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Neuroimaging: Intracortical, fMRI, EEG
The document discusses various neuroimaging techniques, including intracortical neurons, fMRI, and EEG, highlighting their spatial and temporal resolution capabilities. It explains the underlying principles of each method, including their applications and limitations, such as the need for surgery in some cases and costs associated with the technologies. Overall, these techniques provide valuable insights into brain activity but vary significantly in their accessibility and the precision of the data obtained.
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Neuroimaging: Intracortical, fMRI, EEG
- 1. MACHINE LEARNING ON NEUROIMAGINGDATA Ilya Kuzovkin AACIMP, August 2014 LECTURE 1: NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES
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- 11. THE SIGNAL • LocalField Potential http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/414/fnins-02-037/image_m/fnins-02-037-g001.jpg http://lifesciences.ieee.org/images/stories/life-sciences/2012-01-spike-01_l.png
- 12. THE SIGNAL • Multi-unitspikes • Local Field Potential http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/414/fnins-02-037/image_m/fnins-02-037-g001.jpg http://lifesciences.ieee.org/images/stories/life-sciences/2012-01-spike-01_l.png
- 13. THE SIGNAL • Multi-unitspikes • Local Field Potential Spike sorting http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/414/fnins-02-037/image_m/fnins-02-037-g001.jpg http://lifesciences.ieee.org/images/stories/life-sciences/2012-01-spike-01_l.png
- 14. THE SIGNAL http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/414/fnins-02-037/image_m/fnins-02-037-g001.jpg http://lifesciences.ieee.org/images/stories/life-sciences/2012-01-spike-01_l.png • Multi-unitspikes • Local Field Potential • Single-unit spikes Spike sorting
- 15. For each measuredneuron we record the time moments when it spiked
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- 17. RASTER PLOT What ison the X axis?
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- 19. RASTER PLOT What ison the Y axis? Time
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- 29. PSTH Time NeuronsTrials Post-Stimulus Time Histogram Whatis on the Y axis?
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- 36. TUNING CURVE http://www.beatricebiologist.com/2012/11/types-of-cells.html 40 spikesper second (40 Hz) 0 45
- 37. TUNING CURVE http://www.beatricebiologist.com/2012/11/types-of-cells.html 40 spikesper second (40 Hz) 7 spikes per second (7 Hz)0 45
- 38. TUNING CURVE http://www.beatricebiologist.com/2012/11/types-of-cells.html 40 spikesper second (40 Hz) 7 spikes per second (7 Hz)0 45
- 39. TUNING CURVE http://www.beatricebiologist.com/2012/11/types-of-cells.html 40 spikesper second (40 Hz) 7 spikes per second (7 Hz)0 45
- 40. TUNING CURVE http://www.beatricebiologist.com/2012/11/types-of-cells.html 40 spikesper second (40 Hz) 7 spikes per second (7 Hz) What do you expect to see on this plot? 0 45
- 41. TUNING CURVE http://www.beatricebiologist.com/2012/11/types-of-cells.html 40 spikesper second (40 Hz) 7 spikes per second (7 Hz)0 45
- 42. TUNING CURVE http://www.beatricebiologist.com/2012/11/types-of-cells.html 40 spikesper second (40 Hz) 7 spikes per second (7 Hz)0 45
- 43. SUMMARY • High spatialresolution (up to single neuron) ! • High temporal resolution
- 44. SUMMARY • High spatialresolution (up to single neuron) ! • High temporal resolution What does “spatial resolution” mean?
- 45. SUMMARY • Requires surgery ! •Localized What does “temporal resolution” mean? • High spatial resolution (up to single neuron) ! • High temporal resolution
- 46. • High spatialresolution (up to single neuron) ! • High temporal resolution SUMMARY • Requires surgery ! • Localized
- 47. • High spatialresolution (up to single neuron) ! • High temporal resolution SUMMARY • Requires surgery ! • Localized Very informative and precise, but not applicable to general audience due to surgery.
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- 49. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE Physicalphenomenon in which nucleus of an atom can absorb or reemit electromagnetic radiation if placed in a magnetic field
- 50. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE Physicalphenomenon in which nucleus of an atom can absorb or reemit electromagnetic radiation if placed in a magnetic field
- 51. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE Physicalphenomenon in which nucleus of an atom can absorb or reemit electromagnetic radiation if placed in a magnetic field
- 52. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE Physicalphenomenon in which nucleus of an atom can absorb or reemit electromagnetic radiation if placed in a magnetic field.
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- 54. SPIN Spin-UP +1/2 Spin-DOWN -1/2 http://www.markusehrenfried.de/science/physics/hermes/whatisspin.html Nothing actually spinsin there. No analogy in classical mechanics.
- 55. SPIN Spin-UP +1/2 Spin-DOWN -1/2 Nothing actually spinsin there. No analogy in classical mechanics. But why call it spin then? http://www.markusehrenfried.de/science/physics/hermes/whatisspin.html
- 56. http://www.howequipmentworks.com/physics/medical_imaging/mri/magnetic_resonance_imaging.html NOT A JOKE Sixknown types of quarks and their official names. So spin is not that bad.
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- 58. MAGNETIC MOMENT Particle withnon-zero nuclear spin is like a small magnet.
- 59. MAGNETIC MOMENT or ? Particlewith non-zero nuclear spin is like a small magnet.
- 60. MAGNETIC MOMENT or ? Particlewith non-zero nuclear spin is like a small magnet.
- 61. MAGNETIC MOMENT Particle withnon-zero nuclear spin is like a small magnet.
- 62. IN A MAGNETICFIELD What happens to a magnet if you put it in a magnetic field?
- 63. IN A MAGNETICFIELD What happens to a magnet if you put it in a magnetic field?
- 64. IN A MAGNETICFIELD
- 65. IN A MAGNETICFIELD
- 66. IN A MAGNETICFIELD
- 67. IN A MAGNETICFIELD Stronger field — larger energy gap
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- 73. RADIO FREQUENCY PULSE Wecan give energy to a particle and move it to a higher energy level
- 74. RADIO FREQUENCY PULSE Wecan give energy to a particle and move it to a higher energy level To do that we send an electromagnetic wave
- 75. RADIO FREQUENCY PULSE Wecan give energy to a particle and move it to a higher energy level Nucleus will absorb energy only if frequency of the wave is correct for • the nucleus we work with • strength of the magnetic field To do that we send an electromagnetic wave
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- 78. RELAXATION Nucleus will giveout same amount of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Now we stop the pulse
- 79. Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceImaging
- 80. Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceImaging
- 81. Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceImaging
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- 91. For different tissues thetime of relaxation is different
- 92. http://www.howequipmentworks.com/physics/medical_imaging/mri/magnetic_resonance_imaging.html NUCLEI SEND SIGNALS Onelarge piece is still missing…
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- 104. FMRI F FOR FUNCTIONAL* *MRIsignals associated with functional brain activity
- 105. BOLD BLOOD-OXYGEN-LEVEL DEPENDENT Active neuronPassive neuron I need oxygen and glucose! I need nothing…
- 106. FMRI Have different magneticresonance Distinguishable by MRI
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- 109. • High spatialresolution ! • No surgery! ! • Records whole brain SUMMARY • Low temporal resolution ! • Cost ! • Size Still pretty informative and precise, does not require a surgery, but is huge and costs a lot.
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- 119. BRAINWAVES Delta 0-4 Hz Theta 4-7 Hz Alpha 7-14Hz Mu 8-13 Hz Beta 15-30 Hz Gamma 30-100 Hz
- 120. BRAINWAVES Delta 0-4 Hz Theta 4-7 Hz Alpha 7-14Hz Mu 8-13 Hz Beta 15-30 Hz Gamma 30-100 Hz slow wave sleep, babies, lesions children, drowsiness, meditation, relaxed closed eyes, relaxed motor neuron in rest, mirror neurons motor activity, anxious thinking, concentration networking between populations of neurons
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- 125. EEG Alpha 7-14 Hz Beta 15-30 Hz Gamma 30-100Hz ?TIME CHANNELS
- 126. EEG Alpha 7-14 Hz Beta 15-30 Hz Gamma 30-100Hz ?TIME CHANNELS Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier 1768 — 1830
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- 130. FOURIER TRANSFORM* *discrete signal attime t frequency complex number =
- 131. FOURIER TRANSFORM* *discrete signal attime t frequency complex number = Amplitude of the component with frequency k
- 132. FOURIER TRANSFORM* *discrete signal attime t frequency complex number = Amplitude of the component with frequency k
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- 137. Are we done? EEGDATA
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- 143. 300 MS 10 channels 50frequencies 3 seconds of data 300 ms window EEG DATA
- 144. 300 MS 10 channels 50frequencies 3 seconds of data 300 ms window • How many numbers to describe 1 reading of 300 ms? EEG DATA
- 145. 300 MS • Howmany numbers to describe 1 reading of 300 ms? • How many numbers to describe all 3 seconds of data? 10 channels 50 frequencies 3 seconds of data 300 ms window EEG DATA
- 146. • High temporalresolution ! • No surgery! ! • Mobile ! • Cheap SUMMARY • Low spatial resolution Available to wide audience, but measurements are approximate.
- 147. SUMMARY OF NEUROIMAGINGTECHNIQUES Technology Electrical Magnetic Optical Name EEG ECoG Intracortical MEG fMRI fNIRS Invasive ! Portable ! Cost From $100 to $30,000+ $1000 grid $2000 per array $1 mln $2-3 mln $200,000 Temporal resolution 50 ms 3 ms 3 ms 50ms 1-2 s 1 s Spatial resolution 1+ cm 1 mm 0.5 mm - 0.05 mm 5 mm 1 mm voxels 5 mm Pattern! classification VEP ERD/ ERS P300 Performance 2 class 90% 3 class 80% 4 class ? Large number of targets 2 cls 90% Large number of targets 8 cls 90% High* ~ same as EEG based 4 cls 90% 2 cls 90% Technology Electrical Magnetic Optical Name EEG ECoG Intracortical MEG fMRI fNIRS Invasive ! Portable ! Cost From $100 to $30,000+ $1000 grid $2000 per array $1 mln $2-3 mln $200,000 Temporal resolution 50 ms 3 ms 3 ms 50ms 1-2 s 1 s Spatial resolution 1+ cm 1 mm 0.5 mm - 0.05 mm 5 mm 1 mm voxels 5 mm Pattern! classification VEP ERD/ ERS P300 Performance 2 class 90% 3 class 80% 4 class ? Large number of targets 2 cls 90% Large number of targets 8 cls 90% High* ~ same as EEG based 4 cls 90% 2 cls 90%