The document discusses network construction for planning and scheduling large projects. It defines key terms like activities, events, precedence relationships. It describes activity on arrow and activity on node diagrams and provides rules for constructing networks without errors. Examples show how to build networks from descriptions of activities and their relationships. Dummy activities are introduced to properly represent connections when needed. Events are numbered according to flow to uniquely identify activities.
Project scheduling and resource levelling_Construction Management A Makwana
At the time of preparing the network of any project, usually it is assumed that all resources needed for its execution are available in plenty and no consideration of resource constraints is taken into account.
In such situations the duration of the project may increase escalating the cost of the project.
Project Evaluation and Review Technic and Critical Path Method are the effective methods to determining the estimated time for the completion of activities and tasks of a given project.Optimistic time, pessimistic time and most likely time using beta distribution ( bell shaped curve) of Research Methodology.
Critical Path Method: Activities And Events, Float/SlacksPrasad Thanthratey
A presentation on Critical Path Method: Activities And Events, Float/Slacks course of Construction Management from students of 10th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (January- April 2018)
Project scheduling and resource levelling_Construction Management A Makwana
At the time of preparing the network of any project, usually it is assumed that all resources needed for its execution are available in plenty and no consideration of resource constraints is taken into account.
In such situations the duration of the project may increase escalating the cost of the project.
Project Evaluation and Review Technic and Critical Path Method are the effective methods to determining the estimated time for the completion of activities and tasks of a given project.Optimistic time, pessimistic time and most likely time using beta distribution ( bell shaped curve) of Research Methodology.
Critical Path Method: Activities And Events, Float/SlacksPrasad Thanthratey
A presentation on Critical Path Method: Activities And Events, Float/Slacks course of Construction Management from students of 10th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (January- April 2018)
A project consists of interconnected activities that are to be executed in a certain order before the entire task is completed. The activities are interrelated in a logical sequence which is known as precedence relationship. The project is represented in the form of a network for analytical treatment to get a solution for scheduling and controlling activities.
In this project, To schedule the activities, we have applied the "CPM " and "PERT" method.
Constructing a network
1 Introduction and definitions:
-Activity and Project
-Project Management Process
-Network
2 Situations in network diagram
-Concurrent activities
-Predecessors and Successors Activities
-Dummy Activity
3 Errors to be Avoided in constructing a network
4 Rules in constructing a network
محاضرة من اعداد الاستاذ المساعد الدكتور محمود عباس محمود النعيمي مخصصة لطلبة كليات الهندسة وكليات الادارة والاقتصاد وكل المهتمين بموضوع ادارة المشاريع. المحاضرة تساعد في تسهيل فهم اسلوب تقييم ومراجعة المشروع وكيفية القيام بالحسابات اللازمة له
Lectures on Production Planning and Control for B.Sc. Students - Industrial Engineering Branch -Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy- University of Technology - Baghdad -Iraq
Material and capacity requirements planning (mrp and crp) part 2Dr. Mahmoud Al-Naimi
Lectures on Production Planning and Control for B.Sc. Students - Industrial Engineering Branch -Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy- University of Technology - Baghdad -Iraq
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
1. Network Construction Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
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Network Construction
Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
Assistant Professor
2016
2. Network Construction Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
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Network Construction
1- Introduction
Network scheduling is a technique used for planning, and scheduling large
projects in the field of construction, maintenance, fabrication, purchasing
computer system etc. The technique is a method of minimizing the trouble spots
such as production, delays and interruptions, by determining critical factors and
coordinating various parts of the overall job. There are two basic planning and
control technique that utilize a network to complete a predetermined project or
schedule. These are Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and
Critical Path Method (CPM). A project is defined as a combination of interrelated
activities all of which must be executed in a certain order for its completion
2- Basic Terms
To understand the network techniques one should be familiar with a few basic
terms of which both CPM and PERT are special applications.
Network It is the graphic representation of logically and sequentially connected
activities. Note: There are two types of network diagrams.
(i) Activity on Arrow (AOA) diagram or Arrow Diagram
(ii) Activity on Node (AON) diagram or Precedence Diagram Method (PDM)
In the following sections we will explain how to construct (AOA) diagram which
also called arrow diagram, while (AON) diagram will be explained later on.
Activity An activity represents some action and is a time consuming effort
necessary to complete a particular part of the overall project. Thus, each and every
activity has a point of time where it begins and a point where it ends. It is
represented in the network by an arrow as follows.
Here A is called the activity and i and j are start and end nodes.
Event The beginning and end points of an activity are called events or nodes.
Event is a point in the time and does not consume any resources. It is represented
3. Network Construction Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
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by a numbered circle. The head event called the jth event has always a number
higher than the tail event called the ith event.
Merge and burst events it is not necessary for an event to be the ending event of
only one activity but can be the ending event of two or more activities. Such event
is defined as a Merge event.
If the event happens to be the beginning event of two or more activities it is
defined as a Burst event
Preceding, succeeding and concurrent activities
Activities which must be accomplished before a given event can occur are termed
as preceding activities.
Activities which cannot be accomplished until an event has occurred are termed
as succeeding activities.
Activities which can be accomplished concurrently are known as concurrent
activities.
This classification is relative, which means that one activity can be preceding to
a certain event, and the same activity can be succeeding to some other event or it
may be a concurrent activity with one or more activities.
4. Network Construction Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
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Dummy activity certain activities which neither consumes time nor resources but
are used simply to represent a connection or a link between the events are known
as dummies. It is shown in the network by a dotted line. The purpose of
introducing dummy activity is -
(i) To maintain uniqueness in the numbering system as every activity may have
distinct set of events by which the activity can be identified.
(ii) To maintain a proper logic in the network.
Note: No two activities can be identified by the same beginning and end event. In
such cases, a dummy activity is introduced to resolve the problem.
3- Common Errors
Following are the three common errors in a network construction:
Looping (cycling): In a network diagram looping error is also known as cycling
error. Drawing an endless loop in a network is known as error of looping. A loop
can be formed if an activity were represented as going back in line.
Dangling To disconnect an activity before the completion of all the activities in
a network diagram is known as Dangling.
5. Network Construction Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
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Redundancy If a dummy activity is the only activity emanating from an event
and which can be eliminated is known as redundancy.
4- Rules of Network Construction
There are number of rules in connection with the handling of events and activities
of a project network that should be followed.
(i) Try to avoid arrows which cross each other.
(ii) Use straight arrows.
(iii) No event can occur until every activity preceding, it has been completed.
(iv) An event cannot occur twice i.e. there must be no loops.
(v) An activity succeeding an event cannot be started until that event has occurred.
(vi) Use arrows from left to right. Avoid mixing two directions, vertical and
standing arrows may be used if necessary.
(vii) Dummies should be introduced if it is extremely necessary.
(viii) The network has only one entry point called the start event and one point of
emergence called the end or terminal event.
Numbering the Events
After the network is drawn in a logical sequence every event is assigned a number.
The number sequence must be such so as to reflect the flow of the network. In
numbering the events the following rules should be observed.
(i) Event numbers should be unique.
(ii) Event numbering should be carried out on a sequential basis from left to right.
(iii) The initial event which has all outgoing arrows with no incoming arrow is
numbered as 1.
(iv) Delete all arrows emerging from all the numbered events. This will
create at least one new start event out of the preceding events.
6. Network Construction Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
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(v) Number all new start events 2,3 and so on. Repeat this process until all the
terminal event without any successor activity is reached, number the terminal
node suitably.
Note: The head of an arrow should always bear a number higher than the one
assigned to the tail of the arrow.
EXAMPLE- 1
Construct the arrow diagram comprising activities A, B, C, ……….., and L, such
that the following relationships are satisfied.
1. A, B, and C, the first activities of the project, can start simultaneously.
2. A and B precede D.
3. B precedes E, F, and H.
4. F and C precede G.
5. E and H precede I and J.
6. C, D, F, and J precede K.
7. K precedes L.
8. I, G, and L are the terminal activities of the project.
SOLUTION
The resulting arrow diagram is shown below. The diagram shows that the dummy
activities D1 and D2 are used to establish correct precedence relationships. D3 is
used to identify activities E and H with unique end events. The event of the project
are numbered such that their ascending order indicates the direction of progress
in the project.
7. Network Construction Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
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EXAMPLE- 2
Construct a network for the project whose activities and their precedence
relationships are as given in Table 1:
TABLE 1
Activity A B C D E F G H I
Predecessor
Activity
- A A - D B, C, E F D G, H
SOLUTION From the given constraints, it is clear that A, D are the starting
activity and I the terminal activity. B, C are starting with the same event and are
both the predecessors of the activity F. Also E has to be the predecessor of F.
Hence, we have to introduce a dummy activity.
8. Network Construction Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
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D1 is the dummy activity.
Finally we have the following network.
EXAMPLE- 3
Construct a network for the project whose activities and their precedence
relationships are as given in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Activity A B C D E F G H I J K
Predecessor
Activity
- - - A C B, D B, D E, F A G, H E, F
SOLUTION
11. Network Construction Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud
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EXAMPLE- 4
Construct the network for the project whose activities, their durations and their
precedence relationships are as given in Table 3:
(Note: In this Example durations are given therefore durations should be
mentioned on the network)
TABLE 3
Activity
Predecessor
Activity
Duration
A - 2
B A 6
C B 6
D B 1
E A 3
F E, D 3
G C, F 2
SOLUTION