Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. Quartz was the first material discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity in 1880. There are naturally occurring and man-made piezoelectric materials including crystals, ceramics, and polymers. Piezoelectric materials are used in applications like sensors, lighters, motors, and sonar/ultrasound due to their ability to convert mechanical and electrical energy. They have pros like high output and stiffness but cons like signal decay over long cables or with static pressure.

1. Presentation
on

2. Contents
*Introduction
*Internal working
*Configurations
*Pros and Cons
*Applications

3. Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain
materials to generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress.
What is piezo electric ?

4. ROOT!
Piezoelectricity
Greek root Latin root
“piezein” to press “Electrum”amber

5. DISCOVERY
Discovered in 1880 by
brothers Pierre and
Jacques Curie in quartz
crystals

6. Developing theories…
 Pierre and Jacques Curie predicted and
demonstrated the piezoelectric effect using
tinfoil, glue, wire, magnets.
 They showed that crystals of tourmaline, quartz,
topaz, and Rochelle salt generate electrical
polarization from mechanical stress.
 The converse effect was mathematically derived
by Gabriel Lippman in 1881 using fundamental
thermodynamic principles and was later
experimentally confirmed by the Curies.

7. Chemical Composition: SiO2
(Silicon Dioxide)
Color(s): Clear, White, Pink
Brown, Gray, Black, Green,
Blue, Orange, Yellow (Citrine),
Purple
Lustre: Vitreous
Transparency: Transparent,

8. Types of Piezoelectric Materials
 Naturally occurring crystals:
cane sugar, Quartz, Rochelle salt, Topaz, Tourmaline Group
Minerals, and dry bone (apatite crystals)
 Man-made crystals:
Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14)
 Man-made ceramics:
Barium titanate (BaTiO3), Lead titanate (PbTiO3), Lead zirconate
titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 0<x<1) - More commonly known as PZT,
Potassium niobate (KNbO3), Lithium niobate (LiNbO3), Lithium
tantalate (LiTaO3), Sodium tungstate (NaxWO3), Ba2NaNb5O5,
Pb2KNb5O15
 Polymers:
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

9. P.E.E and Inverse P.E.E

11. mechanical distortion

12. Internal working
 The effect is explained by the displacement of ions in
crystals that have a nonsymmetrical unit cell
 When the crystal is compressed, the ions in each unit
cell are displaced, causing the electric polarization of
the unit cell.
 Because of the regularity of crystalline structure,
these effects accumulate, causing the appearance of
an electric potential difference between certain faces
of the crystal.
 When an external electric field is applied to the
crystal, the ions in each unit cell are displaced by
electrostatic forces, resulting in the mechanical
deformation of the whole crystal.

14. Piezoelectricity
 displacement of
electrical charge due to
the deflection of the
lattice in a naturally
piezoelectric quartz
crystal
 The larger circles
represent silicon atoms,
while the smaller ones
represent oxygen.
 Quartz crystals is one of
the most stable
piezoelectric materials.

15. Configurations
 Red indicates the
crystal
 Arrows indicate the
direction of applied
force
 the compression
design features high
rigidity, making it useful
for implementation in
high frequency pressure
and force sensors

16. Configurations
 Grey- test structure.
 Red- piezoelectric
crystals
 Blue- Sensor housing
 The black electrode is
where the charge from
the crystals
accumulates before it is
conditioned by the
yellow, micro-circuit.
 pressure sensors utilize
a diaphragm to collect
pressure, which is
simply force applied
over an area.

17. Pros and Cons
 Have a high Stiffness
value and produce a
high output with very
little strain.
 Ideal for rugged use.
 Excellent linearity over
a wide amplitude.
 Ideal for continuous
online condition
monitoring smart
systems.
 Can be used only for
dynamic pressure
sensing as in case of
static sensing the
signals will decay away.
 Operation over long
cables may affect
frequency response and
introduce noise and
distortion, the cables
need to be protected.

18. Sonic and Ultrasonic Applications
 Sonar with Ultrasonic
time-domain
reflectometers
 Materials testing to detect
flaws inside cast metals
and stone objects as well
as measure elasticity or
viscosity in gases and
liquids
 Compact sensitive
microphones and guitar
pickups.
 Loudspeakers

19. A voice from the electricity
phenomenon of piezoelectricity,
where under the ropes to the
mechanical effort especially if it
comes to materials such as
ceramic or quartz, and lead this
gross distortion to the
separation of electrical charges
within the metal and the
occurrence of a difference in the
effort leading to the generation
of electric current amplifies and
converts it to a sound wave
through the amplifier sound.
This invention in New York City.
Violi
n

20. Piezoelectric
Igniter
20
Lead zirconate
titanate
(PZT)

22. Cigarette Lighters:
22

23. Tim
e

26. Motor Applications
 Piezoelectric elements can be
used in laser mirror alignment,
where their ability to move a large
mass (the mirror mount) over
microscopic distances is
exploited. By electronically
vibrating the mirror it gives the
light reflected off it a Doppler shift
to fine tune the laser's frequency.
 The piezo motor is viewed as a
high-precision replacement for the
stepper motor.
 Traveling-wave motors used for
auto-focus in cameras.