Evolutionary Psychology
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The document discusses the ecology of the human mind and compares the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) to Evolutionary Psychology (EP). The SSSM views humans as "blank slates" shaped entirely by culture and experience, while EP views the human mind as consisting of evolved, specialized modules adapted for problems faced in our ancestral environment. EP argues that many behaviors are unconsciously driven by these modules rather than conscious decision-making.
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Introduction evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology argues that human behavior is influenced by inherited factors that evolved to maximize reproductive success. The human mind was designed by natural selection for solving problems faced by our ancestors in the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness, which includes much of the last 200,000 years when humans lived as hunter-gatherers. Evolutionary psychologists believe different neural circuits evolved to cope with specific adaptive problems like vision, mate selection, and parenting.
All about evolutionary psychology and its functions
Evolutionary Psychology is the behavior that is understood in light of human and primate evolutionary history.
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology combines evolutionary biology and cognitive psychology to study the evolution of human psychology and behavior. The core tenets of evolutionary psychology are that 1) behavior is influenced by psychological mechanisms and their inputs, 2) these mechanisms evolved through natural and sexual selection, and 3) they function to solve adaptive problems faced by our ancestors. While genes influence traits, epigenetics shows that environmental factors can influence which genes are expressed.
Evolutionary Psychology
A presentation on Evolutionary Psychology used at University of Derby during their Festival of Science Open Day.
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1.introduction and brief history of psychology presentation
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Introduction evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology argues that human behavior is influenced by inherited factors that evolved to maximize reproductive success. The human mind was designed by natural selection for solving problems faced by our ancestors in the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness, which includes much of the last 200,000 years when humans lived as hunter-gatherers. Evolutionary psychologists believe different neural circuits evolved to cope with specific adaptive problems like vision, mate selection, and parenting.
All about evolutionary psychology and its functions
Evolutionary Psychology is the behavior that is understood in light of human and primate evolutionary history.
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology combines evolutionary biology and cognitive psychology to study the evolution of human psychology and behavior. The core tenets of evolutionary psychology are that 1) behavior is influenced by psychological mechanisms and their inputs, 2) these mechanisms evolved through natural and sexual selection, and 3) they function to solve adaptive problems faced by our ancestors. While genes influence traits, epigenetics shows that environmental factors can influence which genes are expressed.
Evolutionary Psychology
A presentation on Evolutionary Psychology used at University of Derby during their Festival of Science Open Day.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
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Biopsychology is the study of why the brain is the command center and how it influences behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field of psychology has gained popularity in recent years, and much is being learned about the human mind.
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Intro to-psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes. There are two main types of psychology: research psychology, which studies theories and conducts experiments to understand why things happen; and applied psychology, which focuses on how to use research findings in real-world settings like NASA. Some key fields of psychology include clinical, educational, child, environmental, industrial, engineering, and experimental psychology. Important early psychologists include Darwin, Wundt, James, Freud, Galton, Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner. Their work established foundations in evolutionary theory, introspection, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and conditioning. Major approaches to psychology include neurobiological, behavioral, humanistic, psychoanalytical,
14888200.ppt
This document provides an overview of key concepts in introductory psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It discusses physiological and psychological needs, and how stores like Walmart strategically place candy at checkouts to influence customer purchases. The scientific method is introduced as a way to reduce biases. Theories and hypotheses are distinguished. Early contributors to psychology are outlined, including Aristotle, Plato, Darwin, Wundt, James, and Freud. Major perspectives in psychology - such as psychoanalysis, cognitive, behavioral, biological, and humanistic approaches - are introduced. Common career paths and settings for psychologists are listed. Key issues and debates in the field like nature vs nurture are also noted.
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology attempts to explain human behavior through evolutionary adaptations. It links behaviors to biological functions and genetics. Key ideas include natural selection favoring traits suited to the environment and adaptations developing over generations. An example is how early humans' stress response helped survive encounters with predators by focusing on survival. The pair-bonding hypothesis proposes that humans formed long-term romantic bonds to rear young together successfully, promoting behaviors like attachment that increased reproductive success. However, critiques note evolutionary theories may underestimate culture's influence and rely on hypothetical assumptions about ancient humans' behaviors.
A key question for personality psychologists is Are we what .docx
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Controlling anger and anxiety
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Developmental Psychology
The document provides an overview of developmental psychology, including:
1. It discusses several philosophical roots of explanations for human development such as original sin, innate goodness, and the blank slate theory.
2. Early scientific theories focused on documenting physical changes and establishing norms, while maturation theories emphasized genetically programmed development.
3. Modern perspectives consider development across the lifespan rather than only in childhood, and examine factors like nature vs nurture, ecology, and historical/cultural context.
4. Research methods discussed include basic and applied research using experimental, longitudinal, and observational designs while addressing ethical issues.
History & Approaches
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in an AP Psychology course, including major theories, approaches, figures, and areas of psychology. It discusses structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and other major schools of thought. Additionally, it outlines the nature vs nurture debate, levels of analysis, and biological, behavioral, cognitive, and other perspectives. Major areas of psychology like developmental, social, and clinical psychology are also summarized.
How are we different from a Rock—Understand the effects of physiology on huma...
An interesting virtue of being a human being is the ability to perceive and thereby act which defines our behavior. There are myriad ways to study our behavior, and one of the most practical ways is to observe the ways in which physiological events affect behaviour. Physiological psychology is the study of human behavior through physiological impact.
Intro To Psychology Chap 1
The document provides an overview of the field of psychology, including its history and key figures. It discusses psychology as the scientific study of human and animal behavior and thought. It outlines different types of psychology research and fields psychologists work in, such as clinical, educational, child, and environmental psychology. The document also summarizes some of the founders and early theories in psychology, including the work of Wundt, James, Freud, Galton, Pavlov, and Skinner. It concludes with discussing different approaches in psychology like neurobiological, behavioral, psychoanalytic, cognitive, and sociocultural.
Module 1 the history and scope of psychology
The document provides an overview of the history and scope of psychology. It discusses how psychology originated from the work of philosophers like Wilhelm Wundt in the late 1800s. It then describes some of the major developments in psychology's evolution including behaviorism, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology. The document also outlines psychology's main levels of analysis using a biopsychosocial approach and lists some of psychology's main subfields including clinical, cognitive, and social psychology.
Beyond Dissection
The document discusses alternatives to dissection in education that follow the 3 R's of replacement, reduction and refinement. It notes that dissection can cause psychological harm, public health risks from diseases, and that animals are sentient beings capable of feeling pain and anticipating frightening events. The document promotes using alternatives like computer models, mannequins and working with veterinarians to reduce animal use in education and avoid the harms of dissection.
Powerpoint Ch 2
The document discusses several theories of human development:
- Grand theories like psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, and cognitive theory that aim to describe universal processes of development across the lifespan.
- Emergent theories like sociocultural theory and epigenetic theory that consider cultural and environmental influences in addition to genetic factors.
- These theories contribute to understanding how nature and nurture interact in development and influence traits like hyperactivity and homosexuality. Debate continues around how much heredity versus environment shapes human characteristics.
Berger ca8e lecch2
The document discusses several major theories of human development including psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, cognitive theory, sociocultural theory, and epigenetic theory. It provides an overview of the key people and ideas associated with each theory. For example, it describes Freud's ideas about stages of psychosexual development in psychoanalytic theory and Watson's views on learned behavior in behaviorism. The document also notes how each theory has contributed to understanding development and advocates an eclectic approach using different aspects of the various theories.
Lecture 10:Psychological development of children Dr.Reem AlSabah
The document discusses several key aspects of human development from a scientific perspective. It addresses the study of continuity and change over time, the multidimensional nature of development, contexts like environment and culture that influence growth. Critical periods, nature vs nurture debate, stages of development and capacities of newborns like vision, hearing, memory are examined. The complex interplay of biological and environmental factors that shape human growth is emphasized.
Evolution of human brain & mind
1) Early hominid fossils date back around 3.7 million years ago in Tanzania belonging to Australopithecus, a small-brained bipedal species that later diversified and may have given rise to the genus Homo.
2) According to Paul MacLean's triune brain theory, the human brain evolved in three stages - the reptilian brain, old limbic system, and newer neocortex - with each newer section building upon the previous ones.
3) Genetic evidence suggests that genes related to brain development evolved more rapidly in human lineages compared to other primates or mammals, indicating strong natural selection for increased brain size and complexity unique to humans.
017602877.pdf
Psychology has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy, with early perspectives including structuralism which looked at the basic structures of the mind, and functionalism which examined how consciousness helps with problems of everyday life. Modern psychology uses the scientific method and different types of research like experiments, correlations, surveys, observations, and case studies. The six major perspectives in psychology are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and socio-cultural.
Final Psych7
The document provides an overview of the history and key concepts in psychology. It discusses early pioneers like Wundt who established the first psychology lab, and Freud who developed psychoanalysis. Major theories are covered such as behaviorism, humanism, and sociocultural psychology. Key aspects of the mind and behavior like consciousness, learning, development, and culture are examined from different psychological perspectives.
Final Psych7
The document provides an overview of the history and key concepts in psychology. It discusses early pioneers like Wundt who established the first psychology lab, and Freud who developed psychoanalysis. Major theories are covered such as behaviorism, humanism, and sociocultural psychology. Key aspects of the mind and behavior like consciousness, learning, development, and culture are examined from different psychological perspectives.
Intro to Psych
The document provides an overview of psychology and discusses various approaches to understanding human behavior, including neurobiological, behavioral, psychoanalytic, cognitive, and sociocultural approaches. It introduces key figures in the history of psychology such as William Wundt, William James, Sigmund Freud, Francis Galton, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. It also outlines different fields of psychology such as clinical, educational, child, environmental, industrial, experimental, and teaching psychology.
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A key question for personality psychologists is Are we what .docx
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1) Finding a shared ethical framework in our interdependent and pluralistic world is crucial for our survival, not optional.
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3) Starting with a shared respect for nature and the innate human moral sense can help build the foundations for a global ethical system focused on our common humanity.
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Endangered languages
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Concepts and categories.ppt
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Mindreading
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Semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. A semantic theory aims to characterize a speaker's linguistic knowledge, including word meanings, compositional sentence meanings, and how context influences interpretation. However, developing such a theory poses challenges such as avoiding circular definitions, distinguishing linguistic from encyclopedic knowledge, and accounting for individual and contextual variation in meaning. Theories utilize a semantic metalanguage and concepts to characterize core meanings independently of language. They also distinguish semantics from pragmatics, where contextual implications are considered.
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Hockett
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E learning buffet
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Evolutionary Psychology
- 2. What is the ecology of the human mind?
- 4. Evolutionary Psychology To a first approximation: our modern skulls house a stone age mind.
- 5. Animal and human behavior are biological phenomena that have evolved. Ignorance of evolutionary theory can lead some psychologists to appear to view humans as having progressed to be above apes and other 'lower' animals on a 'scale of nature' or scala naturae . Animal behavior is controlled by their biology. Human behavior is determined by culture and experience. Animal behavior is more appropriately studied by biologists. Biology is a natural science. Biology is built upon the rock of evolutionary theory. Psychology is a branch of biology. Psychology is a social science. Social sciences are concerned with how culture and experience produce wide variation in human behavior. Therefore social sciences do not need to consider the role of evolution in the development of behavioral variability. All science is a single coherent entity consisting of many disciplines e.g. physics, biology, psychology, sociology etc. - all characterized by adoption of the scientific method. There are several types of scientific Endeavour e.g. natural sciences (biology, botany, zoology etc.); social sciences (sociology, psychology, politics etc.) Body structure (e.g. hands, kidneys, eyes) has evolved Body structure (e.g. hands, kidneys, eyes) has evolved According to EP: According to the SSSM:
- 6. The human mind consists of specialized modules that are innate and have evolved via natural and sexual selection to cope with adaptive problems. Modules resemble debugged computer programs designed for a particular process e.g. word processor, spreadsheet, database. Fodor (1998) writes that e volutionary psychologists view "..the mind as computational system; the mind is massively modular; a lot of mental structure, including a lot of cognitive structure, is innate; a lot of mental structure, including a lot of cognitive structure, is an evolutionary adaptation - in particular, the function of a creature's nervous system is to abet the propagation of its genome (its selfish gene, as one says)." Humans are born with a few reflexes and the ability to learn. Essentially we are 'empty computers' or 'blank slates' at birth, written on by the hand of culture and experience. Fodor (1998) expresses this idea as follows: "Most cognitive scientists still work in a tradition of empiricism and associationism whose main tenets haven't changed much since Locke and Hume. The human mind is a blank slate at birth. Experience writes on the slate, and association extracts and extrapolates whatever trends there are in the record that experience leaves. The structure of the mind is thus an image, made a posteriori, of the statistical regularities in the world in which it finds itself. I would guess that quite a substantial majority of cognitive scientists believe something of this sort; so deeply, indeed, that many hardly notice that they do."
- 7. Many of the reasons for our behavior are unconscious We can arrive at a conscious decision about the best solution to many everyday problems. Culture is a product of specialized modules. For example a page of text is the product of a word processing program. Culture determines what is learnt. Modules are inherited from ancestors who adapted to the EEA. The individual's internal and external environment plays a role in the expression of modules. Rather like setting the preferences for a computer program. Human behavior is acquired during the lifetime of the individual. Modules are specialized to solve particular adaptive problems: For example, mate selection, language, social co-operation. Human behavior is controlled by a general purpose systems which rely on imitation, general intelligence, culture, reward and punishment. These systems are content-independent or domain-general.
- 28. Chomsky said: You learn a specific language from data, but there is a lot about Language that you know when you’re born.
- 34. Universal Grammar: the basic idea Input (data) Output (grammar) “ An engineer faced with the problem of designing a device for meeting the given input-output conditions would naturally conclude that the basic properties of the output are a consequence of the design of the device. Nor is there any plausible alternative to this assumption” Chomsky (1967) Acquisition device
- 48. A parameter space polysynthesis head directionality subject side verb attraction subject placement serial verb null subject yes no Mohawk, Warlpiri final initial Japanese, Turkish initial final Malagasy, Tzotzil yes no no yes English Edo, Khmer high low Welsh, Zapotec no yes French Spanish, Romanian