What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
The technique of molecular biology like DNA isolation, RNA isolation, PCR, Western blot, RFLP, etc was developed with development in science. This presentation includes the method of DNA and RNA isolation and their Quantification techniques.
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
GENE CLONING,ITS HISTORY, NEW ADVENT IN GENE CLONING, PCR IMPORTANCE ,APPLICATION OF GENE CLONING,STEPS OF GENE CLONING,Antisense technology,Gene cloning in agriculture,Somatic cell therapy,Role of gene cloning in identification of genes responsible for human diseases,Synthesis of other recombinant human proteins and recombinant vaccines
Gene cloning in medicine,Recombinant protein from yeast,Problems with the production of recombinant protein in E.coli ,Expression of foreign genes in E.coli,Production of recombinant protein ,PCR can also be used to purify a gene,Obtaining a pure sample of a gene by cloning,Why gene cloning and PCR are so important,The advent of gene cloning and the polymerase
chain reaction.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
Creation of a cDNA library starts with mRNA instead of DNA. Messenger RNA carries encoded information from DNA to ribosomes for translation into protein. To create a cDNA library, these mRNA molecules are treated with the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is used to make a DNA copy of an mRNA (i.e., cDNA). A cDNA library represents a sampling of the transcribed genes, but a genomic library includes untranscribed regions.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
The technique of molecular biology like DNA isolation, RNA isolation, PCR, Western blot, RFLP, etc was developed with development in science. This presentation includes the method of DNA and RNA isolation and their Quantification techniques.
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
GENE CLONING,ITS HISTORY, NEW ADVENT IN GENE CLONING, PCR IMPORTANCE ,APPLICATION OF GENE CLONING,STEPS OF GENE CLONING,Antisense technology,Gene cloning in agriculture,Somatic cell therapy,Role of gene cloning in identification of genes responsible for human diseases,Synthesis of other recombinant human proteins and recombinant vaccines
Gene cloning in medicine,Recombinant protein from yeast,Problems with the production of recombinant protein in E.coli ,Expression of foreign genes in E.coli,Production of recombinant protein ,PCR can also be used to purify a gene,Obtaining a pure sample of a gene by cloning,Why gene cloning and PCR are so important,The advent of gene cloning and the polymerase
chain reaction.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
Creation of a cDNA library starts with mRNA instead of DNA. Messenger RNA carries encoded information from DNA to ribosomes for translation into protein. To create a cDNA library, these mRNA molecules are treated with the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is used to make a DNA copy of an mRNA (i.e., cDNA). A cDNA library represents a sampling of the transcribed genes, but a genomic library includes untranscribed regions.
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic SystemsBir Bahadur Thapa
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems!! It is prepared under the syllabus of Tribhuwan University, Nepal, MSc. 3rd Semester as a lecture class!!
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
DNA Fingerprinting for Taxonomy and Phylogeny.pptxsharanabasapppa
Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material which is present in all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.
DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base.
The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determinesDNA's instructions, or genetic code.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Explain in your own words, what is DNA?
1. DNA is deoxyribonucleicantidisestablishmentarianism, a
complex string of syllables found inside your body in tiny
genes called chromosomes.
2. The information in your DNA determines your unique
biological characteristics, such as eye color, Social Security
number, and age. There is surprisingly little difference
between DNA in humans, Democrats, and Republicans.
6. Molecular biology techniques utilize
DNA, RNA, and enzymes that
interact with nucleic acids to
understand biology at a molecular
level.
7. Molecular Pathology is a subspecialty of
pathology that utilizes molecular biology
techniques to:
Detect normal and disease states
(diagnosis)
Predict disease progression (prognosis)
11. Genetic material of all known organisms
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA: ribonucleic acid (e.g., some viruses)
Consist of chemically linked sequences of
nucleotides
Nitrogenous base
Pentose- 5-carbon sugar (ribose or
deoxyribose)
Phosphate group
The sequence of bases provides the genetic
information
12. Two types of bases
Purines are fused five- and six-membered rings
Adenine A DNA RNA
Guanine G DNA RNA
Pyrimidines are six-membered rings
Cytosine C DNA RNA
Thymine T DNA
Uracil U RNA
13. Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak bonds
compared to covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds can form between a pyrimidine
and a purine
Watson-Crick base-pairing rules
A T
G C
15. 5’ 5’
3’
3’
In general, DNA is double-stranded.
Double-stranded (ds) DNA takes the
form of a right handed helix with
approximately 10 base pairs per turn of
the helix.
16. In the DNA double helix, purines and pyrimidines
face each other
The two polynucleotide chains in the double helix
are connected by hydrogen bonds between the
bases
Watson-Crick base-pairing rules
A T
G C
GC base pairs (bps)have more energy than AT
bps
Since one strand of DNA is complementary to the
other, genetic material can be accurately
reproduced; each strand serves as the template
for the synthesis of the other
17. 5’p OH3’
3’OH p5’
Two strands of the DNA double helix are
antiparallel and complementary to each
other
18. promoter Structural gene
flank flank
upstream downstream
5’ 3’
•A gene is a unit of inheritance
•Carries the information for a:
-polypeptide
-structural RNA molecule
20. Specific endonucleases
Recognize specific short sequences of DNA and
cleave the DNA at or near the recognition
sequence
Recognition sequences: usually 4 or 6 bases but
there are some that are 5, 8, or longer
Recognition sequences are palindromes
Palindrome: sequence of DNA that is the same
when one strand is read from left to right or the
other strand is read from right to left– consists of
adjacent inverted repeats
21. Example of a palindrome:
GAATTC
CTTAAG
Restriction enzymes are isolated from bacteria
Derive names from the bacteria
Genus- first letter capitalized
Species- second and third letters (small case)
Additional letters from “strains”
Roman numeral designates different enzymes from the
same bacterial strain, in numerical order of discovery
Example: EcoRI
E Escherichia
Co coli
R R strain
I first enzyme discovered from Escherichia coli R
22. Nucleic acid hybridization is the formation of a
duplex between two complementary sequences
Intermolecular hybridization: between two
polynucleotide chains which have complementary
bases
› DNA-DNA
› DNA-RNA
› RNA-RNA
Annealing is another term used to describe the
hybridization of two complementary molecules
24. Probe is a nucleic acid that
› can be labeled with a marker which allows
identification and quantitation
› will hybridize to another nucleic acid on the basis of
base complementarity
Types of labels
› Radioactive (32P, 35S, 14C, 3H)
› Fluorescent
FISH: fluorescent in situ hybridization
chromosomes
› Biotinylated (avidin-streptavidin)
25. Solid support hybridization: DNA or RNA is
immobilized on an inert support so that self-
annealing is prevented
Bound sequences are available for hybridization
with an added nucleic acid (probe).
Filter hybridization is the most common
application:
Southern Blots
Dot/Slot Blots
Northern Blots
In-silica hybridization (glass slides)
in situ hybridization (tissue)
Chromosomal (FISH)
Microarrays
26. Southern blotting is a procedure for transferring
denatured DNA from an agarose gel to a solid
support filter where it can be hybridized with a
complementary nucleic acid probe
The DNA is separated by size so that specific
fragments can be identified
Procedure:
› Restriction digest to make different sized fragments
› Agarose gel electrophoresis to separate by size
› Since only single strands bind to the filter, the DNA
must be denatured.
› Denaturation to permit binding to the filter (NaOH)
› Transfer to filter paper (capillary flow)
› Hybridization to probe
› Visualization of probe
30. DNA or RNA is bound directly to a solid support
filter
No size separation
Ideal for multiple samples and quantitative
measurements
Important to establish specificity of conditions
32. This electronic microarray is an example of "Lab-on-a-Chip"
technology. It is an electrophoresis device that produces
results up to 1000 times faster than conventional techniques
while using much less sample.
33. Control Signals
Region-Specific Signal
The chromosome banding technique performed 20 years ago missed the
small deletion. High resolution banding developed more recently can
elucidate the abnormality. Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) is a
powerful technique in that it can reveal submicroscopic abnormalities even
in non-dividing cells.
34. PCR is the in vitro enzymatic
synthesis and amplification of
specific DNA sequences
Can amplify one molecule of DNA
into billions of copies in a few
hours
35. Detection of chromosomal translocations
› Amplification across a translocation sequence
Chromosome painting
Detection of residual disease
Infectious disease
Forensics
HLA typing
Detection of Loss of Suppressor Genes
› Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH)
36. Genome: The entire DNA of an organism
› Humans
diploid (chromosome pairs)
6 x 109 bp per diploid genome
Haploid genome is one set of chromosomes
Chromosome: structure found within a cell
nucleus consisting of a continuous length of ds
DNA
› Humans
22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes
2 sex chromosomes
37. 40,000 genes
Speaking a language of molecular
fingerprints
Gene expression is another
language of complexity
38. Locus: a position on a
chromosome
Allele: alternate form of DNA at a
specific locus on the chromosome
Each individual inherits two copies
of DNA
Maternal
Paternal
Homozygous alleles: the two copies
are identical
Heterozygous alleles: the two copies
are different
39. RFLP is a polymorphic allele identified by the
presence or absence of a specific restriction
endonuclease recognition site:
› GAATTC versus GATTTC
RFLP is usually identified by digestion of genomic
DNA with specific restriction enzymes followed
by Southern blotting
Regions of DNA with polymorphisms:
› Introns
› Flanking sequences
› Exons
40. Most genes have small sequence
differences between individuals
Occur every 1350 bp on average
Some of these polymorphisms may affect:
How well the protein works
How the protein interacts with another protein
or substrate
The different gene forms containing
polymorphisms are called alleles