Medicine Level 1 Physiology: Cell Transport
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Water makes up about 60% of a person's body weight and provides a fluid environment for transport throughout the body. Intracellular fluid inside cells contains mostly water and charged molecules like proteins and nucleic acids, while extracellular fluid outside cells contains mostly water and higher concentrations of sodium and lower concentrations of potassium ions. Transport across cell membranes can occur passively via diffusion down a concentration gradient without energy or actively via active transport against the gradient using metabolic energy from ATP.
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Discuss passive and active transport. Describe the main differences b.pdf
Discuss passive and active transport. Describe the main differences between these two type of
transport, and provide examples of each type.
Solution
Ans:
Active and passive transport are biological processes that move oxygen, water and nutrients into
cells and remove waste products. Active transport requires chemical energy because it is the
movement of biochemicals from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.
On the other hand, passive transport moves biochemicals from areas of high concentration to
areas of low concentration; so it does not require energy.
In other workds, active and passive transport processes are two ways molecules and other
materials move in and out of cells and cross intracellular membranes. Active transport is the
movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient (from an area of lower to higher
concentration), which does not ordinarily occur, so enzymes and energy are required. Passive
transport is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher to lower concentration.
There are multiple forms of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration,
and osmosis. Passive transport occurs because of the entropy of the system, so additional energy
isn\'t required for it to occur.
Active transport:Active Transport uses ATP to pump molecules AGAINST/UP the concentration
gradient. Transport occurs from a low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute.
Requires cellular energy.
Passive transport:Movement of molecules DOWN the concentration gradient. It goes from high
to low concentration, in order to maintain equilibrium in the cells. Does not require cellular
energy.
Active Transport
Passive transport
Definition
Active Transport uses ATP to pump molecules AGAINST/UP the concentration gradient.
Transport occurs from a low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute. Requires
cellular energy.
Movement of molecules DOWN the concentration gradient. It goes from high to low
concentration, in order to maintain equilibrium in the cells. Does not require cellular energy.
Types of transport
Endocytosis, cell membrane/sodium-potassium pump & exocytosis
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Functions
Transports molecules through the cell membrane against the concentration gradient so more of
the substance is inside the cell (i.e. a nutrient) or outside the cell (i.e. a waste) than normal.
Disrupts equilibrium established by diffusion.
Maintains dynamic equilibrium of water, gases, nutrients, wastes, etc. between cells and
extracellular fluid; allows for small nutrients and gases to enter/exit. No NET diffusion/osmosis
after equilibrium is established.
Types of Particles Transported
Proteins, ions, large cells, complex sugars.
Anything soluble in lipids, small monosaccharides, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sex
hormones, etc.
Importance
In eukaryotic cells, amino acids, sugars and lipids need to enter the cell by protein pumps, which
requir.
body_fluid_1.ppt
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Discuss passive and active transport. Describe the main differences b.pdf
Discuss passive and active transport. Describe the main differences between these two type of
transport, and provide examples of each type.
Solution
Ans:
Active and passive transport are biological processes that move oxygen, water and nutrients into
cells and remove waste products. Active transport requires chemical energy because it is the
movement of biochemicals from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.
On the other hand, passive transport moves biochemicals from areas of high concentration to
areas of low concentration; so it does not require energy.
In other workds, active and passive transport processes are two ways molecules and other
materials move in and out of cells and cross intracellular membranes. Active transport is the
movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient (from an area of lower to higher
concentration), which does not ordinarily occur, so enzymes and energy are required. Passive
transport is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher to lower concentration.
There are multiple forms of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration,
and osmosis. Passive transport occurs because of the entropy of the system, so additional energy
isn\'t required for it to occur.
Active transport:Active Transport uses ATP to pump molecules AGAINST/UP the concentration
gradient. Transport occurs from a low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute.
Requires cellular energy.
Passive transport:Movement of molecules DOWN the concentration gradient. It goes from high
to low concentration, in order to maintain equilibrium in the cells. Does not require cellular
energy.
Active Transport
Passive transport
Definition
Active Transport uses ATP to pump molecules AGAINST/UP the concentration gradient.
Transport occurs from a low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute. Requires
cellular energy.
Movement of molecules DOWN the concentration gradient. It goes from high to low
concentration, in order to maintain equilibrium in the cells. Does not require cellular energy.
Types of transport
Endocytosis, cell membrane/sodium-potassium pump & exocytosis
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Functions
Transports molecules through the cell membrane against the concentration gradient so more of
the substance is inside the cell (i.e. a nutrient) or outside the cell (i.e. a waste) than normal.
Disrupts equilibrium established by diffusion.
Maintains dynamic equilibrium of water, gases, nutrients, wastes, etc. between cells and
extracellular fluid; allows for small nutrients and gases to enter/exit. No NET diffusion/osmosis
after equilibrium is established.
Types of Particles Transported
Proteins, ions, large cells, complex sugars.
Anything soluble in lipids, small monosaccharides, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sex
hormones, etc.
Importance
In eukaryotic cells, amino acids, sugars and lipids need to enter the cell by protein pumps, which
requir.
body_fluid_1.ppt
The body contains approximately 70% water by mass. Body fluids are divided into intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). ICF makes up 55% of total body water and is located inside cells, while ECF makes up 45% of total body water and is located outside cells. ECF includes interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, and other fluids. ICF includes the cytosol inside cells. Body fluids contain important organic and inorganic substances like glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and waste products. The kidneys and hormones help regulate water and electrolyte balance to maintain homeostasis.
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in normal and abnorm'
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance and imbalance. It outlines the body's water compartments and electrolyte composition of body fluids. Key concepts covered include osmolality, tonicity, and the mechanisms that regulate sodium and water balance such as the renin-angiotensin system and antidiuretic hormone. Causes, features, and treatment of various fluid and electrolyte imbalances like dehydration, overhydration, and derangements in sodium balance are described. Learning objectives related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base physiology are also listed.
framee-1208278844638702-8.pptx
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- Water and electrolytes (ions like sodium, potassium, calcium) are important components of body fluids that help regulate cell function and metabolism.
- Homeostasis (balance) of water volume, electrolyte levels, and fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments is vital. Disorders can result from diseases that cause vomiting, diarrhea, or other fluid/electrolyte imbalances.
- Understanding the pathogenesis (cause) and changes in water and electrolyte disturbances is important for clinical work in treating disorders. Factors like antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone help regulate fluid balance and electrolyte levels in the body
urine formation
The document discusses renal physiology and the urinary system. It contains the following key points:
1. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood to form urine.
2. The kidneys regulate fluid volume, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and remove waste. Nephrons contain a renal corpuscle for filtration and a tubule for reabsorption and secretion.
3. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs the majority of filtered sodium, water, and other electrolytes using active transport mechanisms like sodium-glucose co-transport. This maintains electrolyte and fluid balance
Ths general biology unit 3 cell processes cell membrane transport notes_v1516
Cell membranes allow transport of molecules into and out of cells through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion move particles from high to low concentration without energy, while osmosis moves water molecules and active transport moves particles against concentration gradients, requiring ATP energy. Cells regulate transport to take in useful nutrients and remove waste.
Cell Transport Powerpoint.pptx
This document discusses cellular transport and the structures and mechanisms that allow materials to move into and out of cells. It begins by explaining how cells take in nutrients to grow and divide, and relates cell structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, and organelles to basic functions. It then defines key terms like concentration, solution, and gradient. The main types of cellular transport - passive (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active (protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis) - are described. Specific mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and the effects of hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions are explained in detail. Organismal examples of dealing with osmotic pressure are also provided.
Fluid and electrolyte needs 1
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It explains that water makes up 60% of the average adult's weight and is divided into intracellular and extracellular fluids. Intracellular fluid comprises 42% of total body weight and is contained within cells, while extracellular fluid exists outside of cells and includes interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular fluids. Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate are vital to body functions and are measured in milliequivalents per liter. Fluids and electrolytes move between compartments through osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and active transport to facilitate processes like tissue oxygenation and acid-base balance.
Biology Unit 2 Notes: Cell Membrane Transport
This document discusses cell membrane transport, including the types of transport mechanisms cells use to move nutrients and molecules in and out. It describes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis as passive transport mechanisms that move particles down concentration gradients without requiring energy. Active transport is defined as the active movement of particles against a concentration gradient, which does require energy in the form of ATP. Different osmotic environments are also defined based on the relative concentration of water inside and outside the cell.
fluid electrolyte.pdf
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance is a serious condition that can occur when the body loses or gains too much fluid. The document discusses fluid balance, the body's fluid compartments of intracellular and extracellular fluid, and mechanisms that control fluid and electrolyte movement such as diffusion, osmosis, and hormone regulation. It then focuses on extracellular fluid volume deficit (dehydration) - its causes, signs, lab findings, and treatment involving oral or IV fluid replacement depending on severity. Monitoring for complications during fluid restoration is also emphasized.
Cellular-physiology download this d.pptx
Cellular physiology focuses on the scientific study of physiological processes within and among cells. A cell is the fundamental unit of life, and the human body contains trillions of cells. Specialized cell types in the human body include nerve cells, epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine cells, and blood cells. The cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and vesicles work together to allow cellular transport and metabolism. Cellular structures and functions allow the human body to operate at the microscopic level.
Body fluid distribution on normal aduly.pptx
The document discusses the composition and regulation of body fluids in humans. About 60% of the adult human body is made up of fluid, with two thirds located intracellularly and one third extracellularly. Homeostasis and transport mechanisms precisely regulate fluid levels. Fluid content depends on factors like age, gender and obesity level. Dehydration is more common in children due to immature regulatory systems. Imbalances in fluid levels can cause conditions like edema or dehydration.
FINAL BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTE PRESENTATION (1).pptx
This document provides information about body fluids and electrolytes. It describes that body water makes up approximately 50-60% of total body weight and is located intracellularly and extracellularly. Electrolytes help maintain fluid balance and osmotic equilibrium between compartments. The extracellular fluid contains plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluids like cerebrospinal fluid. Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium are important electrolytes that aid various physiological functions and maintain fluid homeostasis.
Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base Balance
Complete disease condition guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance - Acid Base Balance
Transport of nutrients By KK Sahu Sir
The document discusses transport of nutrients, ions, and macromolecules across cell membranes. It explains that the plasma membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier that allows selective transport through passive or active mechanisms. Passive transport includes osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy. Active transport uses membrane proteins like ion pumps and carriers to move molecules against gradients, requiring energy sources like ATP. Transport proteins include channels, carriers, and pumps that facilitate movement of nutrients across membranes.
Water and electrolytes balance and imbalance in human body
The document discusses water and electrolyte balance and imbalance in the human body. It covers the following key points:
- Water comprises 60-70% of total body weight and is essential for biochemical reactions, transport, temperature regulation and other functions. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, and others are important for fluid balance and cell function.
- The kidneys play a major role in regulating water and electrolyte balance by excreting excess water or electrolytes. Biochemical factors like thirst, antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, and kinins help maintain balance.
- Imbalances can
final_water_electrolytes.pptx
This document discusses water and electrolyte balance and imbalance in the human body. It covers topics such as sources of body water, distribution of body water, functions of body water, electrolytes and their distribution in extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid. Homeostasis of water and electrolytes is maintained through mechanisms such as ion transport, water movement, kidney function and hormones like antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone. The kidneys play an important role in regulating water and electrolyte balance by excreting excess water or electrolytes through urine.
CELL BIOLOGY.pptx
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Water and electrolytes balance and imbalance in human body
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- 2. BODY WATER • Water provides a fluid environment for communication and molecular transport throughout the body. • Person’s hydration: water conducts electricity; ↓ hydration lvl. = ↑ resistance to electrical flow through the body • Total body water (of 70 kg) is approx. 40 L (obese – as low as 45%). • Distributed among fluid compartments
- 3. 3.1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID • Extra (Table) • Intra
- 4. INTRACELLULAR FLUID EXTRACELLULAR FLUID • liquid found inside cells – cytosol • cytosol - complex mixture of substances: proteins, ions, and organelles dissolved in water • or EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME (ECFV) • body fluid outside of cells • consists: plasma, interstitial, and transcellular fluid
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