The document discusses basic networking concepts including LANs, wireless LANs, network hardware, common network media, and Ethernet specifications. It defines a LAN as a group of computers and devices sharing resources within a small geographic area. Wireless LANs transmit over the air using unlicensed frequencies. Common network hardware includes hubs, switches, bridges, routers and network interface cards. Wired networks typically use copper or fiber optic cable, while wireless networks transmit over radio frequencies. The document provides examples of LAN implementations in home and business configurations.
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
basic computer networking osi model ppt, network topology ppt
I run a knowledge sharing YouTube channel called (SILICON CHIPS TAMILAN). Please like, share, subscribe, and support me.
YouTube Link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCenZp9ho_PP0K5iYrdocvrw
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
basic computer networking osi model ppt, network topology ppt
I run a knowledge sharing YouTube channel called (SILICON CHIPS TAMILAN). Please like, share, subscribe, and support me.
YouTube Link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCenZp9ho_PP0K5iYrdocvrw
Collaboration is not an option. Everything is available to everyone. Your business needs strategies for competitive advantage. This presentation helps you to start thinking in the direction.
8 Ps of Marketing: The Secret Mix for E-Commerce Competitive AdvantageInverse Design
How brands can use all elements of the 8ps of service marketing to create an e-commerce competitive advantage, ruling the market in their industry online.
group of computers connected with each other to share information or resources. A network can be small or a large. it can be created in a building or spread all over the world. Networks are main source of communication all over the world. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet.
For beginners in Computer Networking field, know about basics about what is Computer Networks, what are ways through which we can communicate, what is meant by protocols, he famous OSI its layers and TCP/IP and its layers, What makes a Networking Device, basic topologies of Computer Networks, special purpose network devices like Switch, routers, repeter, bridges and hub, and basics of networking methods, basics of ethernet, TCP its characteristics, UDP, TCP vs UDP, One would wonder what happens when information particular to each layer is read by the corresponding protocols at target machine or why is it required?
This pesentation explains some topics realated to the computer networking...
Basically we are covering the following areas...
1. Ethernet Technology and its Evolution
2. Wireless Networking Technologies
3. IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
This will help the students to get a good idea about Computer Networking field...
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
2. LANs
•Definition – LAN
• "local area network"
• Is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common
communications line or wireless link and typically share the resources of
a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for example,
within an office building).
• Usually, the server has applications and data storage that are shared in
common by multiple computer users.
• A local area network may serve as few as two or three users (for
example, in a home network) or many as thousands of users.
3. LANs
•Definition – Wireless LAN
• A local area network that transmits over the air typically in an
unlicensed frequency such as the 2.4GHz band.
• A wireless LAN does not require lining up devices for line of sight
transmission.
• Wireless access points (base stations) are connected to an Ethernet hub
or server and transmit a radio frequency over an area of several
hundred to a thousand feet which can penetrate walls and other non-
metal barriers.
• Roaming users can be handed off from one access point to another like
a cellular phone system.
• Laptops use wireless network cards that plug into an existing PCMCIA
slot or that are self contained on PC cards, while stand-alone desktops
and servers use plug-in cards (ISA, PCI, etc.).
4. LANs
•Characteristics – LAN
• Topology
• The geometric arrangement of devices on the network or the
shape of a local-area network (LAN) or other communications
system.
• Protocols
• The rules and encoding specifications for sending data. The protocol
defines the format and meaning of the data that is exchanged. The
protocols also determine whether the network uses a peer-to-peer
or client/server architecture.
• Media
• Devices can be connected by twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables, or
fiber optic cables. Some networks do without connecting media
altogether, communicating instead via radio waves.
5. LANs
•Topology types
• bus topology: All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or
backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small
networks. Ethernet systems use a bus topology.
• star topology: All devices are connected to a central hub. Star networks are
relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data
must pass through the hub. This is not much of a problem anymore with the
widespread deployment of switches.
• ring topology: All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed
loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either
side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to install, but they
offer high bandwidth and can span large distances.
6. Network Hardware
•Hub
• An unintelligent network device that sends one signal
to all of the stations connected to it.
• All computers/devices are competing for attention
because it takes the data that comes into a port and
sends it out all the other ports in the hub.
• Traditionally, hubs are used for star topology
networks, but they are often used with other
configurations to make it easy to add and remove
computers without bringing down the network.
• Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
7. Network Hardware
•Switch
• Split large networks into small segments, decreasing
the number of users sharing the same network
resources and bandwidth.
• Understands when two devices want to talk to each
other, and gives them a switched connection
• Helps prevent data collisions and reduces network
congestion, increasing network performance.
• Most home users get very little, if any, advantage
from switches, even when sharing a broadband
connection.
• Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
8. Network Hardware
•Bridge
• Connects two LANs and forwards or filters data
packets between them.
• Creates an extended network in which any two
workstations on the linked LANs can share data.
• Transparent to protocols and to higher level devices
like routers.
• Forward data depending on the Hardware (MAC)
address, not the Network address (IP).
• Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
9. Network Hardware
•Repeater
• Used to boost the signal between two cable
segments or wireless access points.
• Can not connect different network architecture.
• Does not simply amplify the signal, it regenerates the
packets and retimes them.
• Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model.
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
10. Network Hardware
•Router
• A device that connects any number of LANs.
• Uses standardized protocols to move packets
efficiently to their destination.
• More sophisticated than bridges, connecting
networks of different types (for example, star and
token ring)
• Forwards data depending on the Network address
(IP), not the Hardware (MAC) address.
• Routers are the only one of these four devices that
will allow you to share a single IP address among
multiple network clients.
• Resides on Layer 3 of the OSI model.
OSI Model Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
11. Network Hardware
•Additional Network Hardware Devices
• Network Interface Cards (NICs)
• Puts the data into packets and transmits packet onto the network.
• May be wired or wireless.
• Gateway
• Connects networks with different protocols like TCP/IP network and IPX/SPX networks.
• Routers and Gateways often refer to the same device.
• Proxy server
• Isolates internal network computers from the internet.
• The user first access the proxy server and the proxy server accesses the internet and
retrieves the requested web page or document. The user then gets a copy of that page
from the proxy server.
Source:
http://www.camas.wednet.edu/chs/tech/computer_tech/info/routers_hubs_bridges.htm
12. Common Network Media
•Electrical (copper)
•Coaxial Cable
•Single copper conductor in the center surrounded by a plastic layer for
insulation and a braided metal outer shield.
•Twisted pair
•Four pairs of wires twisted to certain specifications.
•Available in shielded and unshielded versions.
•Fiber-optic - A cable, consisting of a center glass core surrounded by layers of
plastic, that transmits data using light rather than electricity.
•Atmosphere/Wireless – Uses Electromagnetic waves. whose frequency
range is above that of microwaves, but below that of the visible spectrum.
•Choose Media based on :
•Wiring configurations
•Distance and location limitations
•Speed
•Reliability
•Security
•Budget
13. Copper - Twisted Pair
• Dialup over telephone line.
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
• High-speed (256 Kbps – 55 Mbps), Full-duplex.
• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and High-
bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)
• CAT5
• Ethernet cable standard defined by the Electronic
Industries Association and Telecommunications Industry
Association (EIA/TIA).
• Speeds up to 100 Mbps.
• Connector
• RJ-45 - Standard connectors used for unshielded twisted-
pair cable.
14. Ethernet Specifications
• 10BaseT
• Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cable (category 3, 4, or 5), transmits signals
at 10 Mbps (megabits per second) with a distance limit of 100 meters per segment.
• 10BaseF
• Ethernet specification for fiber optic cable, transmits signals at 10 Mbps (megabits per
second) with a distance limit of 2000 meters per segment.
• 100BaseT
• Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cabling that is used to transmit data at 100
Mbps (megabits per second) with a distance limit of 100 meters per segment.
• 1000BaseTX
• Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cabling that is used to transmit data at 1
Gbps (gigabits per second) with a distance limitation of 220 meters per segment.
15. •Infrared light is transmitted through fiber and confined
due to total internal reflection.
•Fibers can be made out of either plastic or glass.
•Used for high speed backbones and pipes over long
distances.
•Comparatively expensive.
Optical Fiber
16.
17. Wireless Media
•Wireless LAN or WLAN
• Wireless local area network that uses radio
waves as its carrier
•Wi-Fi ("Wireless Fidelity“)
•A set of standards for WLANs based on IEEE
802.11
•Wi-Max (Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access)
•Emerging technology that can cover ranges up
to 10 miles or more
•Satellite/Microwave
•High speed media used for longer distances and
remote locations
Coaxial - Cable consisting of a single copper conductor in the center surrounded by a plastic layer for insulation and a braided metal outer shield.
Twisted pair - Network cabling that consists of four pairs of wires that are manufactured with the wires twisted to certain specifications. Available in shielded and unshielded versions.
Uses Electromagnetic waves. whose frequency range is above that of microwaves, but below that of the visible spectrum.
Wireless - Through which microwave, laser, and infrared transmission occurs.
A very popular and widely used. Has a long history of usage.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), which allocates line bandwidth asymmetrically with downstream (CO to customer premises) data rates of up to 9 Mbps and upstream rates of up to 640 Kbps, depending on the implementation
High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL), which supports high-speed, full-duplex communication up to T1 or E2 speeds over multiple twisted-pair lines Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), which supports standard telephone communication and T1 or E1 data communication over a single twisted-pair line Very High-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL), which supports downstream speeds of up to 52 Mbps over short distances
One of five grades of UTP cabling described in the EIA/TIA-568B standard.
Important ones..
A very common medium used widely.
The light transmitted through the fiber is typically infrared and confined due to total internal reflection within the material.
Fiber has the ability to carry more information over much longer distances.
Being more and more widely used…
This chart provides a comparison of the 802.3 standards for 10 and 100 BaseT over copper and fiber media.
The last link with the users is wireless, to give a network connection to all users in a building or campus.
The backbone network usually uses cables.
Wimax could be typically used within a city
Ask for class inputs…ashttp://homenethelp.com/home-network.aspk what types of LAN configs….