Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.
Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.
Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.
Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.
behavioral theory formed the basis of most of the learning theory applied in child rearing and in classrooms. Parents and teachers still find that, in many instances, individuals do learn when provided with the appropriate blend of stimuli, rewards, negative reinforcement, and punishments. Especially with small children and simpler tasks, behavioral principles are often effective.
Eventually, however, educators began to feel that although stimulus-response does explain many human behaviors and has a legitimate place in instruction, behaviorism alone was not sufficient to explain all the phenomena observed in learning situations. The teacher’s are able to use this approach but they have to consider about the weaknesses and try to solve the weaknesses.
B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990)
Skinner’s life and his understanding of life Predetermined, lawful, and orderly
A product of past reinforcements
1925: Hamilton College (NY): degree in English, no courses in psychology
Read about Pavlov’s and Watson’s experimental work
1931: Ph.D. from Harvard
B. F. Skinner
Dissertation: a reflex is a correlation between
S and R
1938: The Behavior of Organisms
1953: Science and Human Behavior
1990: Vigorously attacked the growth of cognitive
psychology
1990 (final article): "Can Psychology Be a Science
of Mind?"
This descriptive ppt on Behaviorism will help to take the knowledge in crux. It includes how the behaviorism came into fame after the fall of Psychology and goals of behaviorism. It includes the brief contribution of Watson and B.F Skinner two leading forces of Behaviorism. It includes classical conditioning, S-R relationship,it also includes operant conditioning. It also states about the criticism of Behaviorism.
All things should be looked at from the perspective of behaviour.
And it doesn’t matter what is going on in the mind, it just matters what the behaviour
So there is no difference in the behaviourist mind between external behaviour and internal thoughts.
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Lee Thorndike
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Advocated by famous psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral theories dominated psychology during the early half of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral techniques are still widely used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn new skills and behaviors
behavioral theory formed the basis of most of the learning theory applied in child rearing and in classrooms. Parents and teachers still find that, in many instances, individuals do learn when provided with the appropriate blend of stimuli, rewards, negative reinforcement, and punishments. Especially with small children and simpler tasks, behavioral principles are often effective.
Eventually, however, educators began to feel that although stimulus-response does explain many human behaviors and has a legitimate place in instruction, behaviorism alone was not sufficient to explain all the phenomena observed in learning situations. The teacher’s are able to use this approach but they have to consider about the weaknesses and try to solve the weaknesses.
B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990)
Skinner’s life and his understanding of life Predetermined, lawful, and orderly
A product of past reinforcements
1925: Hamilton College (NY): degree in English, no courses in psychology
Read about Pavlov’s and Watson’s experimental work
1931: Ph.D. from Harvard
B. F. Skinner
Dissertation: a reflex is a correlation between
S and R
1938: The Behavior of Organisms
1953: Science and Human Behavior
1990: Vigorously attacked the growth of cognitive
psychology
1990 (final article): "Can Psychology Be a Science
of Mind?"
This descriptive ppt on Behaviorism will help to take the knowledge in crux. It includes how the behaviorism came into fame after the fall of Psychology and goals of behaviorism. It includes the brief contribution of Watson and B.F Skinner two leading forces of Behaviorism. It includes classical conditioning, S-R relationship,it also includes operant conditioning. It also states about the criticism of Behaviorism.
All things should be looked at from the perspective of behaviour.
And it doesn’t matter what is going on in the mind, it just matters what the behaviour
So there is no difference in the behaviourist mind between external behaviour and internal thoughts.
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Lee Thorndike
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Advocated by famous psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral theories dominated psychology during the early half of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral techniques are still widely used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn new skills and behaviors
Cognitive approaches to second
language learning
Yaseen Taha
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u Schools of thought
u cognitive approaches
u Behaviourism
u Learning strategies
u Processing approaches
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What are the Schools of thought?
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Schools of thought
Structural
linguistics and
behavioral
psychology
1900s, 1940s,
1950s
Generative
linguistics and
cognitive
psychology
1970s, 1980s
Constructivism
1980s, 1990s,
2000s
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What does cognitive theory mean?
u A theory of learning processes that focuses on how people
think, understand, and know. It does not specifies
precisely what is learned, what content will be easiest (or
most difficult) to learn, or what learners will select to
learn at different stages of development or levels of
mastery of a complex skill. It came about as a reaction to
behaviorism.
u A cognitive theory of learning sees second language
acquisition as a conscious and reasoned thinking process,
involving the deliberate use of learning strategies.
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Important cognitive theorists
u Allan Paivio, Robert Gagne, Howard Gardener, Benjamin Bloom.
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Behaviourism
u a highly influential academic school of psychology. It assumes
that a learner is essentially passive, responding to environment
stimuli. Believes that a learner starts out with a clean slate, and
behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement.
Reinforcement, positive or negative increases the possibility of an
event happening again. Punishment, both positive and negative,
decreases the possibility of an event happening again.
u It implies that the learner responds to environmental stimuli
without his/her mental state being factor in the learners' behavior.
Individual learns to behave through conditioning.
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Comparison between BEHAVIORIST theory and COGNITIVIST
theory
u Behaviorism is a learning theory
u As a formation of habit,
conditioning
u Practice is necessary, constant
repetition
u Learner is passive
u Behaviorists: teach, plan, present
language item, make Students
repeat
u Errors are forbidden
u Ignored thought and emotions
u Cognitivism is a learning theory, based
on how people think not a theory that
specifies precisely what is learned what
content will be easiest to learn, or what
learners will select to
learn at different stages of development
u Learning results from internal activity
(mental processes)
u Practice is necessary, but rote learning
and meaningless repetition is out.
u Learners process, store, and retrieve
information
u Cognitivists: creates opportunities for
learni
Behaviorism in Psychology
Basic concepts, Major theorist and their contributions , Therapeutic Techniques, Current applications of behaviorism and research area
Journal ofExperimental PsychologyVOL. I l l , No. i. F.docxpriestmanmable
Journal of
Experimental Psychology
VOL. I l l , No. i. FEBRUARY, 1920
CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
BY JOHN B. WATSON AND ROSALIE RAYNER
In recent literature various speculations have been entered
into concerning the possibility of conditioning various types
of emotional response, but direct experimental evidence in
support of such a view has been lacking. If the theory
advanced by Watson and Morgan1 to the effect that in
infancy the original emotional reaction patterns are few,
consisting so far as observed of fear, rage and love, then there
must be some simple method by means of which the range of
stimuli which can call out these emotions and their compounds
is greatly increased. Otherwise, complexity in adult response
could not be accounted for. These authors without adequate
experimental evidence advanced the view that this range was
increased by means of conditioned reflex factors. It was
suggested there that the early home life of the child furnishes
a laboratory situation for establishing conditioned emotional
responses. The present authors have recently put the whole
matter to an experimental test.
Experimental work has been done so far on only one child,
Albert B. This infant was reared almost from birth in a
hospital environment; his mother was a wet nurse in the
Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children. Albert's life was
normal: he was healthy from birth and one of the best
developed youngsters ever brought to the hospital, weighing
twenty-one pounds at nine months of age. He was on the
whole stolid and unemotional. His stability was one of the
principal reasons for using him as a subject in this test. We
1 'Emotional Reactions and Psychological Experimentation,' American Journal
of Psychology, April, 1917, Vol. 28, pp. 163-174.
3 JOHN B. WATSON AND ROSALIE RAYNER
felt that we could do him relatively little harm by carrying
out such experiments as those outlined below.
At approximately nine months of age we ran him through
the emotional tests that have become a part of our regular
routine in determining whether fear reactions can be called
out by other stimuli than sharp noises and the sudden removal
of support. Tests of this type have been described by the
senior author in another place.1 In brief, the infant was
confronted suddenly and for the first time successively with
a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, with masks with
and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers, etc. A
permanent record of Albert's reactions to these objects and
situations has been preserved in a motion picture study.
Manipulation was the most usual reaction called out. At
no time did this infant ever show fear in any situation. These
experimental records were confirmed by the casual observa-
tions of the mother and hospital attendants. No one had
ever seen him in a state of fear and rage. The infant prac-
tically never cried.
Up to approximately nine months of age we had not tested
him with loud sounds. The test to determine whether a
...
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learning theory consists of classical conditioning theories, operant conditioning ,cognitive conditioning, and these theories gives background for cognitive behavior therapies. Also new concept of mirror neurons are described which gives wide views on autism spectrum disorders, empathy and emotions.
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Check out:
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