basis of function , nerve cells are classified
into two types
• Motor or Efferent neurons
• Sensory or Afferent neurons
9. Depending Upon The Length Of Axon
Under this classification the two types are
present. Which are as follow:
• Golgi type 1 neuron
• Golgi type 2 neuron
10. STRUCTURE
Neuron is made up of three parts
1. Nerve cell body
2. Dendrite
3. Axon
Dendrites and axons forms the processes of neuron. Dendrites are
short processes and the axon are long processes. Dendrites and axons
are usually called nerve fibers.
12. NERVE CELL BODY
Nerve cell body is also known as soma or perikaryon. it is irregular in shape.
Like any other cell , it is constituted by a mass of cytoplasm called neuroplasm ,
which is covered by a cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains a large nucles ,
Nissl bodies , neurofibrils , mitochondria and golgi apparatus. Nissl bodies and
neurofibrils are found only in nerve cells and not in other cells.
Following are the organalles present in the cytoplasm:
• NUCLEUS
• NISSL BODIES
• NEUROFIBRILS
• MITOCHONDRIA
• GOLGI APPARATUS
13. DENDRITE
Dendrites are the branched process of neurons and it is
branched repeatedly. Dendrites may be present or absent, if
present it may be one or many in number. Dendrites has
Nissl granules and neurofibrils.
Dendrites transmits impulses towards the nerve cell body.
Usually the dendrite is shorter than the axon
14. AXON
Axon is the longer process of the nerve cell. Each neuron
has only one axon. Axon arises from axon hilock of the nerve
cell body and it is devoid of nissl granules. Axon extend for a
long distance away from the nerve cell body. length of longest
axon is about 1 meter.
Axon transmits nerve impulses away from the body.
15. ORGANIZATION & COVERING OF NERVE
Each nerve is formed by b bundles or groups of nerve
fibers. Each bundle of nerve fiber is called a fasciculus.
The whole nerve is covered by tubular sheath. which is
formed by areolar membrane. This sheath is called
epimeurium. Each fasciculus is covered by perineurium.
And each nerve fiber is covered by endoneurium.
16. NERVE IMPULSE
•Nerve impulse is wave of electrochemical
changes , which travel along the length of
the neuron involving chemical reactions and
movement of ions across the cell membrane.
17. MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
In neurons there are positive and negative
ions, and a charge separating barrier is a
plasma membrane. The electrical potential
that exists across a cell membrane is known
as membrane potential.
18. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
When a neuron is at rest it is much more positive electrically
outside then inside the cell membrane. The net difference in charge
between inner side and outer side of a non-conducting neuron is
called resting membrane potential. The major factors which are
involved in resting membrane potential are as follows:
19. FACTORS
1.Sodium and potassium ions.
2. Negative organic ions.
3. Leakage of potassium ions from neurons.
4. No conduction of nerve impulse.
20. SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS
Sodium ions are tenfold higher in concentration outside then inside the
membrane surface.
Potassium ions are twenty times more concentrated inside then outside.
All the neurons have very active sodium and potassium pumps located in their
cell membranes.
By the splitting of ATP these pumps transport sodium and potassium out and
potassium inside the cell, both against their concentration gradients.
For every two potassium that are actively transported inward, three sodium
are pumped out. So inside become more negative then the outside of the cell
membrane or neurons.
21. NEGATIVE ORGANIC IONS
The large numbers or organic ions such as
(proteins, organic acids etc) are much more inside
then outside of the membrane, where they are only
in negligible concentration. This makes inside of the
neuron much more negative
22. LEAKAGE OF POTASSIUM IONS
FROM NEURONS
The cell membrane is virtually impermeable to all ions
except potassium. As the membrane is slightly permeable
to potassium, some of it leaks out of the cell . the loss of
this positive ion from the neuron by diffusion account for
more negative charges inside then out side the cell
membrane of neuron.
23. NO CONDUCTION OF NERVE
IMPULSE
In unstimulated state the neuron has a membrane potential of approximately
-70mV.
24. INITIATION OF NERVE IMPULSE
A nerve impulse is initiated by an appropriate stimulus applied at
one end of tha neuron and it results in remarkable localized change in
the resting membrane potential . It disappears for a brief instant and
is replaced by a new potential called Action or Active membrane
potential which is in the form of impulse.
During this state, the inner membrane surface become more
positive than outside. This change is so brief that only a portion os the
neuron is in the active membrane potential state.
25. FACTORS
1.Sodium and potassium ions movement.
2.Charges are reversed.
3. Passage of Nerve Impulse.
4. Membrane potential.
26. SODIUM & POTASSIUM IONS
MOVEMENT
The passage of nerve impulse is associated with increase
in permeability of Sodium ions moving inwards upsetting the
potential momentarily, making the inside more positive than
outside .Neurophysiologists believe that the increased
permeability is due to opening of specific pores in the
membrane ,termed “sodium gates” .when these gates open,
sodium ions rush into neuron by diffusion . Some K+ moves
out.
27. CHARGES ARE REVERSED
The inner side of the cell membrane has excess of positive
ions as its internal surface, and the outer surface become
more negative.
28. PROPAGATION OF NERVE IMPULSE
During active membrane potential, the neuron conducts the
impulse in the form of nerve impulse.
29. MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
Active membrane potential of +0.05 volts (+50mv) exists.
These changes occur along the length of the neuron till the impulse
reaches synapse. Soon after passage of the impulse, the resting
membrane potential is restored by the movement of a small number
of ions especially potassium moving out. This neuron now is ready to
conduct another impulse.
30. SALTATORY IMPULSE
It may be added that in myelinated neurons the impulse jumps from node to
node. This is called Saltatory Impulse.
32. INTRODUCTION
Synapses are bridges
Function of the synapse is to transfer electric
activity (information) from one cell to another
The transfer can be neuro-neuro or neuro-myo
38. EVENTS OF TRANSMISSION
Calcium channels open
Neurotransmitter released
Receptors at post synaptic membrane
activated
sodium channels open
Nerve impulse arrives
Nerve impulse is regenerated
39.
40. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNAPSE
AND NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Structural difference
Neurotransmitters
Inhibition and excitatory
41. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
DEFINATION:
Neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that acts as a mediator for
the transmission of nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron through a
synapse.
FUNCTION:
The neurotransmitters are stored in tiny sac-like structures called
vesicles at the end of axons. When an impulse, or nerve signal, reaches the end of
the axon, the vesicles release a neurotransmitter into the small space between
the adjoining cells (synaptic gap). Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse
and bind to receptors in the receiving cell that are specific for the
neurotransmitter.