Micturition
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The document summarizes the process of micturition, or urination. Micturition involves two main steps - the filling of the urinary bladder until tension reaches a threshold level, and then the emptying of the bladder through the micturition reflex or conscious decision. During emptying, the detrusor muscle in the bladder contracts while internal and external urethral sphincters relax, allowing urine to exit the body. The micturition reflex is controlled by the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebral cortex, and can be inhibited or initiated by higher brain centers.
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Micturition
Micturition is the process of urinating that involves two main steps - the bladder filling with urine until tension triggers the micturition reflex, causing the bladder to empty. This reflex is controlled by the spinal cord but can be inhibited or facilitated by the brain. The urinary bladder stores urine and empties through contraction of the detrusor muscle. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits through the urethra. The micturition reflex maintains control of urination but damage to nerves can cause abnormalities like an atonic bladder with no control or an automatic bladder that empties without brain input.
MICTURITION
The document discusses the physiology of micturition (urination). It describes the functional anatomy of the bladder, its innervation, and the physiological processes of filling and emptying. Filling is controlled by sympathetic nerves, while emptying involves a parasympathetic reflex initiated once the bladder reaches a certain volume. This reflex can be inhibited by higher brain centers until a convenient time. Abnormalities like atonic, automatic, and neurogenic bladders are also discussed.
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Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
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There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
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* Loop of Henle has three parts.
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Micturition
Micturition is the process of urinating that involves two main steps - the bladder filling with urine until tension triggers the micturition reflex, causing the bladder to empty. This reflex is controlled by the spinal cord but can be inhibited or facilitated by the brain. The urinary bladder stores urine and empties through contraction of the detrusor muscle. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits through the urethra. The micturition reflex maintains control of urination but damage to nerves can cause abnormalities like an atonic bladder with no control or an automatic bladder that empties without brain input.
MICTURITION
The document discusses the physiology of micturition (urination). It describes the functional anatomy of the bladder, its innervation, and the physiological processes of filling and emptying. Filling is controlled by sympathetic nerves, while emptying involves a parasympathetic reflex initiated once the bladder reaches a certain volume. This reflex can be inhibited by higher brain centers until a convenient time. Abnormalities like atonic, automatic, and neurogenic bladders are also discussed.
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Dr. Nilesh Kate's document provides an overview of smooth muscle physiology. It discusses the functional anatomy and organization of smooth muscle, including that it is non-striated, involuntary muscle that exists in bundles. It describes the two types of smooth muscle - single unit and multi unit - and their characteristics. The document outlines the structure of smooth muscle fibers and covers the processes of excitability, contraction, and relaxation. It explains excitation and inhibition of smooth muscle can occur through nerves, hormones, pacemakers, stretching or temperature changes. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive review of smooth muscle types, organization, function and physiology.
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Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
There are about 1.3 million nephron in each kidney.
New nephrons can not be regenerated by kidneys.
Functioning nephrons decrease about 10 % every 10 years at the age of 40.
At the age of 80, there are 40 % of functioning nephrons as compared to 40 yrs.
It is formed by two parts.
1. GLOMERULUS
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
1- Glomerulus:
It consists of tuft of glomerular capillaries.
There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
Glomerulus is surrounded by a membranous cover called Bowman’s capsule.
Each glomerulus is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together constitute renal corpuscle.
Each renal tubule is divided into various part as they have different functions.
i- Proximal convulated tubule.
It is continuation of Bowman’s capsule.
ii- Loop of Henle. It is continuation of prox. conv. tubule.
* Loop of Henle has three parts.
a- descending limb,
b- u turn or bend in medulla and
c- ascending limb.
Ascending limb has initial thin segment followed by thick segment.
At the end of thick ascending limb, there is short segment called macula densa, which plays important role in controlling functions of nephron.
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This document provides an overview of cardiac muscle structure and function. It defines key terms related to the properties of cardiac muscle such as rhythmicity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility. It describes the cardiac syncytium and normal conduction pathway in the heart. It explains excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle and compares it to skeletal muscle. It also compares action potentials in the sinoatrial node and ventricular muscle. Finally, it discusses the significance of the plateau and refractory period in ventricular muscle action potentials.
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The process of voiding urine, known as micturition, involves the urinary bladder filling with urine and then emptying through contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal and external urethral sphincters. This is mediated by a micturition reflex initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall and regulated by spinal and brain centers. Voluntary control of micturition is achieved through inhibition or facilitation of the reflex by higher brain centers.
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This document discusses gastric secretion and the physiology of stomach acid production. It covers the following key points:
1. The stomach lining contains various cell types that secrete substances like mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid through a mechanism involving hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps.
2. Gastric acid secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The cephalic phase begins with eating cues, while the gastric phase responds to food in the stomach through gastrin and vagal stimulation.
3. Experiments like Pavlov's pouch and sham feeding helped
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The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
4. smooth muscle tissue
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
The primary identifying characteristics are:
A. Multiple peripheral nuclei
B. No striations
C. Intercalated discs
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Rmp
1. The document discusses the electrical changes that occur in muscles during contraction, known as the resting membrane potential and action potential.
2. The resting membrane potential is the voltage difference across the cell membrane at rest, around -70mV for nerves and -80mV to -90mV for muscles. It results from ion gradients established by the sodium-potassium pump and diffusion of sodium and potassium ions.
3. When a muscle is stimulated, an action potential occurs through depolarization and repolarization phases, resulting in a rapid change in membrane potential. The action potential propagates the signal along the membrane.
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Skeletal muscle properties
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1. The heart rate is regulated by the nervous system, specifically the vasomotor center located in the medulla oblongata.
2. The vasomotor center contains vasoconstrictor and vasodilator areas that regulate heart rate by sending sympathetic or parasympathetic signals via the spinal cord. The vasoconstrictor area increases heart rate while the vasodilator area decreases it.
3. Factors like emotions, exercise and respiration can trigger the vasomotor center to adjust heart rate through sympathetic or parasympathetic outflow as part of reflex responses mediated by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
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Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Phone: 9010705687
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It consists of the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of nerves. The CNS processes sensory information and motor commands, while the PNS connects the CNS to sensory receptors and muscles. Communication occurs via neurons, which transmit electrochemical signals through synapses using neurotransmitters.
Autonomic nervous system
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This document summarizes muscle physiology, including:
1. The functions of muscle tissue such as movement, stability, and respiration.
2. The properties of muscle tissue including excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
3. The types and classifications of muscles as well as the roles of agonist and antagonist muscles.
4. Key aspects of muscle anatomy and the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.
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micturition and nursing implications.pptx
Micturition is the process of urinary bladder emptying through coordinated contractions of the detrusor muscle and relaxations of the internal and external urethral sphincters. It involves storage of urine in the bladder, controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation as well as spinal and higher brain centers. When the bladder reaches capacity, stretch receptors signal the spinal cord which initiates a reflex arc to contract the detrusor muscle and relax the sphincters, allowing urine to pass out of the body if permitted by the brain.
Physiology of micturition
The document summarizes the physiology of micturition (urination). It discusses the anatomy of the ureters and bladder, as well as their innervation. It describes the mechanisms of bladder filling and emptying, including the micturition reflex. It also covers central control of micturition and applied aspects like spinal cord injuries. Recent advances discussed include the sensory role of non-neuronal cells in the bladder and potential new treatments.
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The process of voiding urine, known as micturition, involves the urinary bladder filling with urine and then emptying through contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal and external urethral sphincters. This is mediated by a micturition reflex initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall and regulated by spinal and brain centers. Voluntary control of micturition is achieved through inhibition or facilitation of the reflex by higher brain centers.
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1. The stomach lining contains various cell types that secrete substances like mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid through a mechanism involving hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps.
2. Gastric acid secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The cephalic phase begins with eating cues, while the gastric phase responds to food in the stomach through gastrin and vagal stimulation.
3. Experiments like Pavlov's pouch and sham feeding helped
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The document summarizes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The JGA is located near the glomerulus and is formed by macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells. The primary function of the JGA is secretion of hormones like renin and prostaglandins. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism regulates glomerular filtration rate through detection of NaCl concentration by the macula densa cells, which signals the release of adenosine to constrict or dilate the afferent arteriole accordingly.
4. smooth muscle tissue
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
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A. Multiple peripheral nuclei
B. No striations
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Rmp
1. The document discusses the electrical changes that occur in muscles during contraction, known as the resting membrane potential and action potential.
2. The resting membrane potential is the voltage difference across the cell membrane at rest, around -70mV for nerves and -80mV to -90mV for muscles. It results from ion gradients established by the sodium-potassium pump and diffusion of sodium and potassium ions.
3. When a muscle is stimulated, an action potential occurs through depolarization and repolarization phases, resulting in a rapid change in membrane potential. The action potential propagates the signal along the membrane.
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This document provides an overview of synapses, including their definition, structure, function, types of transmission (electrical vs. chemical), neurotransmitters, and various properties like synaptic delay, fatigue, summation, and more. It discusses excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and how convergence and divergence allow signals to be dispersed or combined. Clinical implications are that problems with synaptic transmission can cause diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
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Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It aids in digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine. Bile is secreted from the liver into bile canaliculi and stored in the gallbladder. Upon eating, bile is discharged from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the duodenum where it helps to digest lipids. Bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum through enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver to be reused.
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The document summarizes the structure and classification of the nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord while the PNS contains all neural tissue outside the CNS. There are two main cell types - neurons which process and transmit information, and neuroglia which provide support. Neurons can be classified based on their number of poles (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar), length of axons, or their function (sensory, motor, interneurons). Myelin allows faster signal transmission along axons.
Regulation of heart rate
1. The heart rate is regulated by the nervous system, specifically the vasomotor center located in the medulla oblongata.
2. The vasomotor center contains vasoconstrictor and vasodilator areas that regulate heart rate by sending sympathetic or parasympathetic signals via the spinal cord. The vasoconstrictor area increases heart rate while the vasodilator area decreases it.
3. Factors like emotions, exercise and respiration can trigger the vasomotor center to adjust heart rate through sympathetic or parasympathetic outflow as part of reflex responses mediated by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
Urine formation
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Phone: 9010705687
Intestinal movements- Dr Prafull Turerao.
The document summarizes the movements of the small and large intestines. It describes two types of movements in the small intestine: segmentation movements and peristaltic movements. Segmentation movements involve localized contractions that divide the intestine into segments, while peristaltic movements propel contents forward in waves. The document also discusses two types of movements in the large intestine - haustral contractions and mass movements - and describes the reflex involved in defecation.
physiology : the nervous system
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It consists of the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of nerves. The CNS processes sensory information and motor commands, while the PNS connects the CNS to sensory receptors and muscles. Communication occurs via neurons, which transmit electrochemical signals through synapses using neurotransmitters.
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary bodily functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" through increased heart rate, breathing, and metabolism. The parasympathetic system acts to conserve energy and promote rest through decreased heart rate and increased digestion. The ANS regulates organ systems like the heart, lungs, and digestive system through both divisions to maintain homeostasis.
Muscle physiology
This document summarizes muscle physiology, including:
1. The functions of muscle tissue such as movement, stability, and respiration.
2. The properties of muscle tissue including excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
3. The types and classifications of muscles as well as the roles of agonist and antagonist muscles.
4. Key aspects of muscle anatomy and the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.
Lymphoid tissue
The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow and skin-associated lymphoid tissues. The main cells of the lymphatic system are lymphocytes such as B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, and supporting cells that interact with and present antigens to lymphocytes. The lymphatic system protects the body from foreign materials, assists in fluid circulation, and transports dietary fats. The thymus gland aids in the maturation of T cells while the spleen filters blood and mounts an immune response to antigens. Lymph nodes are located around arteries and veins and filter lymph fluid draining tissues.
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The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the bladder. It describes the two main steps of micturition as the bladder filling progressively until tension rises above a threshold, and then emptying of the bladder. Micturition is regulated by centers in the brain and spinal cord. The bladder is innervated by parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic nerves which facilitate filling and emptying. Neurological lesions in different areas can cause different types of neurogenic bladder dysfunction characterized by symptoms like incontinence or retention.
Neurogenic Bladder
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Micturition reflex
1) The micturition reflex involves the filling and emptying of the bladder through neural pathways.
2) When the bladder fills with urine, stretch receptors in the bladder wall send signals through the pelvic nerve to the spinal cord. This causes the bladder to contract via parasympathetic fibers.
3) Contraction increases pressure in the bladder until a sustained pressure is reached, causing the urge to urinate. Voluntary control is exercised by the external urethral sphincter through inhibitory signals from the brain.
Urinary bladder nerve supply
The nerve supply to the bladder originates from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Sympathetics cause bladder relaxation and internal sphincter contraction, while parasympathetics cause detrusor muscle contraction and internal sphincter relaxation to allow urination. The pudendal nerve supplies the external urethral sphincter. Afferent fibers carry sensory information from the bladder to the spinal cord. Central control involves the frontal lobe and pons, while spinal control involves the Onuf nucleus in the anterior horn of S2. Lower motor neuron lesions cause failure to empty due to a flaccid bladder, while upper motor neuron lesions cause failure to store due to a hyperreflexic
Nervous system complete
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves). It detects internal and external changes, processes sensory information, and initiates motor responses. The nervous system has three main functions - sensory input, integration of input, and motor output responses. It works through neurons, which communicate via electrochemical signals called nerve impulses.
Bladder in paraplegia
The urinary bladder consists of a body that collects urine and a neck that connects to the urethra. The smooth muscle of the bladder is called the detrusor muscle. The trigone area on the posterior bladder wall contains the openings of the ureters and bladder neck. Innervation involves parasympathetic fibers that cause bladder contraction and sympathetic fibers that stimulate blood vessels. During filling, stretch receptors trigger micturition reflexes in the spinal cord, and higher brain centers facilitate or inhibit emptying. Spinal cord injuries can cause various types of neurogenic bladder depending on the level and completeness of the lesion.
physiology of Micturition
Micturition is the process of emptying the urinary bladder. It involves two main steps - first the bladder fills until tension triggers the micturition reflex, which empties the bladder. This reflex can be inhibited or facilitated by the brain. The bladder is composed of a body that collects urine and a neck that connects to the urethra. Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters. Stretch receptors in the bladder wall trigger the micturition reflex when the bladder is full, causing the bladder to contract and the sphincter to relax, allowing urination. The brain can override this reflex to control urination.
Bladder disorders(neurogenic)
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary bladder. It discusses the normal micturition reflex and how it can become dysfunctional. Specifically, it covers three types of abnormal bladder function: irritative symptoms like urgency and frequency, obstructive symptoms like hesitancy, and incontinence. It also discusses various neurological disorders that can cause bladder disturbances, including multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injuries.
6. nervous system
The document discusses the functions of the cerebral hemispheres. It states that the cerebral hemispheres are responsible for sensory functions like touch, vision, and hearing through specialized sensory areas. They are also responsible for motor functions through areas like the primary motor cortex. The cerebral hemispheres enable conscious awareness and functions like language, emotions, and memory which are mediated by structures like the limbic system. Association areas allow the integration and interpretation of sensory information. In most people, the left hemisphere dominates functions like language and logic while the right hemisphere dominates spatial skills, intuition, and artistic appreciation.
Micturition reflex / Neural control of Urination
The document discusses the micturition reflex, which is the reflex by which the urinary bladder empties when full. It describes the physiological anatomy of the bladder, its innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and the normal pathway of the reflex from bladder filling to emptying. It also discusses some abnormalities in micturition that can occur due to deafferentation, denervation, or lesions disrupting control by higher brain centers.
Micturition reflex
The document discusses the micturition reflex, which is the reflex by which the urinary bladder empties when full. It describes the physiological anatomy of the bladder, its innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and the normal pathway of the reflex. It also discusses abnormalities that can occur in the reflex pathway due to deafferentation, denervation, or lesions in higher brain centers that regulate micturition.
Autonomic nervous system
This document provides an outline and overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It begins by introducing the ANS and its role in regulating internal environments. It then discusses the divisions of the ANS into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Key differences between the two divisions are explained, such as neurotransmitters, locations of ganglia, and effects on target organs. Examples of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses are provided. The document concludes by discussing dual innervation of organs and cooperative effects between the divisions of the ANS.
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Micturition
- 1. MICTURITION
- 3. MICTURITIONProcess by which urinary bladder empties when it is filled 2 MAIN STEPS: 1. BLADDER FILLING progressively until tension of the walls rises above threshold level. 2. BLADDER EMPTYING (Micturition reflex) – empties bladder or conscious desire to
- 4. URINARY BLADDER 2 MAIN COMPONENTS BODY – urine collects NECK – connecting with urethra *both smooth muscle, involuntary
- 5. MUSCLES FOR MICTURITION CONTRACTION: Destrusor muscle Abdominal Wall Chest wall Diaphragm RELAXATION: Internal & External urethral sphincter Pelvic floor Perineal muscle
- 11. PAIN SENSATION
- 12. BLADDER CYCLE
- 15. MICTURITION REFLEX (MR) Autonomic spinal cord reflex By brain stem (pons) & cerebral cortex HIGHER CENTERS: Can inhibit MR if desired Can prevent MR even if it already occurred When desired na, MR initiate = External U S inhibited