1) A 48-year old man experienced sudden weakness in his left arm and leg, double vision, and loss of vibratory and positional sense on the left side. Exam found spastic paresis of the left extremities, ataxic gait, and paralysis of conjugate gaze to the right.
2) A 55-year old man fell unable to move his right arm and leg. Exam found diminished strength, increased reflexes, and clonus in the right extremities, and uncoordinated movements of the left extremities. He was unable to elevate his mouth or blow out his right cheek upon smiling.
3) An MRI showed a bilateral hyperintense signal in
Anatomy & functions of the Brainstem & CerebellumRafid Rashid
Provides a good description of the anatomy of the brainstem & cerebellum; their parts, structure, blood supply & a brief description of their functions.
Anatomy & functions of the Brainstem & CerebellumRafid Rashid
Provides a good description of the anatomy of the brainstem & cerebellum; their parts, structure, blood supply & a brief description of their functions.
here i am to explain the Anatomy and physiology of part of the Pyramidal tract, that is the corticospinal tract. I also added the clinical significance of corticospinal tract. The course of the corticospinal tract are well explained.
the fibers present in the cerebellar peduncles
the applied anatomy of the cerebellum
the microscopic structure of the cerebellum, mossy, and climbing fibers
here i am to explain the Anatomy and physiology of part of the Pyramidal tract, that is the corticospinal tract. I also added the clinical significance of corticospinal tract. The course of the corticospinal tract are well explained.
the fibers present in the cerebellar peduncles
the applied anatomy of the cerebellum
the microscopic structure of the cerebellum, mossy, and climbing fibers
Clinical syndromes of vascular disease of the nervousaditya romadhon
The middle cerebral artery is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery and supllies the largest area of the cerebral cortex
Supplying the motor and sensory cortices, also supplies the areas of the cortex pertaining to the comprehension Wernicke’s area and expresion brocca’s area (left hemisphere)
Management of Increased intracranial pressure in cerebellar strokeNeurology Residency
Brief presentation of medical and surgical treatment options for massive cerebellar stroke. Discussion between placement of an extraventricular drain or suboccipital decompressive craniectomy.
Disorders of the neuromuscular junction include Myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Botulism, Tetanus, Strychnine intoxication, Organophosphates poisoning and neuromyotonia. Pharmacology of the NMJ is also reviewed in brief.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
Anatomy of the pons
1. Anatomy of the Pons
Brief overview of Pontine syndromes
Daniel Vela-Duarte, MD
Department of Neurology
Loyola University Medical Center
June 2012
2. Functional Neuroanatomy
The pons is located between the medulla (caudally) and the midbrain
(rostrally).
The corticospinal tracts are more diffuse in the pons
The medial lemniscus is still situated near the midline
The Spinothalamic tract and the descending hypothalamic fibers continue to
course together in the lateral pons
The lateral lemniscus (An ascending auditory pathway), is lateral and dorsal
to the medial lemniscus.
It carries the bulk of ascending auditory fibers from both cochlear nuclei to the
inferior colliculus of the midbrain.
The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is located near the midline,
beneath the fourth ventricle.
3.
4.
5. The cerebellum overlies the pons, It is connected by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles.
The fourth ventricle is found between the dorsal surface of the pons and the cerebellum.
The ventral surface of the pons is
dominated by fibers, which form a
large ventral enlargement that
carries fibers from pontine nuclei
to the cerebellum in the middle
cerebellar peduncle.
6. Vascular supply to the Pons
The Pons is supplied by the;
Basilar artery, contributions of this main artery can be
further subdivided;
Paramedian branches, to medial pontine region
Short circumferential branches, supply anterolateral pons
Long circumferential branches, run laterally over the anterior surface of
the Pons to anastomose with branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar
artery (AICA).
Some reinforcing contributions by the anterior inferior
cerebellar and superior cerebellar arteries
7. Blood supply
Additional branches from the
Basilar artery:
Anterior Inferior cerebellar Artery
(AICA), first branch of the basilar
artery
It supplies anterior inferior surface
(Inferior pons)
Superior cerebellar artery
Emerges from the basilar artery,
rostrally.
It supplies cerebellar
cortex, white matter and central
nuclei
8. Blood supply
Labyrynthine artery
Variable in origin, supplies the
inner ear.
Divides into two branches;
a. anterior vestibular
b. common cochlear
•It could emerge from:
Wende et. al., 1975, (sample size of 238)
1. Basilar (16%)
2. AICA (45%)
3. Superior cerebellar (25%)
4. PICA (5%)
5. Remaining 9% were of duplicate
origin
9.
10.
11. Blood Supply
The paramedian branches of the Basilar artery supplies the paramedian
regions of the Pons, including:
corticospinal fibers
the medial leminiscus,
abducens nerve and nucleus (CN VI)
pontine reticular area,
periaquaductal gray areas
12. Blood Supply to the Pons
The paramedian branches
of the Basilar artery
supply
corticospinal fibers,
the medial
leminiscus, abducens
nerve and nucleus (cranial
nerve VI) ,
pontine reticular area,
periaquaductal gray areas
13. Medial Pontine Syndrome/ Middle Alternating
Hemiplegia
Paramedian branches of basilar artery occlusion
Clinical picture Where’s the lesion ?
contralateral hemiplegia of arm (corticospinal fibers in
& leg basilar pons)
contralateral loss/decrease of (medial lemniscus)
proprioception, vibration,
discriminative touch
ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle (abducens nerve fibers or n
paralysis
(paramedian pontine
paralysis of conjugate gaze reticular formation/pontine
toward side of lesion gaze center)ucleus—CN 6)
14. Blood Supply to the Pons
Obstruction of the paramedian pontine arteries will produce a
middle alternating hemiplegia (also termed medial pontine
syndrome)
which is characterized by;
1. Hemiplegia of the contralateral arm and leg, due to damage to
the corticospinal tracts
2. Contralateral loss of tactile discrimination, vibratory and position
sense, due to damage to the medial lemniscus
3. Ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle paralysis, due to damage to the
abducens nerve or tract (can cause diplopia “double vision”)
15. Blood Supply to the Pons
Occlusions of long branches circumferential branches of the basilar
artery produce a lateral pontine syndrome, characterized by;
1. Ataxia, due to damage to the cerebral peduncles (middle and superior)
2. Vertigo, nausea, nystagmus, deafness, tinitus, vomiting, due to
damage to vestibular and cochlear nuclei and nerves
3. Ipsilateral pain and temperature deficits from face, due to damage to
the spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract
4. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sense from the body,
due to damage to the anterolateral system (spinothalamic)
5. Ipsilateral paralysis of facial muscles and masticatory muscles, due
to damage to the facial and trigeminal motor nuclei (cranial nerves
VII and V)
16. Case # 1.
A 48 year old man, right handed, suffered a sudden weakness of his left arm and leg
which caused him to fall while shaving. He was helped to his feet but his left arm and
leg felt stiff. In addition, he complained of seeing "double".
On exam
normal mental status. There was no evidence of increased intracranial pressure
though his blood pressure was 200/95. There was a spastic paresis with extensor
plantar response in the left extremities and loss of vibratory and positional sense on
the left. The patient walked with an ataxic gait. Pain and temperature sensations were
normal.
There was diplopia when the patient looked toward the right side.
At rest , the right eye deviated toward the nose (internal strabismus or squint) while
the left eye looked straight ahead.
There was a paralysis of conjugate gaze toward the right (i.e, the right eye did not
move laterally toward the right though the left eye did)
Ocular convergence was normal.
Temple University School of Medicine's Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
17. Case # 2
A 55 year old man was brought to the hospital after suddenly
falling to the ground unable to move his right arm and leg.
The neurologic exam revealed that the limbs on the right side
had markedly diminished strength, heightened deep tendon
reflexes, ankle clonus, Babinski and increased resistance to
passive stretch. The left arm and leg had near normal
strength but performed in an uncoordinated manner on the
finger-to-nose test and the heel-to-shin test.
Cranial nerve examination was significant in that the upon
smiling the man did not elevate his mouth on the right side
and could not blow out his right cheek; he could tightly close
his eyelids on both sides.
Temple University School of Medicine's Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
The cerebellum overlies the pons, It is connected by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles. The fourth ventricle is found between the dorsal surface of the pons and the cerebellum. The ventral surface of the pons is dominated by fibers, which form a large ventral enlargement that carries fibers from pontine nuclei to the cerebellum in the middle cerebellar peduncle.
Though spastic paresis indicates involvement of the pyramidal tracts from the cerebrum on down, in this case, because of the 6th nerve injuryat the level ofthe pons is indicated. In the pons the pyramidal tracts are in the basis pontis, and in this case the side opposite the weakness, i.e., the right side. Ataxic gait, vibratory and positional deficits on the left suggest injury to the medial lemniscus, which lies near the midline in the ventral tegmentum, on the right. The ataxia could also have a cerebellar component due to injury of the basis pontis and the pontine nuclei. Normal pain and temperature perception indicate that the lesion was more limited to the midline rather than lateral where the spinothalamic and 5th nerve components lie. Gaze paralysis to the right and internal strabismus of the right eye indicate weakness of the right lateral rectus and injury to the fibers of the right abducens nerve. If the 6th nucleus had been involved the medial rectus of the left eye would have shown signs as well, due to involvement of the nearby PPRF. Since convergence was preserved and only the lateral rectus of the right eye was paralyzed this was a lesion involving only the fibers of the 6th nerve.This constellation of symptoms is consistent with the midline distribution of the paramedian branches of the basilar artery and occlusion of its branches in the caudal pons.