The document provides an overview of human anatomy related to the head and neck, detailing blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and various glands in the area. It describes the arterial and venous systems, nerve supply, muscle functions, and pathology associated with different structures, including the eyes, ears, and mouth. Additionally, it touches on the clinical anatomy of glands and teeth, highlighting common diseases and conditions affecting these regions.

1. Head and neck
Anatomy
Dr Anupama Soman

2. Blood vessels of head and
neck

3. Arterial & venous system
 Carry blood away from
heart
 Arteries carry
oxygenated blood
except
 Blood flow depends on
pumping action of heart
 No valves
 Branches of arteries
supplying adjacent areas
anastomose
 Carry blood to the heart
 Veins carry
deoxygenated blood
except
 Veins have got valves
 Two types of veins
 Superficial which are
close to the surface of
body & no
corresponding arteries
 Deep veins which are
deeper into the body
and travels along with
their corresponding
arteries
Arterial system Venous system

4. Aorta – arch of aorta
 Left common carotid artery
 Left subclavian artery
 brachiocephalic trunk

5. Arteries of head & neck
ARTERIES
1. Common carotid arteries
2. Subclavian artery
 CCA
ECA & its branches
ICA & its branches
 SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
Vertebral Artery

6. ECA,ICA
 Branches of the External Carotid Artery (ECA)
 Branches in neck
STAPLe OF PAM ST
Superior Thyroid – thyroid & parathyroid glands
Ascending Pharyngeal – pharyngeal muscles
Lingual - tongue
Occipital – scalp
Facial - face
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary – maxilla and mandible
Superficial Temporal -scalp
 Branches of the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)
No branches in neck and enters cranial cavity
Supplies brain, eyes, nose, scalp
OPAAM
Ophthalmic artery
Posterior Communicating
Ant Choroidal Artery
Ant cerebral Artery
Middle Cerebral Artery

7. Subclavian artery
 Rt SCA arises from brachiocephalic trunk
 Lt SCA arises directly from arch of aorta
 SCA gives its contribution to CNS through one of its
major branches,
vertebral artery – supplies CNS

8. Arteries of head and neck

9. VEINS
 Classification
1. Veins of exterior of head and neck
2. Diploic & meningeal veins and dural venous sinuses of brain
3. Veins of neck
Exterior of head Neck Brain
and face
 Supratrochlear *External Jugular *Diploic veins
 Supraorbital *Cerebral vein
 Facial vein
 Superficial temporal *Anterior Jugular *DuralVenous
 Maxillary vein *Internal Jugular Sinuses
 Pterygoid Venous *Subclavian
 plexus *Brachiocephalic
 Retromandibular
 Posterior auricular
 Occipital vein

10. VEINS…
THREE MAJOR PAIRS
OF VEINS draining
head &neck
1. Lt & Rt Vertebral
veins
2. Lt & Rt External
Jugular Veins
3. Lt & Rt Internal
Jugular Veins

11. NERVE SUPPLY
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducent
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Cranial
nerves
C1-C8 CERVICAL NERVES
T1-T12 THORACIC NERVES
L1-L5 LUMBAR NERVES
S1-S5 SACRAL NERVES
COCCYGEAL (1PAIR)
Spinal
nerves

12. Nerves of head and neck
CRANIAL NERVES 12 PAIRS
● OOOTTA FAGVAH – SSMMBMBSBBMM
● Sensory organs of head
● Smell(olfactory)
● vision(optic, oculomotor, abducens, trochlear)
● Taste(facial & glossopharyngeal)
● Hearing(vestibulocochlear)
● Muscles of head & neck (facial & accessory
nerves)
SPINAL NERVES - C1-C8 CERVICAL NERVES
 forms a plexus k/a cervical plexus
 Skin & muscles of head and neck

13. Muscles of head and neck
 Muscles of facial expression
 Muscles of mastication
 Tongue muscles
 Extra ocular muscles
 Muscles of ear
 Neck muscles
 Muscles soft palate
 Muscles of pharynx

14. Nomenclature of muscles
1.Location – lateralis, anterior, supra, infra, sub
2.Shape – deltoid, latissimus, orbicularis, serratus, trapezius
3.Size – maximus, minimus, vastus, longus, major, minor
4.Direction/orientation of fibres – transverse, rectus, oblique
5.No of origins – biceps, triceps, quadriceps
6.Origin & insertion - sternocleidomastoid
7.Action - flexor, abductor, extensor, levator

15. SCALP
● Soft tissues covering the cranial vault
● Five layers
● Highly vascular
● occipito frontalis
 S -- skin
 C -- dense Connective tissue
 A -- aponeurosis
 L -- loose connective tissue
 P -- periosteum

16. Face - Muscles of fascial expression
Scalp muscle
●occipito-frontalis
Muscles of eyelids
●orbicularis oculi
●corrugator supercilii
●levator palpebre superioris(EO)
Muscles of nose
●procerus
●compressor naris
●dilator naris
●depressor septi
Muscles of the neck
●platysma
Muscles of ear
●auricularis anterior
●auricularis superior
●auricularis posterior
Muscles around mouth
●orbicularis oris
●levator labii superioris alaque nasi
●zygomaticus major
●levator labii superioris
●levator anguli oris
●zygomaticus minor
●deprossor labii inferioris
●mentalis
●risorius
●buccinator

18. Eyes
EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
 VOLUNTARY
1. (4 rectus) : superiour rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior rectus
2. (2Obliqui) : superior oblique
inferior oblique
3.levator palpebre superopris
 INVOLUNTARY
1. superior tarsal
2. inferior tarsal
3. orbitalis

19. Function:
Movements of eye
a. around a transvers axis- elevation and depression
b. around a vertical axis - medial(abduction) &
lateral(adduction)
c. around an anteroposterior axis - intortion & extortion
pathology
Eyes
Clinical anatomy
Squint – weakness or paralysis of a muscle
Nystagmus (dancing eyes)- involuntary movement of Eyes
Ptosis –drooping of eyelids due to 3rd nerve paralysis

20. Ears
Muscles
 Tensor tympani
 Stapedius
Function : damp
down intensity of
high pitched
sound waves
● Pathology
● Otitis media
● Hearing defects due
to leisons of cochlear
nerve

21. Nose

22. Paranasal sinuses
 Air filled cavities of skull bones, situated around nose
which are actually extensions of respiratory part of
nasal cavity& also open into the nasal cavity
 Functions : humidify the air, reduce the weight of
skull and resonance of voice
 Four paired sinuses
1. Frontal
2. Maxillary
3. Ethmoidal
4. Sphenoidal

23. Paranasal sinuses…
Patholgy :
Sinusitis – chronic/acute
Carcinoma of maxillary sinus

24. Mouth
Muscles of mastication
 Masseter
 Temporalis
 Lateral pterygoid
 Medial pterygoid
Function :
Move the mandible during mastication &
speech (depression, elevation, protrusion,
retraction, lateral)
Movements are possible by
TEMPEROMANDIBULAR JOINT

25. Mouth …
Soft palate
● Tensor palati
● Levator palate
● musculus uvulae
● Palatoglossus
● Palatopharyngeous
Function :
Regulates the size of oropharynx or pharyngeal
isthmus , or completely close them according to
requirements
Helps in chewing ,swallowing, speech, coughing
,sneezing
Clinical anatomy
Cleft palate

26. Tongue
Extrinsic - 4 pairs
 Genioglossus
 Hyoglossus
 Styloglossus
 Palatoglossus
Intrinsic – 4 pairs
 Superior longitudinal
 Inferior longitudinal
 Transverse
 vertical
Function :
 Extrinsic muscles attaches
tongue to adjascent
bones
 Intrinsic muscles helps in
speech and mastication
,by altering shape of the
tongue
Clinical anatomy
Glossitis – inflammation of
tongue
Carcinoma of tongue is
common
Injury to HG nerve-
paralysis of muscles

27. Pharynx
Muscles
 Three pairs of constrictors – superior, middle
and inferior (Thyropharyngeus,
Cricopharyngeus)
 Stylopharyngeus
 Palatopharyngeous
 Salpingopharyngeus

28. Neck
● Muscles of neck – flexion,extension,rotation
● Side of neck and back of neck
● Triangles
Anterior triangle midline
of neck
Posterior triangle
SCM muscle
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF NECK
Side of neck -
SCM muscle -
Back of neck -

29. Triangles

30. Muscles of anterior triangle
 SUPRAHYOID
1. Diagastric
2. Mylohyoid
3. Geniohyoid
4. Stylohyoid
 INFRAHYOID
1. Omohyoid
2. Sternohyoid
3. Sternothyroid
4. Thyrohyoid

31. Muscles of posterior triangle
 Platysma
 Splenius capitus
 Levator scapulae
 Scalenus (anterior, medius,posterior)
Muscles of back of neck
 Trapezius
 Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis
 Semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis
 Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis

32. Larynx
Cartilagenous
Three paired(arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform)&
three unpaired(thyroid, cricoid ,epiglottic) cartilages
Muscles of larynx:
 Cricothyroid
 Lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid
 Transverse and oblique arytenoid
 Aryepiglotticus
 Thyroarytenoid, thyroepiglotticus, vocalis
Function: movement of cartilages and abduction and
adduction of vocal cords producing sound
Pathology: laryngitis, characterised by hoarseness of voice

33. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
 an endocrine gland situated in the lower
part of the neck in the midline
 Regulates basal metabolic rate,stimulates
somatic and psychic growth & controls
Ca metabolism
Parathyroid gland
Two pairs of endocrine glands, lying on the
posterior border of tthyroid
Regulates Ca & P metabolism by secreting
parathormone

34. Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Pathology :
enlargement of thyroid- goitre
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
benign & malignant tumors of the glands
hypoparathyroidism - tetany
hyperparathyroidism

35. Salivary glands
● Parotid - largest
● Submandibular
● Sublingual
● Minor – palatal , buccal
Clinical anatomy
Mumps – viral infection of parotid gland
Sialolithiasis

36. Lymph nodes of hed and neck
Clinical anatomy
Lymphadenopathy
Metastasis of carcinoma

37. Teeth
Types of dentition
Primary(milk) teeth – 20
Permanent teeth – 32

38. Tooth anatomy
Pathology
Dental caries –decalcification & destruction of enamel and dentin
Dental abscess – infection at the root apex with pus collection
Gingivitis – inflammation of gingiva

39. THANK YOU… 