Network devices such as repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and gateways are used to extend and segment computer networks. Repeaters regenerate signals to increase network distance while hubs connect multiple cables but do not segment traffic. Bridges and switches segment networks into broadcast domains to reduce collisions. Routers connect different network types, choose optimal paths, and prevent broadcast traffic between segments. Gateways translate between different network protocols.
In this we discuss about DATA RATE LIMITS
Two theoretical formulas were developed to calculate the data rate:
Nyquist bit rate for a noiseless channel
BitRate = 2 * bandwidth * log 2 L
2: Shannon Capacity for a noisy channel
Capacity = bandwidth * log 2 (1 + SNR)
...............
PERFORMANCE (Network PERFORMANCE) :
Bandwidth: ( Bandwidth in Hertz and Bandwidth in Bits per Seconds) :
Throughput:
These above topics covered in this slide
Thanks You!
In this we discuss about DATA RATE LIMITS
Two theoretical formulas were developed to calculate the data rate:
Nyquist bit rate for a noiseless channel
BitRate = 2 * bandwidth * log 2 L
2: Shannon Capacity for a noisy channel
Capacity = bandwidth * log 2 (1 + SNR)
...............
PERFORMANCE (Network PERFORMANCE) :
Bandwidth: ( Bandwidth in Hertz and Bandwidth in Bits per Seconds) :
Throughput:
These above topics covered in this slide
Thanks You!
Presentation on Static Network Architecture for multi-programming and multi-processing. Architecture, Ring Architecture, Ring Chordal Architecture, Barrel Shifter Architecture, Fully Connected Architecture.
switching techniques in data communication and networkingHarshita Yadav
it is a detailed presentation on switching techniques. it includes the three types of switching technique. it is described in such manner that you can learn switching without any difficulties.
NP completeness. Classes P and NP are two frequently studied classes of problems in computer science. Class P is the set of all problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time.
Basic communication operations - One to all BroadcastRashiJoshi11
Brief description of Basic communication operations in parallel computing along with description of One to all Broadcast, its implementation on ring, mesh and hypercube, cost of and how to improve speed of one to all broadcast.
Introduction
Basically, Handover means the giving of control
of or responsibility for to someone else.
Similarly, The process of changing point of
communication while communicating is known
as handover in cellular network.
Presentation on Static Network Architecture for multi-programming and multi-processing. Architecture, Ring Architecture, Ring Chordal Architecture, Barrel Shifter Architecture, Fully Connected Architecture.
switching techniques in data communication and networkingHarshita Yadav
it is a detailed presentation on switching techniques. it includes the three types of switching technique. it is described in such manner that you can learn switching without any difficulties.
NP completeness. Classes P and NP are two frequently studied classes of problems in computer science. Class P is the set of all problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time.
Basic communication operations - One to all BroadcastRashiJoshi11
Brief description of Basic communication operations in parallel computing along with description of One to all Broadcast, its implementation on ring, mesh and hypercube, cost of and how to improve speed of one to all broadcast.
Introduction
Basically, Handover means the giving of control
of or responsibility for to someone else.
Similarly, The process of changing point of
communication while communicating is known
as handover in cellular network.
For beginners in Computer Networking field, know about basics about what is Computer Networks, what are ways through which we can communicate, what is meant by protocols, he famous OSI its layers and TCP/IP and its layers, What makes a Networking Device, basic topologies of Computer Networks, special purpose network devices like Switch, routers, repeter, bridges and hub, and basics of networking methods, basics of ethernet, TCP its characteristics, UDP, TCP vs UDP, One would wonder what happens when information particular to each layer is read by the corresponding protocols at target machine or why is it required?
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. ObjectivesObjectives
• Explain the uses, advantages, and
disadvantages of repeaters
• Explain the uses, advantages, and
disadvantages of hubs
• Define network segmentation
• Explain network segmentation using
bridges
3. RepeatersRepeaters
• The number of nodes on a network and the
length of cable used influence the quality of
communication on the network
• Attenuation
– Natural degradation of a transmitted signal over
distance
• Repeaters work against attenuation by repeating
signals that they receive on a network
- Typically cleaning and regenerating the digital
transmission in the process
5. RepeatersRepeaters
• Note that on analog networks, devices that boost
the signal are called amplifiers
• These devices do not have the same signal
regeneration capabilities as repeaters because
they must maintain the shape of the received
signal
– Therefore, noise tends to amplified with the signal
6. RepeatersRepeaters
• Repeaters work in the Physical layer (layer 1)
• On optical networks, signal amplification is
handled by optical repeaters
• Some repeaters can be used to connect two
physically different types of cabling
8. HubsHubs
• Generic connection device used to tie several
networking cables together to create a link
between different stations on a network
• Hubs that are plugged into electric power are
called active hubs
• A hub that merely connects different cables on a
network and provides no signal regeneration is
called a passive hub and is not a repeater
9. • Active hubs
– Amplify or repeat signals that pass through them
• Passive hub
– Merely connects cables on a network and provides
no signal regeneration
10. HubsHubs
• “Hub” is a generic term applied to many different
network-connection devices
• If a hub in some way segments or subdivides the
traffic on a network, it is an intelligent, or
switching, hub
11. Hubs
Hubs, are simple devices that interconnect
groups of users.
Hubs forward any data packets they receive over one port
from one workstation—including e-mail, word processing
documents, spreadsheets, graphics, or print requests—to all of
their remaining ports.
All users connected to a single hub sharing
the hub’s bandwidth or data-carrying capacity.
Examples of Cisco hub products:
Cisco Micro Hub series
Cisco FastHub® series
12. HubsHubs
• Topology
– Usually refers to the physical layout of network
cable and devices
– When all stations are connected to a central hub,
the topology is known as a star because of its
appearance
14. Advantages and Disadvantages ofAdvantages and Disadvantages of
Repeaters and HubsRepeaters and Hubs
• Advantages of using repeaters on your
network:
– Repeaters can extend a network’s total distance
– Repeaters do not seriously impact network
performance
– Certain repeaters can connect networks using
different physical media
15. Advantages and Disadvantages ofAdvantages and Disadvantages of
Repeaters and HubsRepeaters and Hubs
• Disadvantages of using repeaters on your network:
– Repeaters cannot connect different network
architectures, such as Token Ring and Ethernet
– Repeaters do not reduce network traffic
* They repeat everything they received
– Repeaters do not segment the network
– Do not reformat data structures
• Cannot connect networks that require different
types of frames
16. Advantages and Disadvantages ofAdvantages and Disadvantages of
Repeaters and HubsRepeaters and Hubs
• Because repeaters do not segment a network,
devices separated only by a repeater are
susceptible to data packet collision, since they are
part of the same collision domain
• Collision domain
– In Ethernet networking, a single segment on a
network
17. Network SegmentationNetwork Segmentation
• Segmentation
– Process of breaking a network into smaller broadcast
or collision domains
• Segment
– Part of a network that is divided logically or physically
from the rest of the network
• When network administrators place too many nodes
on the same network segment
– Causes the number of collisions to increase
19. BridgesBridges
• Operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model
• Filters traffic between network segments by
examining the destination MAC address
– Based on this destination MAC address, the bridge either
forwards or discards the frame
– When a client sends a broadcast frame to the entire
network, the bridge will always forward the frame
– Reduce network traffic by keeping local traffic on the
local segment
22. Transparent BridgesTransparent Bridges
• Also called learning bridges because they build a
table of MAC addresses as they receive frames
– This means that they “learn” which addresses are on which
segments
• The bridge uses the source MAC addresses to
determine which addresses are on which segments
– By determining a frame’s origin, the bridge knows where
to send frames in the future
• Ethernet networks mainly use transparent bridges
23. Advantages and Disadvantages ofAdvantages and Disadvantages of
BridgesBridges
• Advantages of using a bridge include:
– Bridges can extend a network by acting as a repeater
– Bridges can reduce network traffic on a segment by
subdividing network communications
– Bridges increase the available bandwidth to individual
nodes because fewer nodes share a collision domain
– Bridges reduce the likelihood of network collisions
– Some bridges connect networks using different media
types and architectures
24. Advantages and Disadvantages ofAdvantages and Disadvantages of
BridgesBridges
• Disadvantages of using a bridge include:
– Because bridges do more than repeaters by
viewing the MAC addresses, the extra processing
makes them slower than repeaters
* Extra processing by viewing MAC addresses
– Bridges forward broadcast frames
indiscriminately, so they do not filter broadcast
traffic
– Bridges are more expensive than repeaters
25. Advantages and Disadvantages ofAdvantages and Disadvantages of
BridgesBridges
• Because bridges forward broadcast traffic, it
can be a major disadvantage on a network
during a broadcast storm
• Broadcast storm
– Excessive broadcast messages to every host on the
network, launched by multiple computers
– When two or more stations engage in the
transmission of excessive broadcast traffic
26. SwitchesSwitches
• Increase network performance by reducing the
number of packets transmitted to the rest of
the network
• Like bridges, operate at the Data Link layer of
the OSI model
• In an Ethernet network, computers are usually
connected directly to a switch
27. SwitchesSwitches
• Bandwidth
– Available capacity of a network
• Contention
– Condition that occurs when computers on a
network must share the available capacity of the
network wire with other computers
28. SwitchesSwitches
• Advantages of switches include:
– Switches increase available network bandwidth
– With switches, there is reduced workload on
individual computers
– Switches increase network performance
– There are fewer frame collisions because switches
create collision domains for each connection
– Switches have an unlimited number of ports and
connect directly to workstations
29. SwitchesSwitches
• Disadvantages of switches include:
– Switches are significantly more expensive than
bridges
– Network connectivity problems can be difficult to
trace through a switch
– Broadcast traffic may be troublesome
30. RoutersRouters
• Provide filtering and network traffic control
on LANs and WANs
• Can connect multiple segments and multiple
networks
– Networks connected by routers are called
internetworks because they create a larger
network of interconnected, smaller networks
31. RoutersRouters
• When a router is introduced into a network, it
creates more networks
• Routers create collision domains and they also
create broadcast domains because a router will
not pass broadcast traffic
– A broadcast domain is a group of network devices
that will receive LAN broadcast traffic from each
other
32. Routers not only connect networks in a single location or
set of buildings, but they provide interfaces— or
“sockets”—for connecting to wide-area network (WAN)
services.
Examples of Cisco router products:
Cisco 700 series
Cisco 1000 series
Cisco 1600 series
Cisco 2500 series
Cisco 2600 series
Cisco 3600 series
Cisco 4500 series
33. Physical versus Logical AddressesPhysical versus Logical Addresses
• Subnetwork
– Portion of the network created by manipulating a
network address and breaking it down into smaller
parts
• IP address
– 32-bit binary address used on TCP/IP networks
– Consists of a host portion and a network portion
34. Physical versus Logical AddressesPhysical versus Logical Addresses
• Notice that
each port
(connection)
on the router
has its own
unique IP
address
Figure 2-5:
Router
35. Advantages and Disadvantages ofAdvantages and Disadvantages of
RoutersRouters
• Advantages of routers:
– Routers can connect different network
architectures
– Routes can choose the best path across the
network using dynamic routing techniques
– Routers can create collision domains by
segmenting the network
– Routers reduce network traffic because they do
not retransmit network broadcast traffic
36. Advantages and Disadvantages ofAdvantages and Disadvantages of
RoutersRouters
• Disadvantages of routers:
– Routers work only with routable network protocols
– Routers are more expensive than bridges or repeaters
– Dynamic router communication causes additional
network overhead
– Routers are slower than bridges or switches because
they must analyze a data transmission from the
Physical through the Network layer
37. BroutersBrouters
• Device that functions as:
– A bridge for nonroutable protocols
– A router for routable protocols
• Operates at both the Data Link and Network
layers
38. GatewaysGateways
• Gateways
– Combination of hardware and software
– Translate between different protocols on a
network
• Latency
– Delay on a network caused by a variety of factors
39. A gateway provides a LAN with access to a
different type of network, an internetwork,
a mainframe computer, or a particular type
of operating environment.
A gateway serves to connect networks with very
different architectures, for example, a LAN and
an X.25 packet-switching service. Gateways are
also used to provide access to special services,
such as e-mail (electronic mail), fax, and Telex.
40. Gateways can operate at several of the higher OSI
Reference Model levels, most
notably at the session, presentation, and application
layers.
In doing their work, gateways may change the
representation of data before passing it on. For example, a
gateway may convert from ASCII to EBCDIC on the way
to an IBM mainframe, encrypting or decrypting data
between the source and destination environments.
Gateways also must do protocol conversion, since the
different environments
connected by a gateway will generally use different
protocol families.
41. Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
• Network administrators use devices to control
and extend usable size of a network
• Repeaters work against attenuation by cleaning
and repeating signals that they receive on a
network
• A hub ties several networking cables together to
create a link between different stations on a
network
42. Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
• Bridges and switches are devices commonly used to
segment networks
• Routers provide filtering and network-traffic control
on LANs and WANs
• A brouter is a hybrid device that functions both as
bridge for nonroutable protocol and a router for
routable protocols
• Gateways are usually a combination of hardware and
software and are used to translate between different
protocols
54. Routers
Compared to switches and bridges, routers are
smarter.
. Based on a network roadmap called a “routing table,”
routers can help ensure that packets are traveling the
most efficient paths to their destinations.
If a link between two routers goes
down, the sending router can determine an alternate
route to keep traffic moving.
55. Routers also provide links between networks that
speak different languages—or, in computer speak—
networks that use different “protocols.” Examples
include IP (Internet Protocol) and AppleTalk.