Detailed description of clinical examination of higher mental functions like conscoiusness, cognition, memory, pereception,etc. in neurological conditions.
This ppt describes various movement disorders found commonly in elderly persons. It also describes hyper and hypokinetic disorder categorization with cause and pathophysiology of movement disorders.
This ppt describes various movement disorders found commonly in elderly persons. It also describes hyper and hypokinetic disorder categorization with cause and pathophysiology of movement disorders.
hii guys this is my ongoing presentation from my speciality class i hope u guys lije that please so i hope it is been useful for u in ur specialities by getting little help with that
screening models for Nootropics and models for Alzheimer's diseaseAswin Palanisamy
Preclinical and screening model for Nootropics, and models for Alzheimer's disease, in the detailed view, in vivo and in vitro models with neat pictures for easy understanding. for m.pharm students.
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه تخصصی توانبخشی حافظه توسط دکتر فائزه دهقان ارائه شده است. برای دریافت اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد این کارگاه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه فرمایید.
https://farvardin-group.com
An overview of how to perform a paramedic neurological assessment. For more information about this lecture, please go to www.paramedicine.com/episode6.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
5. • Motor plan - is an idea or plan for purposeful movement that
is made up of several component motor programs.
• Motor memory (procedural memory)-
• involves the recall of motor programs and includes
information on
(1) initial movement conditions;
(2) how the movement felt, looked, and sounded (sensory
consequences);
(3) specific movement parameters (knowledge of performance);
and
(4) outcome of the movement (knowledge of results).
6. • Coordination is the ability to execute smooth, accurate,
and controlled motor responses.
7. • determine the degree to which an individual is able
to respond.
• Ascending reticular activating system: includes
• core neurons in the brainstem, the
• locus coeruleus, and raphe nuclei
• Function- to arouse and awaken the brain and
control sleep– wake cycles.
• High levels of activity are associated with extreme
excitement (high arousal), whereas lesions in the
brainstem are associated with sleep and coma.
• Descending reticular activating system (DRAS) :
• pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts.
• Pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract enhances spinal
cord antigravity reflexes and extensor tone of lower
limbs.
• Medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract has the
opposite effect, reducing antigravity control.
8. • Consciousness- a state of arousal accompanied by
awareness of one’s environment.
• A conscious patient is awake, alert, and oriented to his or
her surroundings.
• Lethargy - altered consciousness in which a person’s
level of arousal is diminished.
• The lethargic patient appears drowsy but when
questioned can open the eyes and respond briefly.
• The patient easily falls asleep if not continually
stimulated and does not fully appreciate the environment.
9. • The therapist should speak in a loud voice while calling
the patient’s name. Questions should be simple and
directed toward the individual (e.g., How are you
feeling?).
• Obtunded state - diminished arousal and awareness.
• The obtunded patient is difficult to arouse from sleeping
and once aroused, appears confused.
• Attempts to interact with the patient are generally
nonproductive.
• The therapist should shake the patient gently as if
awakening someone from sleep and again use simple
questions.
10. • Stupor - a state of altered mental status and
responsiveness to one’s environment.
• The patient can be aroused only with vigorous or
unpleasant stimuli (e.g. sharp pressure or pinch, or
rolling a pencil across the nail bed).
• No significant voluntary verbal or motor responses.
• Mass movement responses may be observed in
response to painful stimuli or loud noises.
11. • The unconscious patient is said to be in a coma and
cannot be aroused.
• The eyes remain closed and there are no sleep–wake
cycles.
• The patient does not respond to repeated painful stimuli
and may be ventilator dependent.
• Reflex reactions may or may not be seen, depending on
the location of the lesion(s) within the CNS.
• Clinically the patient can progress from one level of
consciousness to another.
12. • Minimally conscious (vegetative) state-
• return of irregular sleep–wake cycles and normalization of the
so-called vegetative functions
• respiration, digestion, and blood pressure control.
• The patient may be aroused, but remains unaware of his or
• her environment. There is no purposeful attention or
• cognitive responsiveness.
• Persistent vegetative state –
• individuals who remain in a vegetative state 1 year or longer
after TBI and 3 months or more for anoxic brain injury. This
state is caused by severe brain injury.
13. • A gold standard instrument used to document level of
consciousness in acute brain injury.
• Total GCS scores range from a low of 3 to a high of 15.
• 8 or less- severe brain injury and coma,
• between 9 and 12 - moderate brain injury,
• 13 to 15 - mild brain injury
14.
15. • Can also reveal important information about the
unconscious patient.
• Pupils that are bilaterally small - damage to the
sympathetic pathways in the hypothalamus or metabolic
encephalopathy.
• Pinpoint pupils - hemorrhagic pontine lesion or narcotic
overdose (e.g., morphine, heroin).
• large bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils -severe anoxia or
drug toxicity (e.g., tricyclic antidepressants).
• If only one pupil is fixed and dilated, temporal lobe
herniation with compression of the oculomotor nerve and
midbrain is likely.
16. • A screening examination of cognitive abilities should
include
• orientation,
• attention,
• memory;
• communication;
• and executive or higher-order cognition
• (e.g., calculating abilities, abstract thinking, constructional
ability).
17. • Orientation is the ability to comprehend and to adjust oneself with
regard to time, location, and identity of persons. It is examined
with respect to
(1) Time
• (What day/month/season/year is it?
• What is the time of day?);
(2) Place
• (Where are you?
• What city/state are we in?
• What is the name of this place?); and
(3) Person
• (What is your name?
• How old are you?
• Where were you born?
• What is the name of your wife/husband?).
• Findings are documented in the medical record as follows:
• Patient is alert and oriented ×3 (time, person, place) or ×2 (person, place)
• depending on the domains correctly identified.
• An additional domain that can be examined is circumstance
• (What happened to you? What kind of a place is this? Why do people come here?).
18. • Attention is the directing of consciousness to a person,
thing, perception, or thought.
• It depends on the capacity of the brain to process
information from the environment or from long-term
memory.
19. • An individual with intact selective attention is able to
screen and process relevant sensory information about
both the task and the environment while screening out
irrelevant information.
• Selective attention can be examined by asking the
patient to attend to a particular task.
• For example, the therapist asks the patient to repeat a
short list of numbers forward or backward (digit span
test).
• Normally individuals can recall seven forward and five
backward numbers.
20. • Sustained attention (or vigilance) is examined by
determining how long the patient is able to maintain
attention on a particular task (time on task).
• Alternating attention (attention flexibility) is examined
by requesting the patient to alternate back and forth
between two different tasks (e.g., add the first two pairs
of numbers, then subtract the next two pairs of numbers).
21. • Requesting the patient to perform two tasks
simultaneously is used to determine divided attention.
• For example, the patient talks while walking (Walkie–
Talkie Test).
22. • Memory is the process of registration, retention, and
recall of past experience, knowledge, and ideas.
• Declarative (explicit) memory involves the conscious
recollection of facts, past events, experiences, and
places.
• Motor memory (procedural memory) -recall of
movements or motor information and storage of motor
programs, subroutines, or schema as well as perceptual
and cognitive skills.
23. • Patients with brain injury and deficits in the medial
temporal lobe areas and hippocampus demonstrate
impaired explicit memory
• implicit memory, impaired in damge to the CNS motor
areas ( cerebellum, premotor cortex).
24. • Immediate memory (immediate recall) -the immediate
registration and recall of information after an interval of a
few seconds (e.g., repeat after me).
• Short-term memory (STM) (recent memory) -the
capability to remember current, day-to-day events (e.g.,
what was eaten for breakfast, date
• Long-term memory (LTM) (remote memory) - the recall
of facts or events that occurred years before (e.g.,
birthdays, anniversary, historic facts).
25. • A simple test for memory involves presenting the patient
with a short list of words of unrelated objects (e.g., pony,
coin, pencil) and asking the patient to repeat those words
immediately after presentation (immediate recall) and
again 5 minutes after presentation (STM).
• LTM can be determined by having the patient recall
events or persons from his or her past
• (Where were you born?
• Where did you go to school?
• Where do/ did you work?).
26. • The patient’s grasp of information and ability to
communicate should be ascertained.
Word comprehension :
• can be determined by varying the difficulty of commands,
from one- to two- or three-stage commands (Point to your
nose; Point to your right hand and lift your left hand).
Repetition and naming :
• Repeat after me: Name the parts of a watch.
27. • Problems with articulation (dysarthria) are evidenced by
speech errors, such as difficulties with timing, vocal
quality, pitch, volume, and breath control.
• FLUENCY
• word flow without pauses or breaks, should be noted.
• Speech that flows smoothly but contains errors,
• neologisms (nonsense words), misuse of words, and
circumlocutions
• (word substitution) is indicative of fluent
• aphasia (i.e., Wernicke’s aphasia)
28. • Speech that is slow and hesitant with limited vocabulary
and impaired syntax is indicative of nonfluent aphasia
(i.e., Broca’s aphasia).
• Articulation is labored and wordfinding difficulties are
apparent.
29. • Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) provides a valid
and reliable quick screen of cognitive function.