The document discusses stroke, including its types, risk factors, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations based on the artery affected. Ischemic stroke is more common than hemorrhagic and results from blockage of an artery depriving the brain of blood flow. Clinical features vary depending on the specific artery involved, such as contralateral weakness with middle cerebral artery stroke or visual field defects with posterior cerebral artery stroke. Complications can include altered consciousness, speech/language issues, and emotional or cognitive changes.
Stroke results from a disruption in blood flow to the brain. It is a leading cause of death and disability. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, heart disease, diabetes, and older age. There are two main types - ischemic caused by blockage and hemorrhagic caused by bleeding. Treatment depends on the type but may include blood thinners, clot busters, or surgery. Physical therapy focuses on regaining mobility and function through exercises, gait training, and positioning. Prevention emphasizes controlling risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking.
Motor neuron diseases are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders that progressively cause nerves in the brain and spinal cord to lose function, affecting voluntary muscle movement. The most common type in adults is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which affects both upper and lower motor neurons. There is no cure for motor neuron diseases, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms and maximizing quality of life through supportive care, rehabilitation, and FDA-approved drugs that may slow progression. Prognosis depends on the specific type of motor neuron disease and age of onset, with some forms being fatal and others non-fatal but still impacting quality of life over time.
Hemiparesis is unilateral paresis, that is, weakness of the entire left or right side of the body (hemi- means "half"). Hemiplegia is, in its most severe form, complete paralysis of half of the body. Hemiparesis and hemiplegia can be caused by different medical conditions, including congenital causes, trauma, tumors, or stroke
Hypenension: Commonest cause of intracerebral haemorrhage.
Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, angioma or A-V malformation: commonest cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Haemorrhagic blood diseases: purpura, haemophilia.
Anticoagulants.
Trauma to the head: commonest of subdural haematoma.
II. Infective: ;
Encephalitis
Meningitis – Brain abscess.
III. Neoplastic: e.g. Meningioma.
IV. Demyelination: multiple sclerosis may present with hemiplegia.
V. Traumatic: e.g. Cerebral laceration and subdural haematoma.
VI. Hysterical: patient suffering from paralysis in the absence of organic lesion.
This document provides information about motor neuron disease (MND), including its types, clinical features, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses four main types of MND: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, progressive bulbar palsy, and primary lateral sclerosis. The pathology of MND involves degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Diagnosis is based on involvement of upper and lower motor neurons and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on exercises, positioning, bracing, and psychological support to maintain function and prevent complications as the disease progresses.
This document discusses peripheral neuropathy, which refers to diseases that affect nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It covers the types of peripheral nerves and classifications of neuropathies. Some key causes of peripheral neuropathy discussed include diabetes, nutritional deficiencies like B1/B12 deficiency, alcoholism, infections like HIV and leprosy, and certain drugs. Symptoms, clinical presentations, investigations, and treatment approaches for different types of peripheral neuropathies are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Parkinson's disease, including its etiology, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects the basal ganglia and is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability.
- It has an annual incidence of 0.2 per 1000 people and prevalence of 1.5 per 1000. Risk increases with age.
- Pathologically it involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of Lewy bodies.
- Clinical diagnosis is based on the presence of cardinal motor symptoms
Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage to peripheral nerves. There are three main types: mononeuropathy affecting a single nerve, mononeuritis multiplex affecting multiple nerves asymmetrically, and polyneuropathy affecting multiple nerves concurrently and symmetrically. Polyneuropathy can be classified as axonopathy, myelinopathy, or neuronopathy depending on whether the axons, myelin sheaths, or neurons are affected. Symptoms and signs include both negative symptoms like numbness and weakness as well as positive symptoms like tingling and pain. Evaluation involves taking a history and examining for patterns of onset, progression, fluctuations, and other systemic diseases. Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies and sometimes nerve biopsies. Treatment focuses
Cerebellar dysfunction can cause ataxia, a lack of muscle coordination. The cerebellum controls fine movements and posture. Damage to the cerebellum disrupts these functions. Ataxia affects walking, limb movements, speech, and eye movements. It is diagnosed through clinical exams like finger-nose and Romberg tests. The causes include lesions, tumors, or injuries to the cerebellum. While incurable, treatment focuses on easing symptoms to improve quality of life.
Stroke results from a disruption in blood flow to the brain. It is a leading cause of death and disability. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, heart disease, diabetes, and older age. There are two main types - ischemic caused by blockage and hemorrhagic caused by bleeding. Treatment depends on the type but may include blood thinners, clot busters, or surgery. Physical therapy focuses on regaining mobility and function through exercises, gait training, and positioning. Prevention emphasizes controlling risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking.
Motor neuron diseases are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders that progressively cause nerves in the brain and spinal cord to lose function, affecting voluntary muscle movement. The most common type in adults is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which affects both upper and lower motor neurons. There is no cure for motor neuron diseases, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms and maximizing quality of life through supportive care, rehabilitation, and FDA-approved drugs that may slow progression. Prognosis depends on the specific type of motor neuron disease and age of onset, with some forms being fatal and others non-fatal but still impacting quality of life over time.
Hemiparesis is unilateral paresis, that is, weakness of the entire left or right side of the body (hemi- means "half"). Hemiplegia is, in its most severe form, complete paralysis of half of the body. Hemiparesis and hemiplegia can be caused by different medical conditions, including congenital causes, trauma, tumors, or stroke
Hypenension: Commonest cause of intracerebral haemorrhage.
Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, angioma or A-V malformation: commonest cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Haemorrhagic blood diseases: purpura, haemophilia.
Anticoagulants.
Trauma to the head: commonest of subdural haematoma.
II. Infective: ;
Encephalitis
Meningitis – Brain abscess.
III. Neoplastic: e.g. Meningioma.
IV. Demyelination: multiple sclerosis may present with hemiplegia.
V. Traumatic: e.g. Cerebral laceration and subdural haematoma.
VI. Hysterical: patient suffering from paralysis in the absence of organic lesion.
This document provides information about motor neuron disease (MND), including its types, clinical features, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses four main types of MND: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, progressive bulbar palsy, and primary lateral sclerosis. The pathology of MND involves degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Diagnosis is based on involvement of upper and lower motor neurons and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on exercises, positioning, bracing, and psychological support to maintain function and prevent complications as the disease progresses.
This document discusses peripheral neuropathy, which refers to diseases that affect nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It covers the types of peripheral nerves and classifications of neuropathies. Some key causes of peripheral neuropathy discussed include diabetes, nutritional deficiencies like B1/B12 deficiency, alcoholism, infections like HIV and leprosy, and certain drugs. Symptoms, clinical presentations, investigations, and treatment approaches for different types of peripheral neuropathies are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Parkinson's disease, including its etiology, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects the basal ganglia and is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability.
- It has an annual incidence of 0.2 per 1000 people and prevalence of 1.5 per 1000. Risk increases with age.
- Pathologically it involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of Lewy bodies.
- Clinical diagnosis is based on the presence of cardinal motor symptoms
Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage to peripheral nerves. There are three main types: mononeuropathy affecting a single nerve, mononeuritis multiplex affecting multiple nerves asymmetrically, and polyneuropathy affecting multiple nerves concurrently and symmetrically. Polyneuropathy can be classified as axonopathy, myelinopathy, or neuronopathy depending on whether the axons, myelin sheaths, or neurons are affected. Symptoms and signs include both negative symptoms like numbness and weakness as well as positive symptoms like tingling and pain. Evaluation involves taking a history and examining for patterns of onset, progression, fluctuations, and other systemic diseases. Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies and sometimes nerve biopsies. Treatment focuses
Cerebellar dysfunction can cause ataxia, a lack of muscle coordination. The cerebellum controls fine movements and posture. Damage to the cerebellum disrupts these functions. Ataxia affects walking, limb movements, speech, and eye movements. It is diagnosed through clinical exams like finger-nose and Romberg tests. The causes include lesions, tumors, or injuries to the cerebellum. While incurable, treatment focuses on easing symptoms to improve quality of life.
The document discusses neuropathies, which are disorders of the peripheral nerves outside the central nervous system. There are several types of neuropathies including mononeuropathy, which affects a single nerve, mononeuropathy multiplex, which affects multiple nerves, and polyneuropathy, which affects many nerves simultaneously. Common causes of neuropathies include diabetes, toxins like alcohol, vitamin deficiencies, infections, autoimmune disorders, and physical nerve damage. The document outlines various neuropathies in detail, their signs and symptoms, and potential tests and treatments.
1. Stroke is defined as a nontraumatic brain injury caused by occlusion or rupture of cerebral blood vessels that results in sudden neurological deficits.
2. The most common types of stroke are ischemic (85%) and hemorrhagic (15%). Ischemic strokes are further classified as thrombotic, embolic, or lacunar.
3. Major risk factors for stroke include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, and older age. Location of brain injury determines the specific neurological symptoms, such as deficits on one side of the body for middle cerebral artery strokes.
This document discusses various types of myopathies (disorders affecting muscle). It defines myopathies and distinguishes them from other causes of muscle weakness. It then describes different categories of myopathies including inflammatory myopathies (such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis), muscular dystrophies (such as Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral), congenital myopathies, metabolic myopathies, and others. For each type, it discusses inheritance, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and treatment when available.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by restricted blood flow. TIAs last less than 24 hours and have an annual incidence of 3 per 10,000 people. Approximately 10% of patients experience a TIA before having a stroke. Management involves identifying risk factors like hypertension and treating the underlying cause, often through antiplatelet agents, anticoagulation, or carotid endarterectomy to prevent future strokes.
Encephalitis: PT assessment and management Surbala devi
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms. Common symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and personality changes. It is diagnosed through neurological exams, CSF analysis, imaging tests, and detection of antibodies or genetic material of the infecting pathogen. Treatment involves managing symptoms, treating any underlying infection, and rehabilitation. The prognosis depends on the cause - viral causes often have better outcomes than bacterial causes. Physical therapy can aid recovery through respiratory exercises, positioning, strengthening, and facilitating return of neurological function.
The document discusses autonomic dysfunction and various treatments. It defines autonomic dysfunction as a problem with the autonomic nervous system, which regulates unconscious body functions. Common types include orthostatic hypotension and multiple system atrophy. Symptoms vary but can include changes in blood pressure, heart rate when standing, and other issues. Treatment aims to manage symptoms and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and other therapies like yoga which can help balance the body and reduce stress.
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal, repetitive movements or postures. It results from abnormalities in the basal ganglia region of the brain that controls movement. Dystonia can affect people of all ages and ethnicities. Symptoms may include twisting, repetitive motions, or abnormal positions of the arms, legs, trunk, face or vocal cords. It can be classified by age of onset, affected body areas, and underlying cause (primary/secondary). Treatment involves botulinum toxin injections, medications, physiotherapy, and sometimes surgery to interrupt pathways in the nervous system responsible for the abnormal movements.
The document discusses cerebellar ataxia, a disorder caused by damage to the cerebellum that controls coordination. It causes loss of coordination, balance problems, and slurred speech. The cerebellum coordinates muscle movement and is located in the hindbrain. Causes include viruses, alcohol, tumors, and toxins. Symptoms are diagnosed through neurological exams, imaging scans, and lab tests. Treatment focuses on physical therapy, assistive devices, and treating any underlying causes to ease symptoms and improve quality of life. Prevention involves vaccinations to reduce risk of viral infections that can lead to cerebellar ataxia.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
This document defines and describes different types of movement disorders including chorea, athetosis, and ballism. It discusses the etiology and characteristics of various forms of chorea including vascular chorea, autoimmune chorea, drug-induced chorea, metabolic chorea, and infectious chorea. The roles of structures like the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus in causing hyperkinetic movements are mentioned. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause but may include medications, surgery, or management of any precipitating conditions.
The document defines various types of strokes and transient ischemic attacks. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, and management of strokes. The main types are ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Investigations include brain imaging like CT scan and MRI to identify the type of stroke and underlying causes. Treatment focuses on minimizing brain damage, preventing complications, rehabilitation, and reducing the risk of recurrence.
Bulbar palsy refers to impairment of function of the cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII, which occurs due to a lower motor neuron lesion either at nuclear or fascicular level in the medulla oblongata or from lesions of the lower cranial nerves outside the brainstem.
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which a person's muscles contract uncontrollably. The contraction causes the affected body part to twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia can affect one muscle, a muscle group, or the entire body.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The document discusses the pathology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of ALS. Key points include that ALS causes the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations. The average age of onset is in the mid-50s. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and requires the exclusion of other potential causes through laboratory testing. Currently, riluzole is the only approved treatment and modestly prolongs survival. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach to address symptoms like weakness, fatigue, nutrition, and
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the nerves. It is characterized by progressive weakness in the legs and arms, loss of reflexes, and ascending paralysis over 4 weeks or less. The disorder is usually preceded by a gastrointestinal or respiratory infection. Treatment involves supportive care and immunoglobulin therapy. Most patients recover, though some experience long-term weakness depending on the severity of symptoms.
This document provides an overview of peripheral neuropathies. It discusses that peripheral neuropathies can involve sensory nerves, motor nerves, or both, and may affect single or multiple nerves. The document then covers the clinical presentation and classification of different types of neuropathies, including those that primarily affect the cell body, myelin, or axon. It also lists common causes of peripheral neuropathies like diabetes, paraproteinemia, alcohol misuse, and discusses their prevalence. The temporal course, symptoms, and assessment of peripheral neuropathies are discussed in detail.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord.
it affect the myelin and by damaging the the myelin producing cell -Oligodendrocytes, which leads to sensory, motor and cognitive problems.
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
This document discusses hemorrhagic stroke, specifically intracerebral hemorrhage. It defines intracerebral hemorrhage as bleeding within the brain tissue itself, accounting for 15% of strokes. Risk factors include hypertension and amyloid angiopathy. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of focal neurological deficits like weakness or seizures. Diagnostics include CT scans. Prognosis is poor with 50% mortality at 1 year. Management focuses on controlling blood pressure, treating increased intracranial pressure, preventing seizures and infections. Surgical options include removing the hemorrhage via aspiration or craniotomy. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is also discussed as bleeding into the subarachnoid space, often from
This document summarizes the management of patients with cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke. It discusses the two main types of strokes - ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes are caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain while hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding into or around the brain. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic assessments, medical and nursing management are described for both types of strokes. Surgical procedures like carotid endarterectomy are mentioned as prevention and treatment options for ischemic strokes.
The document defines various terms related to strokes, including stroke, TIA, progressive stroke, completed stroke, and hemorrhagic vs ischemic stroke. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, types, clinical features, investigations, and differential diagnosis of strokes. Specifically, it provides details on the clinical presentations and neurological deficits associated with occlusion of different arteries in the anterior and posterior circulations. It also outlines the objectives and modalities used to investigate a potential stroke, including non-invasive tests like CT, MRI, and Doppler ultrasound and invasive tests like angiography.
The document discusses neuropathies, which are disorders of the peripheral nerves outside the central nervous system. There are several types of neuropathies including mononeuropathy, which affects a single nerve, mononeuropathy multiplex, which affects multiple nerves, and polyneuropathy, which affects many nerves simultaneously. Common causes of neuropathies include diabetes, toxins like alcohol, vitamin deficiencies, infections, autoimmune disorders, and physical nerve damage. The document outlines various neuropathies in detail, their signs and symptoms, and potential tests and treatments.
1. Stroke is defined as a nontraumatic brain injury caused by occlusion or rupture of cerebral blood vessels that results in sudden neurological deficits.
2. The most common types of stroke are ischemic (85%) and hemorrhagic (15%). Ischemic strokes are further classified as thrombotic, embolic, or lacunar.
3. Major risk factors for stroke include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, and older age. Location of brain injury determines the specific neurological symptoms, such as deficits on one side of the body for middle cerebral artery strokes.
This document discusses various types of myopathies (disorders affecting muscle). It defines myopathies and distinguishes them from other causes of muscle weakness. It then describes different categories of myopathies including inflammatory myopathies (such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis), muscular dystrophies (such as Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral), congenital myopathies, metabolic myopathies, and others. For each type, it discusses inheritance, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and treatment when available.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by restricted blood flow. TIAs last less than 24 hours and have an annual incidence of 3 per 10,000 people. Approximately 10% of patients experience a TIA before having a stroke. Management involves identifying risk factors like hypertension and treating the underlying cause, often through antiplatelet agents, anticoagulation, or carotid endarterectomy to prevent future strokes.
Encephalitis: PT assessment and management Surbala devi
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms. Common symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and personality changes. It is diagnosed through neurological exams, CSF analysis, imaging tests, and detection of antibodies or genetic material of the infecting pathogen. Treatment involves managing symptoms, treating any underlying infection, and rehabilitation. The prognosis depends on the cause - viral causes often have better outcomes than bacterial causes. Physical therapy can aid recovery through respiratory exercises, positioning, strengthening, and facilitating return of neurological function.
The document discusses autonomic dysfunction and various treatments. It defines autonomic dysfunction as a problem with the autonomic nervous system, which regulates unconscious body functions. Common types include orthostatic hypotension and multiple system atrophy. Symptoms vary but can include changes in blood pressure, heart rate when standing, and other issues. Treatment aims to manage symptoms and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and other therapies like yoga which can help balance the body and reduce stress.
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal, repetitive movements or postures. It results from abnormalities in the basal ganglia region of the brain that controls movement. Dystonia can affect people of all ages and ethnicities. Symptoms may include twisting, repetitive motions, or abnormal positions of the arms, legs, trunk, face or vocal cords. It can be classified by age of onset, affected body areas, and underlying cause (primary/secondary). Treatment involves botulinum toxin injections, medications, physiotherapy, and sometimes surgery to interrupt pathways in the nervous system responsible for the abnormal movements.
The document discusses cerebellar ataxia, a disorder caused by damage to the cerebellum that controls coordination. It causes loss of coordination, balance problems, and slurred speech. The cerebellum coordinates muscle movement and is located in the hindbrain. Causes include viruses, alcohol, tumors, and toxins. Symptoms are diagnosed through neurological exams, imaging scans, and lab tests. Treatment focuses on physical therapy, assistive devices, and treating any underlying causes to ease symptoms and improve quality of life. Prevention involves vaccinations to reduce risk of viral infections that can lead to cerebellar ataxia.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
This document defines and describes different types of movement disorders including chorea, athetosis, and ballism. It discusses the etiology and characteristics of various forms of chorea including vascular chorea, autoimmune chorea, drug-induced chorea, metabolic chorea, and infectious chorea. The roles of structures like the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus in causing hyperkinetic movements are mentioned. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause but may include medications, surgery, or management of any precipitating conditions.
The document defines various types of strokes and transient ischemic attacks. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, and management of strokes. The main types are ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Investigations include brain imaging like CT scan and MRI to identify the type of stroke and underlying causes. Treatment focuses on minimizing brain damage, preventing complications, rehabilitation, and reducing the risk of recurrence.
Bulbar palsy refers to impairment of function of the cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII, which occurs due to a lower motor neuron lesion either at nuclear or fascicular level in the medulla oblongata or from lesions of the lower cranial nerves outside the brainstem.
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which a person's muscles contract uncontrollably. The contraction causes the affected body part to twist involuntarily, resulting in repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia can affect one muscle, a muscle group, or the entire body.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The document discusses the pathology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of ALS. Key points include that ALS causes the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations. The average age of onset is in the mid-50s. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and requires the exclusion of other potential causes through laboratory testing. Currently, riluzole is the only approved treatment and modestly prolongs survival. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach to address symptoms like weakness, fatigue, nutrition, and
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the nerves. It is characterized by progressive weakness in the legs and arms, loss of reflexes, and ascending paralysis over 4 weeks or less. The disorder is usually preceded by a gastrointestinal or respiratory infection. Treatment involves supportive care and immunoglobulin therapy. Most patients recover, though some experience long-term weakness depending on the severity of symptoms.
This document provides an overview of peripheral neuropathies. It discusses that peripheral neuropathies can involve sensory nerves, motor nerves, or both, and may affect single or multiple nerves. The document then covers the clinical presentation and classification of different types of neuropathies, including those that primarily affect the cell body, myelin, or axon. It also lists common causes of peripheral neuropathies like diabetes, paraproteinemia, alcohol misuse, and discusses their prevalence. The temporal course, symptoms, and assessment of peripheral neuropathies are discussed in detail.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord.
it affect the myelin and by damaging the the myelin producing cell -Oligodendrocytes, which leads to sensory, motor and cognitive problems.
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
This document discusses hemorrhagic stroke, specifically intracerebral hemorrhage. It defines intracerebral hemorrhage as bleeding within the brain tissue itself, accounting for 15% of strokes. Risk factors include hypertension and amyloid angiopathy. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of focal neurological deficits like weakness or seizures. Diagnostics include CT scans. Prognosis is poor with 50% mortality at 1 year. Management focuses on controlling blood pressure, treating increased intracranial pressure, preventing seizures and infections. Surgical options include removing the hemorrhage via aspiration or craniotomy. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is also discussed as bleeding into the subarachnoid space, often from
This document summarizes the management of patients with cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke. It discusses the two main types of strokes - ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes are caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain while hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding into or around the brain. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic assessments, medical and nursing management are described for both types of strokes. Surgical procedures like carotid endarterectomy are mentioned as prevention and treatment options for ischemic strokes.
The document defines various terms related to strokes, including stroke, TIA, progressive stroke, completed stroke, and hemorrhagic vs ischemic stroke. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, types, clinical features, investigations, and differential diagnosis of strokes. Specifically, it provides details on the clinical presentations and neurological deficits associated with occlusion of different arteries in the anterior and posterior circulations. It also outlines the objectives and modalities used to investigate a potential stroke, including non-invasive tests like CT, MRI, and Doppler ultrasound and invasive tests like angiography.
Stroke is caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain, usually due to atherosclerosis narrowing arteries. This causes areas of the brain to be deprived of oxygen, resulting in tissue death and neurological deficits depending on the affected area. The middle cerebral artery supplies much of the lateral cerebral hemisphere, so its occlusion can cause contralateral hemiplegia and sensory loss. The anterior and posterior cerebral arteries also have characteristic deficit patterns from occlusions. Lacunar strokes from small deep vessel disease typically cause pure motor or sensory deficits.
Stroke is caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain and can be ischemic (blockage of blood flow) or hemorrhagic (bleeding in the brain). The main symptoms include sudden weakness or numbness, trouble speaking or understanding, vision changes, and severe headache. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, and atrial fibrillation. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI imaging of the brain along with medical history and exam. Treatment depends on the type of stroke but may include managing blood pressure, anticoagulants, surgery to repair burst blood vessels, and rehabilitation therapy.
This document provides an outline and overview of key topics related to stroke. It begins with definitions and classifications of stroke, including transient ischemic attack (TIA) and different types of stroke. It then covers risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management approaches for stroke. Specific sections address hemorrhagic versus ischemic stroke, localization of stroke syndromes, and differentiating features between anterior and posterior circulation strokes. Differential diagnoses are also listed. The document aims to present essential information on stroke for medical education purposes.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on stroke. It begins with an introduction defining stroke and classifying it as either transient ischemic attack (TIA), progressive stroke, or completed stroke. It then covers the types and risk factors of stroke, including modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. The pathophysiology of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke is explained. Signs and symptoms of stroke are outlined, including localization of symptoms based on hemisphere affected. Investigations, prognostic factors, and management of both acute stroke and long-term prevention are summarized.
The document discusses cerebrovascular diseases, which are abnormalities of the brain caused by pathologies of blood vessels. It describes the main categories of cerebrovascular diseases including thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage and strokes. It then focuses on hypoxia, ischemia and infarction resulting from impaired blood supply as well as hemorrhages from ruptured vessels. Specific conditions discussed include global and focal cerebral ischemia, infarction, intracranial hemorrhages, vascular malformations and hypertensive cerebrovascular disease.
This document provides information about stroke including:
- Definitions stroke as the sudden loss of neurological function caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain.
- Descriptions of the types of strokes - haemorrhagic caused by blood vessels rupturing and ischemic caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow.
- Details of assessments including reviewing systems like cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological systems.
- Explanations of physiotherapy management which involves reducing impairments and improving functional ability.
This document defines stroke as an acute CNS injury resulting from reduced blood flow to the brain. Strokes can be ischemic, caused by blockage of a blood vessel, or hemorrhagic, caused by rupture of a blood vessel. The main types of ischemic stroke are thrombotic, caused by clots within blood vessels, and embolic, caused by clots or debris traveling from elsewhere. Cardioembolic strokes are a type of embolic stroke where clots originate from the heart. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, treatment, and the effects of left versus right brain strokes are described. Transient ischemic attacks are also summarized.
Stroke : Introduction, types and treatment.Obed Adams
Stroke is defined as the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in blood flow and supply to the brain.
OR
An acute episode of focal dysfunction of the brain, retina, or spinal cord.
It is clinically defined as the rapid onset of cerebral deficit lasting more than 24hours and is caused by acute vascular injury to parts of the brain. Presented by Obed Adams.
This document provides an overview of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), also known as strokes. It defines CVAs, describes the blood supply to the brain, and classifies the major types of strokes as ischemic (caused by reduced blood flow) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). It discusses the causes, risk factors, clinical presentation, progression, and management of different stroke subtypes, including transient ischemic attacks, infarction, and intracerebral hemorrhage.
The document discusses stroke, including its pathophysiology, types, risk factors, and management categories. Key points include:
- Stroke is caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain and can be ischemic (caused by clots or blockages) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding).
- Major risk factors include age, gender, race, family history, diabetes, heart disease, smoking, hypertension, and obesity.
- Strokes are classified based on location and cause, such as thrombotic, embolic, or hemorrhagic strokes.
- Complications include sensory and motor deficits, speech/swallowing issues, and cognitive/emotional changes.
Stroke is defined as a neurological deficit persisting beyond 24 hours caused by occlusion or hemorrhage of brain arteries. The main types are ischemic (85%) caused by clot or embolism, and hemorrhagic (15%) caused by ruptured blood vessels. Risk factors include age, gender, race, family history, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Diagnosis involves tests like CT, MRI, Doppler, and echocardiogram. Treatment goals are to reduce injury, prevent complications, and recurrence with approaches like thrombolytics, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, statins, and blood pressure control.
This document provides information about stroke, including:
- Strokes are caused by a blockage or rupture of an artery in the brain, depriving brain tissue of oxygen.
- Symptoms vary depending on the area of brain affected but can include weakness, difficulty speaking or swallowing, and visual problems.
- Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and brain imaging tests like CT scans or MRI.
- Treatment depends on the type of stroke but may include clot-busting drugs, surgery to repair blood vessels, and rehabilitation therapies. Prevention focuses on controlling risk factors like high blood pressure and smoking.
This document discusses cerebrovascular disease and stroke. It provides classifications and descriptions of different types of strokes including transient ischemic attacks, hemorrhagic strokes, and thrombotic vs. embolic ischemic strokes. It also summarizes the clinical assessment and presentation of strokes, differential diagnoses, pathophysiology of cerebral infarction, and general risk factors.
This document discusses cerebrovascular diseases and strokes. It defines key terms like cerebrovascular disease, thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage, hypoxia, ischemia, and infarction. It describes the different types of cerebrovascular diseases including cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and vascular malformations. It discusses the causes, clinical features, pathophysiology, and pathology of each condition. Hypertension is a major risk factor and can cause hypertensive hemorrhage, lacunar infarcts, and hypertensive encephalopathy.
1) The document discusses spinal cord injury, including causes, risk factors, mechanisms of injury, types of injury, syndromes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, complications, and management.
2) Common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence, and sports injuries. Risk factors include alcohol, drug use, and high-risk activities. Mechanisms of injury include distraction, compression, torsion, and penetration.
3) Management involves immediate stabilization and resuscitation, followed by medical management to prevent complications and surgical procedures such as decompression, stabilization, and fixation if indicated.
This document discusses the physiotherapy management of cerebral palsy. The goals of rehabilitation are to improve mobility and function, prevent deformity, educate parents, and promote social integration. Therapy programs address issues specific to infants, toddlers, preschoolers and adolescents. Methods include stretching, strengthening, positioning, electrical stimulation, cryotherapy, hydrotherapy, neurofacilitation techniques like Vojta and Bobath methods, horseback riding, bracing, and mobility aids like standers, walkers, canes and crutches. The document provides details on various therapy methods and how they address issues for children with cerebral palsy.
This document provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS). It describes MS as an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and damage to the protective myelin sheath surrounding nerves. The document discusses that MS most commonly affects people between the ages of 20-40, is more prevalent in women than men, and is more common in white populations. Genetic and environmental factors like viral infections are thought to contribute to MS risk. Magnetic resonance imaging, evoked potentials, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis are used to diagnose MS by detecting lesions in the brain and spinal cord. Available treatment options aim to reduce inflammation and prevent relapses.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the nervous system and its main components. It discusses the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. It then describes the peripheral nervous system and its role in sensory and motor functions. The rest of the document details the specific parts of the brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem; and outlines their functions in processing sensory information and coordinating motor responses.
This document discusses pyogenic meningitis (acute bacterial meningitis). It begins by defining pyogenic infections and describing the anatomy of the meninges. It then covers the epidemiology, causes, clinical features, diagnostic process, treatment, and potential sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Key points include that the most common causes are pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae. Clinical features include headache, fever, neck stiffness, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and low glucose. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics and supportive care. Potential long term effects include deafness, epilepsy, or neurological deficits.
Physiotherapy plays an important role in managing poliomyelitis through various techniques. It focuses on maintaining joint mobility through active and passive movements. Splinting and bracing help prevent deformities while teaching relatives muscle stretching techniques. As patients recover, physiotherapy aids in teaching walking and exercises. For post-polio syndrome, strength training through isokinetic exercises and progressive resistance training can help improve muscle strength over time.
The document discusses intracranial neoplasms (brain tumors). It defines them as abnormal masses of tissue within the cranial cavity that grow and multiply uncontrollably. The causes are mostly unknown, but some environmental and genetic factors are associated with increased risk. Brain tumors are broadly classified by the WHO based on cell type and location. They are also graded based on how abnormal the cells appear, with higher grades generally growing more quickly. Symptoms vary depending on the tumor location but can include headaches, seizures, vomiting, and signs of increased intracranial pressure.
Spinal neoplasms can be classified based on their location (intradural, extradural), origin (primary, secondary), and nature (benign, malignant). Common primary intradural tumors include meningiomas, which arise from arachnoid cap cells near spinal nerves, and astrocytomas, the most common pediatric tumor. Patients typically present with sensorimotor deficits, radicular pain, or intramedullary symptoms like syringomyelia. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy. Complete resection of benign tumors often leads to excellent prognosis.
This document outlines physiotherapy management for patients with AIDS. The goals of treatment are to relieve pain, increase strength and endurance, and improve cardiovascular, pulmonary, and immune function. Interventions may include exercises, manual therapy, balance training, PNF, and desensitization techniques. Precautions like protective barriers and hand washing are important. A 12-week program combines aerobic exercise, resistance training, and manual therapy sessions 2-3 times per week.
The shoulder complex is composed of four joints that link the upper extremity to the thorax. It includes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, scapulothoracic joint, and glenohumeral joint. The shoulder complex provides a large range of motion but has more laxity than other joints, making it prone to instability and injury without the dynamic stabilization of muscles and ligaments. The glenohumeral joint in particular is a ball-and-socket synovial joint surrounded by a large capsule that relies on reinforcement from ligaments and the rotator cuff muscles.
The human brain is the central organ of the nervous system and controls most body functions. It is protected by three membranes called meninges - the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is contained in the brain ventricles and subarachnoid space, where it cushions the brain and nourishes nervous tissue. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum controls thinking and movement, the cerebellum coordinates movement, and the brainstem connects to the spinal cord and regulates basic functions. Blood flows to the brain through arteries that form the circle of Willis.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. QUESTIONS
PAPER VI
1. Clinical features of middle cerebral artery stroke. (8M)
2. Transient Ischaemic Attack. (8M)
3. Describe the blood supply of the brain and explain the investigations done for stroke. (20M)
4. Describe the clinical effects of anterior cerebral artery insufficiency. Add a note on manifestations of higher
functions. (20M)
5. List the clinical manifestations of Haemorrhagic stroke, mentioning the structures involved, resultant signs
and symptoms. Add a note on Diagnostic procedures for the same. (20M)
6. Elaborate the clinical manifestations of posterior cerebral artery infarction. Relate them to the structures
involved. (20M)
7. List the clinical manifestations of infarction of middle cerebral artery mentioning the structures involved and
resultant signs & symptoms. Add a note on diagnostic procedures for the same. (20M)
8. Discuss acute medical management of cerebro vascular accidents. (8M)
3. DEFINITION
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident [CVA]) is the sudden loss of
neurological function caused by an interruption of the blood flow to
the brain.
REFERENCE: Physical rehabilitation / [edited by] Susan B. O’Sullivan, homas J. Schmitz, George D. Fulk. — 6th ed.
4. TYPES
Ischemic stroke is the most common type, affecting about 80% of
individuals with stroke, and results when a clot blocks or impairs
blood flow, depriving the brain of essential oxygen and nutrients.
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when blood vessels rupture, causing
leakage of blood in or around the brain.
REFERENCE: Physical rehabilitation / [edited by] Susan B. O’Sullivan, homas J. Schmitz, George D. Fulk. — 6th ed.
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide.
The incidence of stroke ranged from 105 to 152/100,000 persons per
year, in India.
Prevalence of stroke ranged from 44.29 to 559/100,000 persons in
different parts of the country during the past decade.
These values are higher than those of high-income countries.
REFERENCE: Incidence & prevalence of stroke in India: A systematic review Sureshkumar Kamalakannan,Aashrai S. V.
Gudlavalleti, Venkata S. Murthy Gudlavalleti, Shifalika Goenka and Hannah Kuper. Indian J Med Res. 2017 Aug; 146(2): 175–185.
6. ETIOLOGY
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
major contributory factor in cerebrovascular disease.
characterized by plaque formation with an accumulation of lipids,
fibrin, complex carbohydrates, and calcium deposits on arterial walls
that leads to progressive narrowing of blood vessels.
Interruption of blood flow by atherosclerotic plaques occurs at certain
sites of predilection, these generally include bifurcations,
constrictions, dilations, or angulations of arteries.
most common sites for lesions to occur are at the origin of the
common carotid artery or at its transition into the middle cerebral
artery, at the main bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery, and at
the junction of the vertebral arteries with the basilar artery.
7. CEREBRAL THROMBOSIS
refers to the formation or development of a blood clot within the cerebral
arteries or their branches.
Thrombi lead to ischemia, or occlusion of an artery with resulting cerebral
infarction or tissue death.
Thrombi can also become dislodged and travel to a more distal site in the
form of an intra-artery embolus.
CEREBRAL EMBOLUS
composed of bits of matter (blood clot, plaque) formed elsewhere and
released into the bloodstream, traveling to the cerebral arteries where they
lodge in a vessel, producing occlusion and infarction.
The most common source of CE is disease of the cardiovascular system.
Occasionally systemic disorders may produce septic, fat, or air emboli that
affect the cerebral circulation.
Ischemic strokes may also result from LOW SYSTEMIC PERFUSION, the result of
CARDIAC FAILURE or SIGNIFICANT BLOOD LOSS WITH RESULTING SYSTEMIC
HYPOTENSION.
8. HEMORRHAGE
Hemorrhagic strokes, with abnormal bleeding into the extravascular areas of the brain, are the result of
rupture of a cerebral vessel or trauma.
Hemorrhage results in increased intracranial pressures with injury to brain tissues and restriction of distal
blood flow.
Intracerebral hemorrhage (IH) is caused by rupture of a cerebral vessel with subsequent bleeding into the
brain.
Primary cerebral hemorrhage (nontraumatic spontaneous hemorrhage) typically occurs in small blood
vessels weakened by atherosclerosis producing an aneurysm.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SH) occurs from bleeding into the subarachnoid space typically from a saccular
or berry aneurysm affecting primarily large blood vessels.
ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION (AVM)
congenital defect that can result in stroke.
AVM is characterized by a tortuous tangle of arteries and veins with agenesis of an interposing capillary
system.
The abnormal vessels undergo progressive dilation with age and eventually bleed in about 50% of cases.
Sudden and severe cerebral bleeding can result in death within hours, because intracranial pressures rise
rapidly and adjacent cortical tissues are compressed or displaced as in brainstem herniation.
9. RISK FACTORS
Hypertension
Heart Disease (HD)
Disorders Of Heart Rhythm
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Elevated Total Blood Cholesterol
(Hypercholesterolemia)
Elevated Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL
[“Bad”]) Cholesterol
Low Levels Of High-density Lipoprotein
(HDL [“Good”]) Cholesterol
Elevated Fasting Triglyceride Level
Marked Elevations Of Hematocrit
Family History, Age, Gender, And Race
(African American)
Atrial fibrillation
End-stage Renal Disease And Chronic Kidney
Disease
Sleep Apnea
Women With Early Menopause (Before 42
Years Of Age)
Pregnancy, Birth, And The First 6 Weeks
Postpartum In Older Women And African
Americans
Preeclampsia
cigarette smoking
Physical inactivity
Obesity
Diet
Cardiac Disorders Such As Rheumatic Heart
Valvular Disease, Endocarditis, Or Cardiac
Surgery
11. release of excess
neurotransmitters
progressive
disturbance of energy
metabolism and
anoxic depolarization.
inability of brain cells
to produce energy,
particularly (ATP)
excess influx of
calcium ions
1. failure of the
neuronal membrane
2. stimulates the
release of nitric oxide
and cytokines
damage brain cells
ISCHEMIC CASCADE
14. Anterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome
Because the anterior communicating artery
allows perfusion of the proximal ACA from
either side, occlusion proximal to this point
results in minimal deficit.
More distal lesions produce more significant
deficits.
15.
16. Middle Cerebral Artery Syndrome
Occlusion of the proximal MCA
produces extensive
neurological damage with
significant cerebral edema.
Increased intracranial
pressures typically lead to
loss of consciousness, brain
herniation, and possibly
death.
17. The most common characteristics of MCA
syndrome are contralateral spastic hemiparesis
and sensory loss of the face, UE, and LE, with
the face and UE more involved than the LE.
Lesions of the parieto-occipital cortex of the
dominant hemisphere (usually the left
hemisphere) typically produce aphasia.
Lesions of the right parietal lobe of the
nondominant hemisphere (usually the right
hemisphere) typically produce perceptual
deficits (e.g., unilateral neglect, anosognosia,
apraxia, and spatial disorganization).
18. Posterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome
Occlusion proximal to the posterior
communicating artery typically results in
minimal deficits owing to the collateral
blood supply from the posterior
communicating artery.
19. Occlusion of thalamic branches
may produce hemianesthesia
(contralateral sensory loss) or
central post-stroke (thalamic)
pain.
Occipital infarction produces
homonymous hemianopsia,
visual agnosia, prosopagnosia,
or, if bilateral, cortical
blindness.
Temporal lobe ischemia results
in amnesia (memory loss).
Contralateral hemiplegia occurs
with involvement of the
cerebral peduncle.
20. Internal Carotid Artery Syndrome
Occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) typically
produces massive infarction in the region of the brain
supplied by the middle cerebral artery.
The ICA supplies both the MCA and the ACA.
If collateral circulation to the ACA from the circle of
Willis is absent, extensive cerebral infarction in the areas
of both the ACA and MCA can occur.
Significant edema is common with possible uncal
herniation, coma, and death (mass effect).
21. Lacunar Strokes
Lacunar strokes are caused by small vessel disease deep in the
cerebral white matter (penetrating artery disease).
They are strongly associated with hypertensive hemorrhage
and diabetic microvascular disease.
Lacunar syndromes are consistent with specific anatomical
sites.
Pure motor lacunar stroke is associated with involvement of
the posterior limb of the internal capsule, pons, and pyramids.
Pure sensory lacunar stroke is associated with involvement of
the ventrolateral thalamus or thalamocortical projections.
22. Dysarthria/clumsy hand syndrome (involving the base of the pons,
genu of anterior limb, or the internal capsule)
Ataxic hemiparesis (involving the pons, genu of internal capsule,
corona radiata, or cerebellum)
Sensory/motor stroke (involving the junction of the internal capsule
and thalamus), or
Dystonia/involuntary movements (choreoathetosis with lacunar
infarction of the putamen or globus pallidus; hemiballismus with
involvement of thesubthalamic nucleus).
Deficits in consciousness, language, or visual fields are not seen in
lacunar strokes because the higher cortical areas are preserved.
27. Medial inferior pontine syndrome
Occlusion of paramedian branch of basilar artery
28. Lateral inferior pontine syndrome
Occlusion of anterior inferior cerebellar artery, a branch of the basilar
artery
29. Medial midpontine syndrome
Occlusion of paramedian branch of the mid-basilar artery
Lateral midpontine syndrome
Occlusion of short circumferential artery
30. Medial superior pontine syndrome
Occlusion of paramedian branches of upper basilar artery
Lateral superior pontine syndrome
occlusion of superior cerebellar artery
31. NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS AND
ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
Altered Consciousness
Disorders of Speech and
Language
Dysphagia
Cognitive Dysfunction
Altered Emotional Status
Hemispheric Behavioral
Differences
Perceptual Dysfunction
Seizures
Bladder and Bowel
Dysfunction
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary
Dysfunction
Deep Venous hrombosis and
Pulmonary Embolus
Osteoporosis and Fracture
Risk
32. ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS
DISORDERS OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE
o lesions involving the cortex of the dominant hemisphere (typically the left
hemisphere) demonstrate speech and language impairments.
o Aphasia is the general term used to describe an acquired communication
disorder caused by brain damage and is characterized by an impairment of
language comprehension, formulation, and use.
36. o Dysarthria refers to a category of motor speech disorders caused by
lesions in parts of the central or peripheral nervous system that
mediate speech production.