NEUROANATOMY - SPINAL CORD
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This document contains descriptions of spinal cord slides from different levels including cervical (C2 and C7), thoracic (T6), lumbar (L2), and sacral (S3). It lists the various tracts, columns, and other anatomical structures that can be seen on slides from each level, such as the fasciculus gracilis, corticospinal tracts, spinothalamic tracts, and motor neuron columns.
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NEUROANATOMY - BRAINSTEM
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NEUROANATOMY - BRAINSTEM colored and labelled parts of slides in anterior, posterior and exposing internal features as well as cranial nerve nuclei at prominent cross-section levels of midbrain, pons, and medulla
DETAILED ANATOMY OF THE MEDULLA
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1.Anatomy of the Medulla
2. Introduction to Brainstem Anatomy of the brainstem includes ( midbrain-pons-medulla ) is very complicated !! •It connects spinal cord to the cerebrum. • The mid brain pons, and medulla are connected to cerebellum posteriorly. •1 - ascending an descending tracts that connect brain to spinal cord. •2 - cranial nerves nuclei and their connections •3 - Reticular formation •4 - others e.g (olivarynucleus in MO tapizusbody in pons and red nucleus in MB )
3. Medulla oblongata •The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord •It extends through the foramen magnum to the level of the atlas. •Medulla is vital for our function, without medulla we die. •Above the foramen magnum it is embraced dorsally by the cerebellar hemispheres. 1.The lower end which contains the upward continuation of the central canal of the spinal cord is the ‘closed part of the medulla’, 2.The upper end, where the canal comes to the surface as the lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle, is the ‘open part’.
4. Medulla contd….. MO is lowest 3 cm of the brainstem •it extend from the ponto- medullary junction until plane below foramina magnum for about 0.5 cm. •Medulla spinalis have a central canal which prolonged into its lower half to open in the fourth ventricle at its upper half. •CSF is encircle the MO from outside ( subarachnoid space ) and inside ( central canal ). •MO is between the two lobes of cerebellum ( anterior cerebellar notch )
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9. Dorsal surface At dorsal surface of closed part of medulla, gracile and cuneate fasciculi continue from the spinal
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The brainstem consists of three parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It serves several broad functions including transmitting ascending and descending nerve pathways, containing important reflex centers that control cardiovascular and other bodily functions, and housing the nuclei of cranial nerves III through XII. The midbrain is involved in visual and auditory processing as well as voluntary motor control. The pons acts as a relay station between the cerebellum and medulla and helps control subconscious movements. The medulla regulates vital functions like respiration, circulation, and digestion.
Detailed Anatomy of Medulla Oblongata ppt
1.Anatomy of the Medulla
2. Introduction to Brainstem Anatomy of the brainstem includes ( midbrain-pons-medulla ) is very complicated !! •It connects spinal cord to the cerebrum. • The mid brain pons, and medulla are connected to cerebellum posteriorly. •1 - ascending an descending tracts that connect brain to spinal cord. •2 - cranial nerves nuclei and their connections •3 - Reticular formation •4 - others e.g (olivarynucleus in MO tapizusbody in pons and red nucleus in MB )
3. Medulla oblongata •The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord •It extends through the foramen magnum to the level of the atlas. •Medulla is vital for our function, without medulla we die. •Above the foramen magnum it is embraced dorsally by the cerebellar hemispheres. 1.The lower end which contains the upward continuation of the central canal of the spinal cord is the ‘closed part of the medulla’, 2.The upper end, where the canal comes to the surface as the lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle, is the ‘open part’.
4. Medulla contd….. MO is lowest 3 cm of the brainstem •it extend from the ponto- medullary junction until plane below foramina magnum for about 0.5 cm. •Medulla spinalis have a central canal which prolonged into its lower half to open in the fourth ventricle at its upper half. •CSF is encircle the MO from outside ( subarachnoid space ) and inside ( central canal ). •MO is between the two lobes of cerebellum ( anterior cerebellar notch )
5. EXTERNAL FEATURES AND RELATIONS • 3Cm long. • Located at the caudal portion of brainstem • Upper limit is cerebello-pontine angle • Transverse plane that above C1 (suboccipital) intersects upper border of atlas dorsally and centre of dens ventrally marks lower limit
6. VENTRAL SURFACE • Ventral median fissure extends from foramen coecum to caudal end of pyramid decussation • Lateral to median fissure is pyramid • Lat to pyramid is the ventrolateral sulcus (VLS) • Hypoglossal nerve rootlets emerge from VLS • Lat to VLS is olive which contains inf olivary nucleus • Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects medulla with cerebellum and forms side wall of caudal half of fourth ventricle
7. Ventral Surface Pyramid: Swelling on each side of anterior median fissure. • Composed of bundles of nerve fibers, (corticospinal fibers) originate from the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. • The pyramids taper inferiorly and majority of the descending fibers decussate to the opposite side. Olive: • Olives are the anterolateral oval elevations produced by the underlying inferior olivary nuclei. • From the groove between the pyramid and the olive, the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve emerge
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Medulla Oblongata
You can watch the video on my you tube channel: https://youtu.be/I0FaX-iQfa0
Medulla oblongata or more simply medulla is part of brain stem which forms base of the brain stem. It contains pyramid, olive and above pyramidal structure, there is decussation of pyramids which explains why each part of brain controls opposite part of body. Adding to that medulla also has several nuclei which controls activity of cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Medulla also has nuclei for controlling reflexes of vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing. It has also nuclei for test, hearing and balance. Medulla also contains nuclei of cranial nerve number VIII, IX, X, XI and XII.
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Dr. Mehul Tandel
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Anatomy Department
Pramukhswami Medical College
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This document provides information about the structure, blood supply, and cranial nerve attachments of the pons and midbrain. It discusses the key structures and nuclei found within the pons and midbrain, including the cranial nerves that attach in these areas. The blood supply from the basilar artery and circle of Willis is described. Cross sections of the pons and midbrain are shown and labeled.
Medulla oplongata 22 04-16
The document describes the anatomy and vascular supply of the medulla oblongata. It discusses the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, nucleus ambiguus, hypoglossal nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, and their locations. It also describes lateral and medial medullary syndromes which can result from vascular disorders affecting the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and vertebral artery respectively.
Brain stem - components and lesions
The brainstem is composed of the medulla, pons, and midbrain. It contains fiber tracts connecting the brain and spinal cord, as well as nuclei that control vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Cranial nerves enter and exit through the brainstem. Lesions in different areas can disrupt motor control, sensory processing, balance, and consciousness. Damage to the medulla can cause Wallenberg's syndrome with loss of sensation on one side of the face and difficulty swallowing. Bilateral pontine lesions may lead to quadriplegia while sparing the midbrain can allow eye movement communication.
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The medulla oblongata is located in the brainstem and controls vital autonomic functions and reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, digestion and sneezing. It contains motor and sensory tracts that relay information between the brain and spinal cord. The medulla receives sensory information from the body and relays it to the cerebellum and thalamus. It also contains tracts that control voluntary movement and maintain posture. Injury to the medulla can cause paralysis, loss of sensation, difficulty swallowing and breathing problems and may result in death.
Lecture of midbrain
The midbrain connects the pons and cerebellum to the forebrain. It contains several important structures including the cerebral aqueduct, superior and inferior colliculi, trochlear nerve nuclei, and substantia nigra. The midbrain also contains ascending and descending tracts that connect different parts of the brain and spinal cord. On transverse sections, the midbrain shows gray matter structures like the red nucleus and various cranial nerve nuclei, as well as white matter tracts that transmit signals up and down the central nervous system.
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The document discusses the anatomy and divisions of the midbrain. It describes the corpora quadrigemina, superior and inferior colliculi, substantia nigra, and red nucleus. It also mentions tumors that can occur in the midbrain and the syndromes they can cause by blocking structures like the cerebral aqueduct.
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This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in a neuroanatomy course, including the central nervous system, brain stem, cranial nerves, cerebellum, basal ganglia, cerebrum, ventricular system, and blood supply of the brain and spinal cord. The learning outcomes are listed and sections cover the development and anatomy of structures like the spinal cord, sensory and motor systems, as well as clinical aspects.
Anatomija Telencephalon
The document provides an overview of the external morphology of the telencephalon. It discusses brain orientation and landmarks, the structure and location of the ventricles and cerebral hemispheres, and the four major lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. It also summarizes the primary motor and sensory cortices, including Brodmann areas, homunculi, and associated functions. Finally, it briefly outlines the structure and roles of white matter tracts, basal ganglia, and other deep gray matter structures in the telencephalon.
Anat321demoreview Lab Rev1234 2009
This document provides a summary of an anatomy lab review for a neuroanatomy course. It includes slides and questions covering various topics like brainstem anatomy, cerebral vasculature, meninges, hemispheric views, and the basal ganglia. Students are provided with images, diagrams and questions to test their understanding of key structures and relationships.
Anat321demoreview Lab Rev1234 2009
This document provides a summary of an anatomy lab review for a neuroanatomy course. It includes slides and questions covering various topics like brainstem anatomy, cerebral vasculature, meninges, hemispheric views, and the basal ganglia. Students are provided with images, diagrams and questions to test their understanding of key structures and relationships.
USMLE Step 1 General review - Appendix
This document lists various medical terms and conditions. It includes:
1. Names of medical conditions, anatomical structures, cell types, stains, and imaging findings.
2. Systems covered include dermatology, infectious diseases, hematology, cardiology, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal, neurology, and oncology.
3. Related information provided for some terms includes associated symptoms, cell or tissue affected, and relevant clinical information.
Examination of lymph nodes of head and neck
1. The document discusses the anatomy, function, classification, and examination of lymph nodes. It describes the components of the lymphatic system including lymph vessels, central and peripheral lymphoid organs.
2. Lymph nodes act as filters for lymph and help mount immune responses by allowing lymphocytes to multiply and antibodies to be produced. They are classified based on their location in the body into peripheral and deep cervical nodes.
3. Examination of lymph nodes involves inspection of their number, size, skin changes, and palpation to determine tenderness, consistency, fixation, and other characteristics that can indicate possible causes of lymphadenopathy such as infection, inflammation, or cancer.
Anatomy of the Sellar Region (A.GH)
This document discusses the anatomy of the sellar region. It describes the structures below and above the sella turcica such as the nasal cavity, sphenoid bone, pituitary fossa, and suprasellar region. It details the pituitary gland, diaphragma sellae, intercavernous connections, and the ventricular and arterial relationships above the sella. The sphenoid sinus, carotid prominences, and lateral wall are also examined. Neurovascular structures like the optic chiasm, oculomotor nerve, arteries, and veins are mapped in relation to the sellar region.
Parotid glands by dr parthsarthi gautam, MDS
The document provides an overview of the parotid glands. It discusses that the parotid glands are the largest salivary glands located below the ear on either side of the face. The glands have lobes divided by the facial nerve and processes that extend in various directions. The parotid duct carries saliva from the gland to the oral cavity. Common diseases that affect the parotid glands include mumps, Sjogren's syndrome, tumors and infections like sialadenitis. The glands are important for lubrication and digestion and any dysfunction can impact oral health.
5. glava
This document provides an overview of radiological anatomy and pathology of the head. It discusses various radiological imaging methods used to visualize anatomy such as bones, brain parenchyma, orbits, sinuses and blood vessels of the head and neck. Specific sections are dedicated to describing cross-sectional anatomy as visualized by CT and MRI of different regions including the skull base, orbits, sinuses and mastoids. Functional MRI techniques are also mentioned.
Temporal bone Radiologic anatomy.. In depth
The document provides an overview of temporal bone anatomy, focusing on the petrous bone and inner ear structures. It describes the five parts of the temporal bone and how sound travels through the external ear canal to the oval window. Imaging techniques for evaluating the temporal bone such as CT and MRI are discussed. Key structures of the inner ear including the cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals and their functions are explained in detail.
Topographic anatomy of the brain and brain part of the skull
This document provides a summary of the topographic anatomy of the brain and skull. It describes the boundaries and divisions of the head and skull. It then discusses the layers and structures of the meninges (membranes) covering the brain, including the dura mater, arachnoidea, and pia mater. It also outlines the four ventricles within the brain and describes their connections. Major gyri (convolutions) and sulci (fissures) of the brain are identified. The four main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital - are also defined based on distinguishing anatomical features.
Head and neck anatomy
a very short and concise head and neck anatomy presentation; an overview of head and neck anatomy prepared for a mixed audience from different backgrounds
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Topographic anatomy of the brain and brain part of the skull
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NEUROANATOMY - BRAIN CEREBRUM colored and labelled parts of slides in superior, lateral, sagittal, and inferior view.
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Educational Planning
This document discusses the importance of educational planning and provides guidance on how to plan effectively. It outlines a 6-stage process for planning: 1) environmental scanning and data collection, 2) setting objectives, 3) generating and selecting strategies, 4) translating strategies into operational plans, 5) implementing the plan, and 6) evaluating and modifying the plan. The planning process should be systematic, realistic, sustained, and revisited annually to ensure the school can adapt to changes. Effective planning helps set priorities, respond to community needs, improve teaching quality, and provide consistency of purpose and direction.
Supervisor Management
The document discusses the role of a supervisor and the challenges they face. It notes that supervisors are caught between opposing expectations from management and workers. Management expects loyalty and production results, while workers expect the supervisor to represent their interests and protect them. This leaves supervisors feeling marginalized as they are responsible for communicating between the two groups but not fully belonging to either. The document also provides guidance on effective on-the-job training techniques for supervisors to utilize, such as explaining the reasons for tasks, encouraging participation, allowing discussion, and periodically reviewing performance.
Perceptual organization & attribution
This document discusses various topics related to perception and attribution. It begins by defining perception as the ability to be aware of one's surroundings through the senses. It then discusses several factors that determine perceptual organization, including figure-ground relationships, grouping, closure, proximity, and similarity. The document also covers visual perception, perceptual errors in social judgments, and attribution theory, including internal vs. external attribution and Kelley's covariation principle.
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Water makes up about 60% of a person's body weight and provides a fluid environment for transport throughout the body. Intracellular fluid inside cells contains mostly water and charged molecules like proteins and nucleic acids, while extracellular fluid outside cells contains mostly water and higher concentrations of sodium and lower concentrations of potassium ions. Transport across cell membranes can occur passively via diffusion down a concentration gradient without energy or actively via active transport against the gradient using metabolic energy from ATP.
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(Credits to my students for making this).
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NEUROANATOMY - SPINAL CORD
- 1. NEUROANATOMY LAB: SPINAL CORD SLIDES PAULA MARIE M. LLIDO MED 1 – INTEGRITAS (SGD 10)
- 2. CERVICAL (C2) Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus Lissauer’s tract Lateral corticospinal tract Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Rubrospinal tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Ventral spinocerebral tract Spino-olivary tract Olivospinal tract Spinorectal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Anterior spinothalamic tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral horn cells column Intermediolateral cell column Intermediolmedial cell column Nucleus proprious Substantia gelatinosa Central canal Posterior median sulcus Anterior median sulcus
- 3. Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus Lissauer’s tract Lateral corticospinal tract Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Rubrospinal tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Ventral spinocerebral tract Spino-olivary tract Olivospinal tract Spinorectal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Anterior spinothalamic tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral horn cells column Intermediolateral cell column Intermediolmedial cell column Nucleus proprious Substantia gelatinosa Central canal CERVICAL (C7) Posterior median sulcus Anterior median sulcus Anterior white commissure
- 4. THORACIC (T6) Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus Lissauer’s tract Lateral corticospinal tract Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Rubrospinal tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Ventral spinocerebral tract Spino-olivary tract Olivospinal tract Spinorectal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Anterior spinothalamic tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral horn cells column Intermediolateral cell column Intermediolmedial cell column Nucleus proprious Substantia gelatinosa Central canal Nucleus dorsalis Posterior median sulcus Anterior median sulcus Anterior white commissure
- 5. LUMBAR (L2) Fasciculus gracilis Lissauer’s tract Lateral corticospinal tract Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Rubrospinal tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Ventral spinocerebral tract Spino-olivary tract Olivospinal tract Spinorectal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Anterior spinothalamic tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor neuron for lower limb muscle Motor neuron for trunk muscle Nucleus proprious Substantia gelatinosa Central canal Nucleus dorsalisPosterior median sulcus Anterior median sulcus Anterior white commissure
- 6. SACRAL (S3) Fasciculus gracilis Substantia gelatinosa Lateral corticospinal tract Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Rubrospinal tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Ventral spinocerebral tract Spino-olivary tract Olivospinal tract Spinorectal tract Anterior spinothalamic tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor neuron for lower limb muscle Motor neuron for trunk muscle Nucleus proprious Central canal Posterior root Posterior median sulcus Anterior median sulcus Lateral reticulospinal tract Lissauer’s tract Posteromarginal nucleus