Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to blockage of the coronary arteries, usually by atherosclerosis or a blood clot. It causes irreversible damage to heart tissue. Risk factors include age, sex, family history, smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Symptoms include chest pain and tightness, pain in the arms or back, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, blood tests of cardiac biomarkers, and echocardiograms. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow, preventing clots, and managing complications like arrhythmias or heart failure.

1. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

2. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION:
 MI is defined as a diseased condition which is
caused by reduced blood flow in a coronary artery
due to atherosclerosis & occlusion of an artery by an
embolus or thrombus.
 MI or heart attack is the irreversible damage of
myocardial tissue caused by prolonged ischaemia &
hypoxia.

3. TYPES OF INFARCTS
1. According to anatomic region of left ventricle invoved:
Anterior Posterior Lateral Septal Circumferential
Combinations--- Anterolateral, Posterolateral, Anteroseptal
2. According to degree of thickness of ventricular wall involved:
Transmural (full thickness)
Laminar (subendocardial)
3 According to age of infarcts:
Newly formed (acute, recent, fresh)
Advanced infarcts (old, healed, organised)

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
 It is evident that MI is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is
responsible for over 15% of mortality each year,
 Incidence is higher in elderly people, about 5% occurs at people under age 40.
 Males have higher risk.
 Women during reproductive period have low risk.

5. RISK FACTORS:
 The presence of any risk factor is associated with doubling the risk of an MI.
 NON-MODIFIABLE: AGE SEX FAMILY HISTORY
 MODIFIABLE:
 Tobacco smoking
 Hypertension
 Drug abuse
 Obesity
 Stress
 Alcohol
 Diabetes
 Hyperlipoproteinaemia
 Hyperhomocysteinemia
 Chronic kidney disease

6. ETIOPATHOGENESIS:
 Mechanism of myocardial ischaemia.
 Role of platelets.
 Acute plaque rupture.
 Non-atherosclerotic causes.
 Transmural versus subendocardial infarcts.

8. CLINICAL FEATURES:
 Chest pain associated with tightness or squeezing
 Pain in the arms and/or upper back
 Upper abdominal discomfort
 Jaw pain, toothache, and/or headache
 Dyspnea
 Diaphoresis
 Malaise
 Women are more likely to experience an atypical MI
 Some patients may not experience any symptoms are known as a silent heart attack

9. DIAGNOSIS:
 Patient History:
 Perform an electrocardiogram:( ECG )
==CHANGES:
 ST segment elevation, followed by T wave inversion and Q waves, are associated with transmural
infarction.
 ST segment depression and T wave inversion are associated with subendocardial infarction.

10. Serum Cardiac Biomarkers
 Myoglobin
 Creatine phosphokinase
 (CK-MB)
 Troponin I
 The combination of CPK MB and troponin testing have higher sensitivity and is
used for the purpose of "ruling out" myocardial infarction.
 ECHOCARDIOGRAM: evaluate cardiac function (ventricular),ejection fraction

11. Complications include:
 Arrhythmia
 Cardiogenic shock
 Congestive heart failure
 Thromboembolism
 Rupture
 Cardiac aneurism
 Pericarditis

12. MANAGEMENT:
 1.NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL:
 Counselling and education of patients
 Life style measures
 Smoking cessation
 Avoid Alcohol intake
 Diet and nutrition
 Salt restriction

13. 2.PHARMACOLOGICAL:
 2.PHARMACOLOGICAL:
 Thrombolytic agents
 Anticoagulants
 Antiplatelet agents
 Antihypertensive agents
 Lipid lowering drugs
 Vasodialators
 Others i) Analgesics ii) Antiulcer drugs iii) Antidepressants

18. THANK YOU 