a very short and concise head and neck anatomy presentation; an overview of head and neck anatomy prepared for a mixed audience from different backgrounds
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
hypoglossal nerve, origin course an termination of hypoglossal nerve, function of hypoglossal nerve, clinical examination of hypoglossal nerve, hypoglossal nerve palsy
This presentation deals with description of the normas: verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis. There is another presentation “Skull – inside and some separate bones” to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
hypoglossal nerve, origin course an termination of hypoglossal nerve, function of hypoglossal nerve, clinical examination of hypoglossal nerve, hypoglossal nerve palsy
This presentation deals with description of the normas: verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis. There is another presentation “Skull – inside and some separate bones” to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. Arterial & venous system
Carry blood away from
heart
Arteries carry
oxygenated blood
except
Blood flow depends on
pumping action of heart
No valves
Branches of arteries
supplying adjacent areas
anastomose
Carry blood to the heart
Veins carry
deoxygenated blood
except
Veins have got valves
Two types of veins
Superficial which are
close to the surface of
body & no
corresponding arteries
Deep veins which are
deeper into the body
and travels along with
their corresponding
arteries
Arterial system Venous system
4. Aorta – arch of aorta
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
brachiocephalic trunk
5. Arteries of head & neck
ARTERIES
1. Common carotid arteries
2. Subclavian artery
CCA
ECA & its branches
ICA & its branches
SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
Vertebral Artery
6. ECA,ICA
Branches of the External Carotid Artery (ECA)
Branches in neck
STAPLe OF PAM ST
Superior Thyroid – thyroid & parathyroid glands
Ascending Pharyngeal – pharyngeal muscles
Lingual - tongue
Occipital – scalp
Facial - face
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary – maxilla and mandible
Superficial Temporal -scalp
Branches of the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)
No branches in neck and enters cranial cavity
Supplies brain, eyes, nose, scalp
OPAAM
Ophthalmic artery
Posterior Communicating
Ant Choroidal Artery
Ant cerebral Artery
Middle Cerebral Artery
7. Subclavian artery
Rt SCA arises from brachiocephalic trunk
Lt SCA arises directly from arch of aorta
SCA gives its contribution to CNS through one of its
major branches,
vertebral artery – supplies CNS
12. Nerves of head and neck
CRANIAL NERVES 12 PAIRS
● OOOTTA FAGVAH – SSMMBMBSBBMM
● Sensory organs of head
● Smell(olfactory)
● vision(optic, oculomotor, abducens, trochlear)
● Taste(facial & glossopharyngeal)
● Hearing(vestibulocochlear)
● Muscles of head & neck (facial & accessory
nerves)
SPINAL NERVES - C1-C8 CERVICAL NERVES
forms a plexus k/a cervical plexus
Skin & muscles of head and neck
13. Muscles of head and neck
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of mastication
Tongue muscles
Extra ocular muscles
Muscles of ear
Neck muscles
Muscles soft palate
Muscles of pharynx
15. SCALP
● Soft tissues covering the cranial vault
● Five layers
● Highly vascular
● occipito frontalis
S -- skin
C -- dense Connective tissue
A -- aponeurosis
L -- loose connective tissue
P -- periosteum
16. Face - Muscles of fascial expression
Scalp muscle
●occipito-frontalis
Muscles of eyelids
●orbicularis oculi
●corrugator supercilii
●levator palpebre superioris(EO)
Muscles of nose
●procerus
●compressor naris
●dilator naris
●depressor septi
Muscles of the neck
●platysma
Muscles of ear
●auricularis anterior
●auricularis superior
●auricularis posterior
Muscles around mouth
●orbicularis oris
●levator labii superioris alaque nasi
●zygomaticus major
●levator labii superioris
●levator anguli oris
●zygomaticus minor
●deprossor labii inferioris
●mentalis
●risorius
●buccinator
17.
18. Eyes
EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
VOLUNTARY
1. (4 rectus) : superiour rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior rectus
2. (2Obliqui) : superior oblique
inferior oblique
3.levator palpebre superopris
INVOLUNTARY
1. superior tarsal
2. inferior tarsal
3. orbitalis
19. Function:
Movements of eye
a. around a transvers axis- elevation and depression
b. around a vertical axis - medial(abduction) &
lateral(adduction)
c. around an anteroposterior axis - intortion & extortion
pathology
Eyes
Clinical anatomy
Squint – weakness or paralysis of a muscle
Nystagmus (dancing eyes)- involuntary movement of Eyes
Ptosis –drooping of eyelids due to 3rd nerve paralysis
20. Ears
Muscles
Tensor tympani
Stapedius
Function : damp
down intensity of
high pitched
sound waves
● Pathology
● Otitis media
● Hearing defects due
to leisons of cochlear
nerve
22. Paranasal sinuses
Air filled cavities of skull bones, situated around nose
which are actually extensions of respiratory part of
nasal cavity& also open into the nasal cavity
Functions : humidify the air, reduce the weight of
skull and resonance of voice
Four paired sinuses
1. Frontal
2. Maxillary
3. Ethmoidal
4. Sphenoidal
24. Mouth
Muscles of mastication
Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Function :
Move the mandible during mastication &
speech (depression, elevation, protrusion,
retraction, lateral)
Movements are possible by
TEMPEROMANDIBULAR JOINT
25. Mouth …
Soft palate
● Tensor palati
● Levator palate
● musculus uvulae
● Palatoglossus
● Palatopharyngeous
Function :
Regulates the size of oropharynx or pharyngeal
isthmus , or completely close them according to
requirements
Helps in chewing ,swallowing, speech, coughing
,sneezing
Clinical anatomy
Cleft palate
26. Tongue
Extrinsic - 4 pairs
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Intrinsic – 4 pairs
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
vertical
Function :
Extrinsic muscles attaches
tongue to adjascent
bones
Intrinsic muscles helps in
speech and mastication
,by altering shape of the
tongue
Clinical anatomy
Glossitis – inflammation of
tongue
Carcinoma of tongue is
common
Injury to HG nerve-
paralysis of muscles
27. Pharynx
Muscles
Three pairs of constrictors – superior, middle
and inferior (Thyropharyngeus,
Cricopharyngeus)
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeous
Salpingopharyngeus
28. Neck
● Muscles of neck – flexion,extension,rotation
● Side of neck and back of neck
● Triangles
Anterior triangle midline
of neck
Posterior triangle
SCM muscle
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF NECK
Side of neck -
SCM muscle -
Back of neck -
31. Muscles of posterior triangle
Platysma
Splenius capitus
Levator scapulae
Scalenus (anterior, medius,posterior)
Muscles of back of neck
Trapezius
Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis
Semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis
Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis
32. Larynx
Cartilagenous
Three paired(arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform)&
three unpaired(thyroid, cricoid ,epiglottic) cartilages
Muscles of larynx:
Cricothyroid
Lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid
Transverse and oblique arytenoid
Aryepiglotticus
Thyroarytenoid, thyroepiglotticus, vocalis
Function: movement of cartilages and abduction and
adduction of vocal cords producing sound
Pathology: laryngitis, characterised by hoarseness of voice
33. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
an endocrine gland situated in the lower
part of the neck in the midline
Regulates basal metabolic rate,stimulates
somatic and psychic growth & controls
Ca metabolism
Parathyroid gland
Two pairs of endocrine glands, lying on the
posterior border of tthyroid
Regulates Ca & P metabolism by secreting
parathormone
34. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Pathology :
enlargement of thyroid- goitre
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
benign & malignant tumors of the glands
hypoparathyroidism - tetany
hyperparathyroidism
35. Salivary glands
● Parotid - largest
● Submandibular
● Sublingual
● Minor – palatal , buccal
Clinical anatomy
Mumps – viral infection of parotid gland
Sialolithiasis
36. Lymph nodes of hed and neck
Clinical anatomy
Lymphadenopathy
Metastasis of carcinoma
38. Tooth anatomy
Pathology
Dental caries –decalcification & destruction of enamel and dentin
Dental abscess – infection at the root apex with pus collection
Gingivitis – inflammation of gingiva