Mod 6 harlow
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Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in bare cages often died, while monkeys placed in cages with either a wire or cloth-covered "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated that contact comfort is important for attachment formation and social/emotional development in young primates.
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Harry harlow’s monkey theory
Harry Harlow conducted experiments on rhesus monkeys to show the importance of bonding between mothers and children. Baby monkeys were isolated from their mothers at birth and placed in cages with either a wire surrogate that dispensed food or a cloth surrogate that provided warmth and comfort. The baby monkeys attached themselves to the cloth surrogate and would only go to the wire surrogate when starving, showing their need for comfort and bonding beyond just food. Harlow's experiments supported the theory that infant attachment to mothers is due to the positive feelings and safety provided by the mother, not just for feeding.
HARRY F HARLOW
Harry Harlow was an American psychologist known for his experiments on rhesus monkeys that demonstrated the importance of caregiving and companionship in development. In his famous wire/cloth "mother" experiment, Harlow found that infant monkeys spent more time with and preferred a soft terry cloth surrogate over a wire one that provided food. When frightened, monkeys raised with the cloth mother sought it for comfort while those with the wire mother showed signs of distress. The findings suggested that warmth and comfort, not just feeding, are important for nurturing attachment. Harlow's work highlighted the psychological and developmental importance of emotional bonds between caregivers and children.
Wire and Terrycloth Mothers
Harry Harlow conducted experiments in the 1950s and 1960s that demonstrated the importance of companionship for baby rhesus monkeys' development. He separated baby monkeys from their mothers and provided them with two surrogate mothers, one made of wire and one made of soft terrycloth. The monkeys spent more time with and sought comfort from the terrycloth mother, even when the wire mother provided food. This showed that contact comfort is more psychologically important for young monkeys than just being fed. Harlow's findings contradicted beliefs at the time that minimizing physical contact was best for children's development and that emotions played a negligible role.
Learning theory
Here are 15 key words related to the Learning Theory of Attachment:
1. Attachment
2. Learning Theory
3. Classical conditioning
4. Association
5. Unconditioned stimulus
6. Neutral stimulus
7. Unconditioned response
8. Conditioned response
9. Conditioned stimulus
10. Harlow
11. Imprinting
12. Lorenz
13. Shaffer
14. Emerson
15. Feeding
Evolutionary perspective
Bowlby's attachment theory was influenced by evolutionary theory and ethologists like Lorenz who studied imprinting. Bowlby believed that early ancestors evolved an attachment system to help infants form strong bonds with caregivers for protection, which ensured their survival. This attachment system causes infants to engage in behaviors like babbling and crying to attract caregivers and learn important survival skills from them.
Lavc f10 lecture 10 primate ecology
This document summarizes key points about primate social behavior and ecology from an anthropology lecture:
1) Primates live in social groups for protection from predators through increased detection of threats, lower risk of any individual being caught due to group size, and ability to cooperatively defend against attacks.
2) Natural selection has shaped different primate social systems to balance the costs and benefits of group living. Traits like food distribution and competition influence group size and structure.
3) Differences between male and female fitness goals, like access to resources versus access to mates, help drive sex differences in social behaviors like dispersal patterns and alliance formation.
AP Biology behavioral ecology
This document provides an overview of behavioral ecology, which studies how animal behavior develops and contributes to survival. It discusses different types of behaviors such as fixed action patterns, imprinting, kinesis, taxis, migration, communication, learning, cognition, and mating behaviors. Many behaviors have genetic components that evolved through natural selection, while others are influenced by environmental factors like learning. The goal is to understand both the proximate causes of behaviors as well as their ultimate evolutionary significance.
Behavioral ecology (chap.51)
This document contains 20 questions about behavioral ecology concepts covered in a PowerPoint presentation on Chapter 51, including the differences between innate and learned behaviors, examples of fixed action patterns and supernormal stimuli, the importance of studying behavior, examples of classical and operant conditioning, habituation, social behaviors in honey bees and birds, and types of pheromones. It asks the reader to name famous ethologists and different types of social behaviors, and provides questions about imprinting, critical periods, and mole rat characteristics.
Recommended
Harry harlow’s monkey theory
Harry Harlow conducted experiments on rhesus monkeys to show the importance of bonding between mothers and children. Baby monkeys were isolated from their mothers at birth and placed in cages with either a wire surrogate that dispensed food or a cloth surrogate that provided warmth and comfort. The baby monkeys attached themselves to the cloth surrogate and would only go to the wire surrogate when starving, showing their need for comfort and bonding beyond just food. Harlow's experiments supported the theory that infant attachment to mothers is due to the positive feelings and safety provided by the mother, not just for feeding.
HARRY F HARLOW
Harry Harlow was an American psychologist known for his experiments on rhesus monkeys that demonstrated the importance of caregiving and companionship in development. In his famous wire/cloth "mother" experiment, Harlow found that infant monkeys spent more time with and preferred a soft terry cloth surrogate over a wire one that provided food. When frightened, monkeys raised with the cloth mother sought it for comfort while those with the wire mother showed signs of distress. The findings suggested that warmth and comfort, not just feeding, are important for nurturing attachment. Harlow's work highlighted the psychological and developmental importance of emotional bonds between caregivers and children.
Wire and Terrycloth Mothers
Harry Harlow conducted experiments in the 1950s and 1960s that demonstrated the importance of companionship for baby rhesus monkeys' development. He separated baby monkeys from their mothers and provided them with two surrogate mothers, one made of wire and one made of soft terrycloth. The monkeys spent more time with and sought comfort from the terrycloth mother, even when the wire mother provided food. This showed that contact comfort is more psychologically important for young monkeys than just being fed. Harlow's findings contradicted beliefs at the time that minimizing physical contact was best for children's development and that emotions played a negligible role.
Learning theory
Here are 15 key words related to the Learning Theory of Attachment:
1. Attachment
2. Learning Theory
3. Classical conditioning
4. Association
5. Unconditioned stimulus
6. Neutral stimulus
7. Unconditioned response
8. Conditioned response
9. Conditioned stimulus
10. Harlow
11. Imprinting
12. Lorenz
13. Shaffer
14. Emerson
15. Feeding
Evolutionary perspective
Bowlby's attachment theory was influenced by evolutionary theory and ethologists like Lorenz who studied imprinting. Bowlby believed that early ancestors evolved an attachment system to help infants form strong bonds with caregivers for protection, which ensured their survival. This attachment system causes infants to engage in behaviors like babbling and crying to attract caregivers and learn important survival skills from them.
Lavc f10 lecture 10 primate ecology
This document summarizes key points about primate social behavior and ecology from an anthropology lecture:
1) Primates live in social groups for protection from predators through increased detection of threats, lower risk of any individual being caught due to group size, and ability to cooperatively defend against attacks.
2) Natural selection has shaped different primate social systems to balance the costs and benefits of group living. Traits like food distribution and competition influence group size and structure.
3) Differences between male and female fitness goals, like access to resources versus access to mates, help drive sex differences in social behaviors like dispersal patterns and alliance formation.
AP Biology behavioral ecology
This document provides an overview of behavioral ecology, which studies how animal behavior develops and contributes to survival. It discusses different types of behaviors such as fixed action patterns, imprinting, kinesis, taxis, migration, communication, learning, cognition, and mating behaviors. Many behaviors have genetic components that evolved through natural selection, while others are influenced by environmental factors like learning. The goal is to understand both the proximate causes of behaviors as well as their ultimate evolutionary significance.
Behavioral ecology (chap.51)
This document contains 20 questions about behavioral ecology concepts covered in a PowerPoint presentation on Chapter 51, including the differences between innate and learned behaviors, examples of fixed action patterns and supernormal stimuli, the importance of studying behavior, examples of classical and operant conditioning, habituation, social behaviors in honey bees and birds, and types of pheromones. It asks the reader to name famous ethologists and different types of social behaviors, and provides questions about imprinting, critical periods, and mole rat characteristics.
Methods for studying behaviour
1. The document discusses various methods for studying animal behavior, including ad libitum observation, focal animal observation, scanning/instantaneous sampling, all occurrences sampling, and one-zero sampling.
2. It provides examples of how to create an ethogram to catalog an animal's behaviors and create a time budget to track how much time an animal spends on different behaviors like hunting, eating, sleeping, and grooming.
3. The procedure outlines observing a single animal for an hour, recording its behaviors and the time spent on each one in order to analyze which behaviors are most and least frequent.
Imprinting
This document discusses different types of imprinting, including filial imprinting where young animals imprint on their parents, sexual imprinting where young imprint on characteristics of adults that influence mate choice, and reverse sexual imprinting known as the Westermarck effect where individuals living in close proximity early in life are desensitized to sexual attraction to one another to avoid inbreeding. It also discusses limbic imprinting where prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal experiences leave lifelong imprints on the limbic system of the brain that shape deep-seated beliefs and values. Examples are provided for each type of imprinting.
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The document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding language development in humans. It provides examples of nature referring to innate qualities determined by genes, while nurture refers to personal experiences and environment. Specifically for language:
- Chomsky argued language is innate to humans, as evidenced by the advanced structures in the human brain and failure of chimps raised like humans to develop speech.
- Skinner believed language is acquired through environmental factors like conditioning, association, and reinforcement from a social environment.
- Both nature and nurture play an important role, as humans have an innate capacity for language but develop skills through interaction with others in their environment.
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1. Vertebrate embryos all start with similar basic body designs as they share some similar genes.
2. Karl Ernst Von Baer discovered four principles of comparative embryology showing that early embryos display common features before developing specialized traits, and that embryos of more evolved species diverge from primitive species over time.
3. Darwin found that differences between species increase with evolution, agreeing with Von Baer's theories, and he looked at both common descent using embryo similarities and how structures modified to help animals adapt.
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Animal behaviour
Behavior is everything an organism does in response to stimuli from both the external environment and internal bodily states. It includes innate behaviors that are genetically determined and critical for survival, such as feeding, grooming, and reproduction, as well as learned behaviors influenced by environmental factors. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology and focuses on understanding behavior in natural habitats and social contexts.
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Animal behavior
Animal behavior types can be categorized into several types including learning, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error learning, latent learning, insight, reasoning, and cognition. Learning is the modification of behavior based on experiences and can range from simple to complex. Habituation is the decrease in response to repeated stimuli over time. Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period where young animals learn recognition and attraction patterns. Classical conditioning pairs an innate response with a new stimulus. Trial and error and insight involve solving problems through testing or understanding relationships. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement. Animal cognition allows perception, processing, and use of information.
Mod 6 harlow
Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in a bare cage with just food and water often died, while monkeys in cages with a bare wire or cloth-covered wire "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated the important role of contact comfort, rather than just food, in the formation of attachment and healthy social-emotional development in young primates.
Behaviourism
The document discusses the theory of behaviourism and some of its key proponents. Behaviourism argues that behaviour is the only objective thing that can be studied, not internal mental states. Some of the theorists discussed include Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Their work involved classical conditioning experiments with animals and humans to understand learning through stimulus-response associations and reinforcement.
Psychology: Harlow’s experiments on attachment in monkeys. by Janice Fung.
Harlow conducted experiments on infant rhesus monkeys to study the factors influencing attachment to mothers. He found that infant monkeys separated from mothers developed stronger attachments to surrogate mothers covered in soft cloth compared to wire surrogates, even if the wire surrogate provided food. This demonstrated that contact comfort was more important than feeding in forming attachments. Harlow also found that monkeys raised in total isolation from birth exhibited social and emotional impairments later in life. His work provided insights into how early attachment experiences shape later maternal behavior and psychological development.
Alternative to animal studies
The document discusses alternative techniques to animal testing in drug and chemical research. It defines alternatives as methods that replace, reduce, or refine animal use. Several specific alternative techniques are described, including full thickness skin models, in silico computer modeling, cell line techniques, and patch clamp electrophysiology. The techniques aim to provide comparable data to animal tests while avoiding or minimizing animal use.
Alternatives to animal screening methods p'screening. mohammadhusain
1) The document presents information on alternatives to animal testing for toxicity screening such as biotechnology methods like cell cultures and transgenic animal models.
2) In vitro methods like cell lines and tissue cultures can be used to test substances and reduce animal numbers. Full thickness skin models and in silico modeling are also described.
3) Techniques like the patch clamp method allow studying ion channels in isolated cells like kidney cells to understand transport processes without whole animal experiments.
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This document discusses personality types and how understanding personality differences can help people get along better. It introduces the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality assessment, which categorizes people into 16 types based on their preferences in four areas: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. By learning one's own type and understanding how to communicate effectively with different types, people can build stronger relationships, work together more productively, and create a more harmonious world.
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) & Team Building
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Here is an explanation of the MBTI personality instrument and information on the four pairings and 8 differences. Use the MBTI for personal, team, leadership and organisational development. If you have any questions, please do be in touch. We will be happy to help.
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The document provides an overview of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality assessment tool, including descriptions of its main dimensions: Extraversion vs Introversion, Sensing vs Intuition, Thinking vs Feeling, and Judging vs Perceiving. It also discusses Carl Jung's four main temperament types - Rationalist, Idealist, Guardian, and Artisan - and provides descriptive words for each temperament. The document aims to help people understand personality type theory and differences between types.
John Bowlby
John Bowlby was a British psychologist who originated attachment theory. He believed that the early relationship between infant and caregiver, usually the mother, has a significant and long-lasting impact on development. Bowlby described attachment as the emotional bond between caregiver and child that involves comfort, care, and pleasure. He proposed that children are biologically programmed to form attachments for survival and mental health. Bowlby's theory of attachment outlines the importance of a continuous relationship with one primary caregiver in the first two years and the potential negative impacts of maternal deprivation.
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Methods for studying behaviour
1. The document discusses various methods for studying animal behavior, including ad libitum observation, focal animal observation, scanning/instantaneous sampling, all occurrences sampling, and one-zero sampling.
2. It provides examples of how to create an ethogram to catalog an animal's behaviors and create a time budget to track how much time an animal spends on different behaviors like hunting, eating, sleeping, and grooming.
3. The procedure outlines observing a single animal for an hour, recording its behaviors and the time spent on each one in order to analyze which behaviors are most and least frequent.
Imprinting
This document discusses different types of imprinting, including filial imprinting where young animals imprint on their parents, sexual imprinting where young imprint on characteristics of adults that influence mate choice, and reverse sexual imprinting known as the Westermarck effect where individuals living in close proximity early in life are desensitized to sexual attraction to one another to avoid inbreeding. It also discusses limbic imprinting where prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal experiences leave lifelong imprints on the limbic system of the brain that shape deep-seated beliefs and values. Examples are provided for each type of imprinting.
Evolutionary Psychology
The document discusses the ecology of the human mind and compares the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) to Evolutionary Psychology (EP). The SSSM views humans as "blank slates" shaped entirely by culture and experience, while EP views the human mind as consisting of evolved, specialized modules adapted for problems faced in our ancestral environment. EP argues that many behaviors are unconsciously driven by these modules rather than conscious decision-making.
Nature nurture elt method
The document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding language development in humans. It provides examples of nature referring to innate qualities determined by genes, while nurture refers to personal experiences and environment. Specifically for language:
- Chomsky argued language is innate to humans, as evidenced by the advanced structures in the human brain and failure of chimps raised like humans to develop speech.
- Skinner believed language is acquired through environmental factors like conditioning, association, and reinforcement from a social environment.
- Both nature and nurture play an important role, as humans have an innate capacity for language but develop skills through interaction with others in their environment.
Comparative Embryology introduction
1. Vertebrate embryos all start with similar basic body designs as they share some similar genes.
2. Karl Ernst Von Baer discovered four principles of comparative embryology showing that early embryos display common features before developing specialized traits, and that embryos of more evolved species diverge from primitive species over time.
3. Darwin found that differences between species increase with evolution, agreeing with Von Baer's theories, and he looked at both common descent using embryo similarities and how structures modified to help animals adapt.
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The document summarizes several child development theorists and the stages they proposed. Erikson's stage of initiative vs guilt describes physical and cognitive milestones for preschool-aged children such as standing on one foot, writing their name, and playing with others. Freud's phallic stage refers to sexual pleasure through masturbation between ages 3-5. Piaget's preoperational stage involves symbolic thinking and imagination but difficulty with abstract thoughts. Kohlberg's stage focuses on following fixed rules to maintain social order.
Animal behaviour
Behavior is everything an organism does in response to stimuli from both the external environment and internal bodily states. It includes innate behaviors that are genetically determined and critical for survival, such as feeding, grooming, and reproduction, as well as learned behaviors influenced by environmental factors. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology and focuses on understanding behavior in natural habitats and social contexts.
PSYC482 Paper 2
This document summarizes current research on mate selection in humans from an evolutionary psychology perspective. It discusses that past research has largely focused on heterosexual relationships and chimpanzee behavior, ignoring factors like same-sex relationships, gender fluidity in females, environmental influences, and the role of male power in shaping mating patterns. The document argues for a more comprehensive, feminist approach to evolutionary psychology that examines diverse species like bonobos and centers females, in order to develop theories that more fully explain human mate selection behaviors.
Animal behavior
Animal behavior types can be categorized into several types including learning, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error learning, latent learning, insight, reasoning, and cognition. Learning is the modification of behavior based on experiences and can range from simple to complex. Habituation is the decrease in response to repeated stimuli over time. Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period where young animals learn recognition and attraction patterns. Classical conditioning pairs an innate response with a new stimulus. Trial and error and insight involve solving problems through testing or understanding relationships. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement. Animal cognition allows perception, processing, and use of information.
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Mod 6 harlow
Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in a bare cage with just food and water often died, while monkeys in cages with a bare wire or cloth-covered wire "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated the important role of contact comfort, rather than just food, in the formation of attachment and healthy social-emotional development in young primates.
Behaviourism
The document discusses the theory of behaviourism and some of its key proponents. Behaviourism argues that behaviour is the only objective thing that can be studied, not internal mental states. Some of the theorists discussed include Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Their work involved classical conditioning experiments with animals and humans to understand learning through stimulus-response associations and reinforcement.
Psychology: Harlow’s experiments on attachment in monkeys. by Janice Fung.
Harlow conducted experiments on infant rhesus monkeys to study the factors influencing attachment to mothers. He found that infant monkeys separated from mothers developed stronger attachments to surrogate mothers covered in soft cloth compared to wire surrogates, even if the wire surrogate provided food. This demonstrated that contact comfort was more important than feeding in forming attachments. Harlow also found that monkeys raised in total isolation from birth exhibited social and emotional impairments later in life. His work provided insights into how early attachment experiences shape later maternal behavior and psychological development.
Alternative to animal studies
The document discusses alternative techniques to animal testing in drug and chemical research. It defines alternatives as methods that replace, reduce, or refine animal use. Several specific alternative techniques are described, including full thickness skin models, in silico computer modeling, cell line techniques, and patch clamp electrophysiology. The techniques aim to provide comparable data to animal tests while avoiding or minimizing animal use.
Alternatives to animal screening methods p'screening. mohammadhusain
1) The document presents information on alternatives to animal testing for toxicity screening such as biotechnology methods like cell cultures and transgenic animal models.
2) In vitro methods like cell lines and tissue cultures can be used to test substances and reduce animal numbers. Full thickness skin models and in silico modeling are also described.
3) Techniques like the patch clamp method allow studying ion channels in isolated cells like kidney cells to understand transport processes without whole animal experiments.
Erick erickson, psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson proposed a lifespan theory of psychosocial development consisting of eight stages from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage presents a psychosocial crisis that influences personality development. For example, adolescence involves developing identity through exploring different roles and committing to an occupation. Successful completion of each stage leads to a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues like trust and identity.
Attachment bowlby ainsworth
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers in the first years of life. These attachments develop through interactions between the baby and caregiver and influence the child's social-emotional development and future relationships. John Bowlby's influential theory argued that both infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments during a sensitive period in early development. Mary Ainsworth further studied infant attachments through her Strange Situation experiment and identified patterns of secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment in children.
Theories of Gender Development
The document summarizes several theories of gender development, including social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, gender schema theory, and gender script theory. It compares concepts between theorists like Freud and Horney. It also discusses problems with fully explaining gender development with any single theory and notes a goal of understanding increased gender flexibility in late adolescence.
MBTI: Understanding self and others
This document discusses personality types and how understanding personality differences can help people get along better. It introduces the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality assessment, which categorizes people into 16 types based on their preferences in four areas: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. By learning one's own type and understanding how to communicate effectively with different types, people can build stronger relationships, work together more productively, and create a more harmonious world.
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) & Team Building
Developing Potential (UK) are specialists in designing and delivering MBTI programmes for individual, team and leadership development. Programmes are delivered worldwide.
Here is an explanation of the MBTI personality instrument and information on the four pairings and 8 differences. Use the MBTI for personal, team, leadership and organisational development. If you have any questions, please do be in touch. We will be happy to help.
Myers-Briggs Basic Presentation
The document provides an overview of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality assessment tool, including descriptions of its main dimensions: Extraversion vs Introversion, Sensing vs Intuition, Thinking vs Feeling, and Judging vs Perceiving. It also discusses Carl Jung's four main temperament types - Rationalist, Idealist, Guardian, and Artisan - and provides descriptive words for each temperament. The document aims to help people understand personality type theory and differences between types.
John Bowlby
John Bowlby was a British psychologist who originated attachment theory. He believed that the early relationship between infant and caregiver, usually the mother, has a significant and long-lasting impact on development. Bowlby described attachment as the emotional bond between caregiver and child that involves comfort, care, and pleasure. He proposed that children are biologically programmed to form attachments for survival and mental health. Bowlby's theory of attachment outlines the importance of a continuous relationship with one primary caregiver in the first two years and the potential negative impacts of maternal deprivation.
Chess powerpoint presentation
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The document outlines an agenda for a workshop on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) instrument. The agenda includes an introduction to MBTI, understanding MBTI preferences, exercises to understand how people with different preferences interact, and coping with stress using type. The workshop aims to help participants understand how team interactions are influenced by individual preferences and develop strategies for effective communication and problem solving using type.
Piaget’S Cognitive Development Theory
Piaget's theory of cognitive development consists of four stages:
1) Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) where children learn through senses and physical interaction.
2) Preoperational stage (ages 2-7) where children develop language and imagination but lack logical reasoning.
3) Concrete operational stage (ages 7-11) where children develop logical thinking skills and understand conservation.
4) Formal operational stage (ages 11 and up) where children develop abstract reasoning and can think hypothetically.
Piaget developed this theory by observing his own children and it focuses on how children construct an understanding of the world through experiences over time.
Bowlby's theory of attachment
- John Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed the theory of attachment, which proposes that the bonds formed between children and their caregivers have a significant impact that lasts throughout life.
- Key aspects of attachment theory include the four phases of attachment development from birth to 2 years old, the concept of an internal working model, and different styles of attachment identified in Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiments, including secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachment styles.
- Attachment theory has influenced research showing relationships between early attachment and later social/emotional development, as well as the importance of caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness in forming secure attachment. However, critics note it focuses primarily on the mother's role and evolutionary
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Psychology: Harlow’s experiments on attachment in monkeys. by Janice Fung.
Psychology: Harlow’s experiments on attachment in monkeys. by Janice Fung.
Alternatives to animal screening methods p'screening. mohammadhusain
Alternatives to animal screening methods p'screening. mohammadhusain
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) & Team Building
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) & Team Building
Similar to Mod 6 harlow
Mod 6 explanations of attachment
Here are 3 limitations of Bowlby's theory identified in the attachment booklet:
1. Bowlby did not consider individual differences in attachment styles. He assumed all children form a secure attachment.
2. Bowlby did not consider cultural differences in childrearing practices and attachment. His ideas were based mainly on Western societies.
3. Bowlby's theory does not fully explain how attachment behaviors and internal working models change over time in response to new experiences and relationships. He saw them as fixed after the critical period.
Ethological theories.pptx
About Ethological theories of human development. What is Ethological theory?
different ethological theories.
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3. Theory of attachment by John Bowlby- phases of attachment development, critiques of attachment theory
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Lorenz conducted a study on goslings to test the hypothesis that they will imprint on and follow the first moving object they see. He found that goslings followed either him or their mother, depending on who they saw first, providing early evidence that animals form attachments to caregivers during a critical period. This research influenced later theories of attachment in humans but had limitations as it only studied one species and conclusions about permanence of imprinting were later disproven.
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This document summarizes John Bowlby's attachment theory and reviews related research. It discusses key concepts in Bowlby's theory, including the importance of a secure base for infants to explore; the idea of a hierarchy of attachments with one primary caregiver; and the continuity hypothesis that early attachment relationships influence later behavior. The document also reviews studies providing support for Bowlby's theory as well as some limitations and alternative explanations.
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IB Psychology SL Study Guide
The biological perspective views behavior and mental processes as ultimately resulting from physiological and genetic factors. Key concepts include localization of brain function, with different areas controlling processes like speech, vision, and hearing. The brain is also lateralized, with the left and right hemispheres specialized for different tasks. Biological rhythms like the circadian rhythm regulate sleep-wake cycles through mechanisms like the body clock and the pineal gland. Theories of sleep propose functions like restoration, memory consolidation, and energy conservation from an evolutionary perspective. Dreaming may aid in clearing useless memories according to some theories.
IB Psychology SL Study Guide
The biological perspective views behavior and mental processes as ultimately resulting from physiological and genetic factors. Key concepts include localization of brain function, with different areas controlling processes like speech, vision, and hearing. The brain is also lateralized, with the left and right hemispheres specialized for different tasks. Biological rhythms like the circadian rhythm regulate sleep-wake cycles through mechanisms like the body clock and the pineal gland. Theories of sleep propose functions like restoration, memory consolidation, and energy conservation from an evolutionary perspective. Dreaming may aid in clearing useless memories according to some theories.
Dev intro%2c evo animal research
Here are the key points from Bowlby's theory of attachment that could inform the advice:
- Attachment has strong biological roots for both infant and caregiver. Forming a bond is important for survival.
- Consistency and sensitivity in responding to an infant's needs, especially in times of distress, allows the infant to form an internal working model where they view the caregiver as a secure base.
- Through ongoing interactions, the infant learns they can trust the caregiver will be there when needed. This allows them to explore freely while knowing they have a safe haven.
- Spending quality one-on-one time with the infant through activities like playing, reading and caring for them helps cement the bond.
LATCHMENT PART 1
The document discusses maternal nipple deprivation and its effects on infant behavior. It argues that thumbsucking and attachment to inanimate objects like dummies is a form of displacement behavior that occurs in mammals when deprived of the maternal nipple. This behavior serves to satisfy the infant's genetically determined need to latch onto something for nutrition, comfort and protection. The document provides several examples from different species of infants displaying stereotypical or displacement behaviors like self-sucking when separated from their mothers.
Cognitive theories of learning
All the content in this slide is adapted from Allama Iqbal Open University course code 8610_Human learning and Development
Spca wellness dominance_sharing
This document discusses dominance in domestic dogs. It begins by defining dominance and addressing common misconceptions about dominance being related to a personality trait or wolf pack hierarchy. It explains that dominance is a fluid, situational relationship based on motivation and access to resources. The popularity and origins of dominance theory are then examined, noting how early studies of captive wolves influenced ideas about dog behavior. Key differences between wolves and dogs are outlined, including their social structures and environments. Early wolf studies that helped popularize dominance concepts are also critiqued.
Attachment psychology
Attachment theory proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in infancy and early childhood is crucial for healthy social-emotional development. Research on institutionalization and deprivation found that lack of consistent caregiving can impair children's ability to form attachments and relate to others. Studies of daycare quality suggest that high-quality care with low child-to-staff ratios, consistent caregivers, and social stimulation can support children's peer relationships and development, while poor quality care with frequent changes in caregivers or more than 20 hours per week may increase behavioral issues.
LATCHMENT PART 3
The document discusses various examples of animals sucking on objects other than their mother's nipple due to maternal nipple deprivation, including kittens sucking on dogs, lambs sucking on women, and piglets sucking on each other in a way that can cause injury. Maternal nipple deprivation is argued to cause distress in infants and damage the infant's emotional relationship with the mother, with body part sucking serving as a displacement behavior in mammals without the mother's nipple.
Learning theory explanation of attachment
While learning theory has been demonstrated through classical and operant conditioning in animal studies, its application to human learning and attachment may be limited. Animals are similar to humans in how they learn but humans have more complex brains and emotions that likely play a larger role. Also, rewards beyond just food, like attention and comfort, may be more important than food in forming human attachments.
Learning theory
The learning theory proposes that attachment is learned through classical conditioning. It suggests that infants become attached to their caregiver because they learn that the caregiver will meet their needs like food. However, there are some weaknesses with this theory. Studies by Shaffer and Emerson found that 39% of babies attached to those who played with them, not the person who fed them. Research by Harlow also showed that baby monkeys preferred a surrogate mother that comforted them over one that just provided food. This indicates that attachment may not be solely based on learning who meets physiological needs.
Learning theory
The learning theory proposes that attachment is learned through classical conditioning. It suggests that infants become attached to their caregiver because they learn that the caregiver will meet their needs like food. However, there are some weaknesses with this theory. Studies by Shaffer and Emerson found that 39% of babies attached to those who played with them rather than the person who fed them. Research by Harlow also showed that baby monkeys preferred a surrogate mother that comforted them over one that just provided food. This indicates that attachment may not solely be learned through association with being fed.
Theory of learning
This document summarizes three theories of learning: trial and error learning proposed by E.L. Thorndike, insightful learning proposed by Wolfgang Kohler, and conditional learning proposed by Ivan Pavlov and Sigmund Freud. It describes experiments conducted by Thorndike with cats in puzzle boxes, by Kohler with monkeys solving problems by gaining sudden insights, and by Pavlov conditioning dogs to salivate in response to stimuli. The document provides details of these classic experiments and the conclusions drawn about different types of learning.
What is language acquisition
The document discusses theories of language acquisition, including behaviorist and mentalist perspectives. It focuses on behaviorist theories proposed by Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his dog experiments. Watson further applied classical conditioning to humans in his "Little Albert" experiment. Skinner proposed operant conditioning through his rat experiments in a "Skinner Box." Behaviorists believe language is learned through positive and negative reinforcement from the environment, while mentalists believe an innate language acquisition device is involved.
Unit 5 Individual -Social Behavior and MonkeysAmerican psychol.docx
Unit 5 Individual -
Social Behavior and Monkeys
American psychologist, Harry Harlow, conducted a famous experiment that demonstrated the importance of caregiving and companionship in the social development of monkeys. For this assignment, watch
this video
about the Harlow monkey experiment.
Next, observe the social behavior of monkeys by watching the monkey exhibit at your local zoo for at least 10 minutes. If you are unable to visit a zoo, you may watch
this video
of monkeys in a zoo environment. This video is also found in this week's M.U.S.E. material. While observing the monkeys, put on your "sociologist hat," and note the interactions and behaviors that you see.
Answer the following questions in a paper of 800–1,000 words:
How did the monkeys interact with one another?
How is the social behavior and social interaction of monkeys similar to the behavior of humans?
Why do you think humans need social interaction?
What did you learn from conducting field observation research? What do you think of this as a methodology?
.
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Unit 5 Individual -Social Behavior and MonkeysAmerican psychol.docx
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John Bowlby developed the theory of maternal deprivation which argued that children have an innate need to form attachments, especially to their mother, during the critical first five years. Disruption of this attachment through separation, loss of the mother, or failure to attach could lead to long term emotional and behavioral problems. However, some studies have challenged Bowlby's claims, finding no link between deprivation and issues like delinquency or finding children were able to form relationships after deprivation.
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Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth was a student of John Bowlby and the first psychologist to identify different types of attachment relationships between babies/children and their primary caregivers. She observed mothers in Uganda and found that sensitive mothers had securely attached infants who were less anxious, cried less, and explored their environment more. To study attachment types further, Ainsworth designed the "Strange Situation" experiment involving brief separations from and reunions with caregivers. It identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
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Mod 6 fathers
The document summarizes research on caregiver-infant attachment. It describes Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study which identified 4 stages of attachment development. They found that most infants form their first attachment to their biological mother by 7 months. Additional research has explored attachments to secondary caregivers, particularly fathers. While some research suggests fathers play a distinct role through play and stimulation, other studies have been unable to clearly define the father's role in attachment. The role of fathers in infant development remains an area of ongoing research and debate.
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This document discusses attachment theory in developmental psychology. It defines attachment as the strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver that develops over time through interactions. Psychologists have studied how responsive caregiving promotes secure attachment through reciprocity and interactional synchrony between caregiver and infant. A key longitudinal study by Schaffer and Emerson found that infants first form specific attachments to their mothers between 7-12 months of age, displaying behaviors like separation protest and proximity seeking.
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Cognitive interview
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Mod 6 anxiety1
This document discusses how anxiety can affect eyewitness memory and testimony in criminal cases. It notes that:
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- Field research on eyewitness
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Mod 6 harlow
- 1. Animal studies: Lorenz & Harlow • Animal studies of attachment: Lorenz & Harlow.
- 2. Animal studies: Harlow Harry Harlow
- 3. Animal studies: Harlow • Harlow observed that baby monkey’s kept in a bare cage with food and water often died. • Harlow also wanted to test the hypothesis that animals learn to make an attachment to the animal that feeds them. • He set up a series of experiments to find out why.
- 4. Animal studies: Harlow • He put a baby monkey in a cage with a bare wire ‘mother monkey’ and a cloth covered wire ‘mother monkey’. • In one condition the wire mother dispensed milk. • In a second condition the cloth covered mother dispensed milk.
- 6. Animal studies: Harlow • Harlow measured how long the baby monkey spent clinging to the cloth or wired covered mother. • He also recorded which mother baby monkey went to when frightened.
- 7. Animal studies: Harlow • Read the textbook extract ‘Even baby monkey’s need comfort more than food’ – Harlow (1959) and complete the key study summary sheet.
- 8. Evaluation: strengths • Harlow’s research was a major influence on developmental psychology. • It identified the role of contact comfort in the formation of attachment. • It identified the role of attachment in healthy social and emotional development. • Harlow’s research has had a practical effect on the training of social workers and child health care professionals.
- 9. Evaluation: strengths • It influenced the development of Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis. • Harlow’s research has had a practical effect on the training of social workers and child health care professionals.
- 10. Evaluation: limitations • Harlow’s research raised serious ethical issues. • We may not be able to generalise the findings of Harlow’s research to human attachment behaviour.
- 11. Animal studies: Harlow • Read p.14 in the Attachment booklet and use your notes to complete the evaluation table.