Mod 3 attachment types evaluation
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The document discusses Ainsworth's identification of three main types of attachment: secure attachment, insecure-avoidant attachment, and insecure-resistant attachment. It then provides a case study describing the behaviors of two brothers, Rob and Sam, and asks the reader to identify the type of attachment each boy demonstrates. Rob is identified as having an insecure-resistant attachment as he cried and seemed scared around strangers, while Sam displayed a secure attachment by happily greeting his mother and being comfortable with other adults. The document evaluates the strengths of Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment in reliably identifying attachment types, and also notes limitations, such as additional types of attachment identified by others and concerns about its cultural specificity.
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Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth was a student of John Bowlby and the first psychologist to identify different types of attachment relationships between babies/children and their primary caregivers. She observed mothers in Uganda and found that sensitive mothers had securely attached infants who were less anxious, cried less, and explored their environment more. To study attachment types further, Ainsworth designed the "Strange Situation" experiment involving brief separations from and reunions with caregivers. It identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
Types of attachment strange situation
Mary Ainsworth conducted research that provided empirical support for John Bowlby's theory of attachment. She observed differences in how infants attached to their mothers in Uganda, finding that some infants were securely attached and explored confidently while others were less secure. Ainsworth then designed the Strange Situation experiment to further study attachment patterns between American mothers and infants. The experiment identified three main types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
Types of attachment
Mary Ainsworth conducted research in Uganda and Baltimore that identified different types of attachment in infants. Her naturalistic observation of mother-infant relationships in Uganda found that some infants were securely attached and confidently explored their environment. Ainsworth concluded that securely attached infants used their mothers as a secure base. Her subsequent Baltimore Study observed American mothers and their infants to further study differences in attachment behaviors.
Mod 6 fathers
The document summarizes research on caregiver-infant attachment. It describes Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study which identified 4 stages of attachment development. They found that most infants form their first attachment to their biological mother by 7 months. Additional research has explored attachments to secondary caregivers, particularly fathers. While some research suggests fathers play a distinct role through play and stimulation, other studies have been unable to clearly define the father's role in attachment. The role of fathers in infant development remains an area of ongoing research and debate.
Mod 6 cultural variations1
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries that used the Strange Situation procedure to assess infant attachment styles. They found that secure attachment was the most common style across cultures, though rates varied between countries. Individualistic cultures tended to have higher rates of avoidant attachment, while more collectivist cultures had higher rates of resistant attachment. However, variations in attachment styles within cultures exceeded those between cultures, suggesting childrearing practices among sub-cultures may also influence attachment.
Mary ainsworth pp 2
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth developed attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment. The Strange Situation involves briefly separating an infant from their parent in a laboratory setting with another stranger present. It consists of eight episodes involving separations and reunions. Researchers observe the infant's behavior upon the parent's return to classify the infant's attachment style as secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized-disoriented. The infant's reaction indicates the quality of attachment to their parent.
Bowlby evaluation
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that children form strong attachments to their primary caregivers. Several studies provide support for Bowlby's theory. Tronick found that children in all cultures form attachments, while the Minnesota longitudinal study found early attachments influence later behavior. However, some argue Bowlby underestimated the importance of other attachments like fathers. Alternative theories also suggest a child's temperament influences attachment as much as caregiver responsiveness.
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Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth was a student of John Bowlby and the first psychologist to identify different types of attachment relationships between babies/children and their primary caregivers. She observed mothers in Uganda and found that sensitive mothers had securely attached infants who were less anxious, cried less, and explored their environment more. To study attachment types further, Ainsworth designed the "Strange Situation" experiment involving brief separations from and reunions with caregivers. It identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
Types of attachment strange situation
Mary Ainsworth conducted research that provided empirical support for John Bowlby's theory of attachment. She observed differences in how infants attached to their mothers in Uganda, finding that some infants were securely attached and explored confidently while others were less secure. Ainsworth then designed the Strange Situation experiment to further study attachment patterns between American mothers and infants. The experiment identified three main types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
Types of attachment
Mary Ainsworth conducted research in Uganda and Baltimore that identified different types of attachment in infants. Her naturalistic observation of mother-infant relationships in Uganda found that some infants were securely attached and confidently explored their environment. Ainsworth concluded that securely attached infants used their mothers as a secure base. Her subsequent Baltimore Study observed American mothers and their infants to further study differences in attachment behaviors.
Mod 6 fathers
The document summarizes research on caregiver-infant attachment. It describes Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study which identified 4 stages of attachment development. They found that most infants form their first attachment to their biological mother by 7 months. Additional research has explored attachments to secondary caregivers, particularly fathers. While some research suggests fathers play a distinct role through play and stimulation, other studies have been unable to clearly define the father's role in attachment. The role of fathers in infant development remains an area of ongoing research and debate.
Mod 6 cultural variations1
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries that used the Strange Situation procedure to assess infant attachment styles. They found that secure attachment was the most common style across cultures, though rates varied between countries. Individualistic cultures tended to have higher rates of avoidant attachment, while more collectivist cultures had higher rates of resistant attachment. However, variations in attachment styles within cultures exceeded those between cultures, suggesting childrearing practices among sub-cultures may also influence attachment.
Mary ainsworth pp 2
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth developed attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment. The Strange Situation involves briefly separating an infant from their parent in a laboratory setting with another stranger present. It consists of eight episodes involving separations and reunions. Researchers observe the infant's behavior upon the parent's return to classify the infant's attachment style as secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized-disoriented. The infant's reaction indicates the quality of attachment to their parent.
Bowlby evaluation
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that children form strong attachments to their primary caregivers. Several studies provide support for Bowlby's theory. Tronick found that children in all cultures form attachments, while the Minnesota longitudinal study found early attachments influence later behavior. However, some argue Bowlby underestimated the importance of other attachments like fathers. Alternative theories also suggest a child's temperament influences attachment as much as caregiver responsiveness.
Attachment, deviance and young offending.
Attachment theory proposes that the way a child bonds with their caregiver influences their development and future behaviors. Insecure attachment, where caregivers are inconsistent or neglectful, is linked to difficulties with relationships, self-esteem, impulse control and criminality later in life. Early intervention programs that support child development and strong parent-child bonds can help reduce the risk of future antisocial behaviors by promoting secure attachment. However, attachment is just one of many factors that influence youth offending, and nature and nurture both play complex roles.
Attachment bowlby ainsworth
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers in the first years of life. These attachments develop through interactions between the baby and caregiver and influence the child's social-emotional development and future relationships. John Bowlby's influential theory argued that both infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments during a sensitive period in early development. Mary Ainsworth further studied infant attachments through her Strange Situation experiment and identified patterns of secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment in children.
Attachment
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase and specific attachment phase. The "Strange Situation" experiment studied how infants respond to separation from and reunion with caregivers, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on the infant's behaviors. Long-term effects of early attachments may influence relationships later in life.
Individual differences in attachment
Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to observe infant responses to mild stress induced by short separations from and reunions with caregivers in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment styles - secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant - based on infants' behaviors regarding separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and reunion behaviors. While the Strange Situation provided useful insights, it also had limitations such as low ecological validity and potential to cause infant distress.
The effects of separation, deprivation and privation
- The document discusses the maternal deprivation hypothesis proposed by John Bowlby, which suggests that prolonged separation of a child from their primary caregiver can negatively impact the child's development.
- Bowlby believed separation could cause permanent effects on intellectual, social and emotional development. Studies by James and Joyce Robertson in the 1960s observing children in hospitals or nurseries supported this idea.
- Michael Rutter later distinguished between privation, referring to a lack of attachment due to inadequate care, and deprivation, which is the loss of an existing attachment. He believed privation would have more serious long-term consequences for development.
Attachment Theory
Presentation on Child and Adult Attachment Theory. Also includes result of a small survey done with my friends. Part of the 'Personality and Development' course at IIT Delhi
Using attachment theory
"Using attachment theory to understand parent-child conflict in non-adopted boys" looks at three detailed cases of young boys who present with difficulties in social situations and asks if Attachment Theory can offer a useful lens for understanding their difficulties.
Individual differences in attachment
- Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment by observing how infants reacted to brief separations from and reunions with their caregiver in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment types: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
- Factors that can affect attachment type include the sensitivity of the caregiver to the infant's needs (sensitivity hypothesis) and the infant's innate temperament (temperament hypothesis).
- Early attachment types can influence later behaviors, such as social and learning behaviors in school as well as romantic relationships in adulthood. Securely attached infants tend to explore more and handle challenges better.
Attachment theory (group one)
Attachment theory proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is critical for healthy social-emotional development. John Bowlby first described attachment as an emotional bond that connects people. Mary Ainsworth expanded on Bowlby's work and identified secure, avoidant, and ambivalent/resistant attachment styles in infants. Children with secure attachments feel safe exploring their environment knowing their caregiver will return to comfort them if needed. Insecure attachments can result from inconsistent or neglectful caregiving and are linked to later problems. Overall, attachment theory emphasizes the importance of early caregiving relationships for lifelong mental health and social relationships.
Adult attachment 2
This document discusses adult attachment styles and their origins in childhood experiences. It notes that John Bowlby developed attachment theory in the 1950s, influenced by Freud, to explain how individual behaviors are mediated by feedback within an ecological system. While attachment was initially studied in infancy, it continues to influence people throughout their lives. Fearful childhood experiences can lead to insecure attachment styles as the child attempts to develop autonomy while overcoming fears. The document lists secure, dismissive, preoccupied and fearful as common attachment styles and notes they may influence adult interactions and outcomes. It concludes by questioning whether attachment theory has a true scientific basis or just heuristic value.
Mary ainsworth 2
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist known for developing attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment. Her work showed that early emotional attachment between infants and caregivers influences later development. She identified secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles in infants. Secure infants explored freely when caregivers were present and were distressed when separated but found comfort on reunion. Insecure styles involved avoiding, ignoring, or clinging to caregivers. A fourth disorganized/disoriented style was later identified and linked to higher stress levels in infants. Ainsworth's work highlighted the importance of children forming secure attachments at childcare settings before parents leave.
Developmental psychology continued
Mary Ainsworth conducted the Strange Situation Experiment to study infant attachment. Babies were observed interacting with their mother and a stranger in an unfamiliar room. Researchers discovered that infants could be securely or insecurely attached based on their reactions. Secure infants cried when their mother left but were happy when she returned, while insecure infants showed avoidant or anxious behaviors. Insecure attachment has been linked to later emotional and behavioral problems in children.
Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist born in 1913 who studied maternal-infant attachment. She worked with John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic in England where she began researching attachments between mothers and infants. Ainsworth is most known for her "Strange Situation" experiment which observed how children reacted to their mother briefly leaving an unfamiliar room. Based on her research, she identified three main attachment styles in children: secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant.
Attachment development
- Schaffer and Emerson proposed a 4-stage theory of attachment development based on their longitudinal study of 60 infants: indiscriminate attachments in the first 2 months, a preference for familiar people by 4 months, discriminate attachments to primary caregivers by 7 months, and the development of multiple attachments by 10 months.
- Their theory was generated from parent reports, which may not have been reliable or valid data and could be subject to biases. The study also used a small, ethnocentrically biased sample from 1960s Glasgow.
- While providing an
Bowlby's theory of attachment
- John Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed the theory of attachment, which proposes that the bonds formed between children and their caregivers have a significant impact that lasts throughout life.
- Key aspects of attachment theory include the four phases of attachment development from birth to 2 years old, the concept of an internal working model, and different styles of attachment identified in Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiments, including secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachment styles.
- Attachment theory has influenced research showing relationships between early attachment and later social/emotional development, as well as the importance of caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness in forming secure attachment. However, critics note it focuses primarily on the mother's role and evolutionary
Attachment theory
John Bowlby developed attachment theory which proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is important for child development. There are different styles of attachment including secure, avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, and disorganized. Attachment develops from the child's interactions and relationships with primary caregivers. Responsive caregiving leads to secure attachment while neglect, abuse or inconsistent care can result in insecure attachment styles.
Mod 6 attachment1
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Attachment theory proposes that secure attachments to caregivers in early childhood are crucial to healthy social-emotional development. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth's research showed that children develop internal working models of relationships based on their caregiver's availability and responsiveness. These working models influence how people relate in future relationships. Attachment theory is applied in parenting, couples counseling, psychotherapy, education, health, leadership, and social policy areas to promote secure attachments and relationships.
Maternal attachment
This document discusses maternal attachment and attachment theory. It defines attachment as a deep emotional bond between people that develops through caregiving behaviors and influences social and cognitive development. Attachment theory proposes that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for security, exploration and emotional regulation. The quality of this early attachment relationship influences later relationships and development. Studies using the Strange Situation Procedure identified secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles in children based on their behaviors when separated from and reunited with their mothers.
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Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers in the first years of life. These attachments develop through interactions between the baby and caregiver and influence the child's social-emotional development and future relationships. John Bowlby's influential theory argued that both infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments during a sensitive period in early development. Mary Ainsworth further studied infant attachments through her Strange Situation experiment and identified patterns of secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment in children.
Attachment
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase and specific attachment phase. The "Strange Situation" experiment studied how infants respond to separation from and reunion with caregivers, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on the infant's behaviors. Long-term effects of early attachments may influence relationships later in life.
Individual differences in attachment
Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to observe infant responses to mild stress induced by short separations from and reunions with caregivers in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment styles - secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant - based on infants' behaviors regarding separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and reunion behaviors. While the Strange Situation provided useful insights, it also had limitations such as low ecological validity and potential to cause infant distress.
The effects of separation, deprivation and privation
- The document discusses the maternal deprivation hypothesis proposed by John Bowlby, which suggests that prolonged separation of a child from their primary caregiver can negatively impact the child's development.
- Bowlby believed separation could cause permanent effects on intellectual, social and emotional development. Studies by James and Joyce Robertson in the 1960s observing children in hospitals or nurseries supported this idea.
- Michael Rutter later distinguished between privation, referring to a lack of attachment due to inadequate care, and deprivation, which is the loss of an existing attachment. He believed privation would have more serious long-term consequences for development.
Attachment Theory
Presentation on Child and Adult Attachment Theory. Also includes result of a small survey done with my friends. Part of the 'Personality and Development' course at IIT Delhi
Using attachment theory
"Using attachment theory to understand parent-child conflict in non-adopted boys" looks at three detailed cases of young boys who present with difficulties in social situations and asks if Attachment Theory can offer a useful lens for understanding their difficulties.
Individual differences in attachment
- Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment by observing how infants reacted to brief separations from and reunions with their caregiver in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment types: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
- Factors that can affect attachment type include the sensitivity of the caregiver to the infant's needs (sensitivity hypothesis) and the infant's innate temperament (temperament hypothesis).
- Early attachment types can influence later behaviors, such as social and learning behaviors in school as well as romantic relationships in adulthood. Securely attached infants tend to explore more and handle challenges better.
Attachment theory (group one)
Attachment theory proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is critical for healthy social-emotional development. John Bowlby first described attachment as an emotional bond that connects people. Mary Ainsworth expanded on Bowlby's work and identified secure, avoidant, and ambivalent/resistant attachment styles in infants. Children with secure attachments feel safe exploring their environment knowing their caregiver will return to comfort them if needed. Insecure attachments can result from inconsistent or neglectful caregiving and are linked to later problems. Overall, attachment theory emphasizes the importance of early caregiving relationships for lifelong mental health and social relationships.
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This document discusses adult attachment styles and their origins in childhood experiences. It notes that John Bowlby developed attachment theory in the 1950s, influenced by Freud, to explain how individual behaviors are mediated by feedback within an ecological system. While attachment was initially studied in infancy, it continues to influence people throughout their lives. Fearful childhood experiences can lead to insecure attachment styles as the child attempts to develop autonomy while overcoming fears. The document lists secure, dismissive, preoccupied and fearful as common attachment styles and notes they may influence adult interactions and outcomes. It concludes by questioning whether attachment theory has a true scientific basis or just heuristic value.
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Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist known for developing attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment. Her work showed that early emotional attachment between infants and caregivers influences later development. She identified secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles in infants. Secure infants explored freely when caregivers were present and were distressed when separated but found comfort on reunion. Insecure styles involved avoiding, ignoring, or clinging to caregivers. A fourth disorganized/disoriented style was later identified and linked to higher stress levels in infants. Ainsworth's work highlighted the importance of children forming secure attachments at childcare settings before parents leave.
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Mary Ainsworth conducted the Strange Situation Experiment to study infant attachment. Babies were observed interacting with their mother and a stranger in an unfamiliar room. Researchers discovered that infants could be securely or insecurely attached based on their reactions. Secure infants cried when their mother left but were happy when she returned, while insecure infants showed avoidant or anxious behaviors. Insecure attachment has been linked to later emotional and behavioral problems in children.
Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist born in 1913 who studied maternal-infant attachment. She worked with John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic in England where she began researching attachments between mothers and infants. Ainsworth is most known for her "Strange Situation" experiment which observed how children reacted to their mother briefly leaving an unfamiliar room. Based on her research, she identified three main attachment styles in children: secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant.
Attachment development
- Schaffer and Emerson proposed a 4-stage theory of attachment development based on their longitudinal study of 60 infants: indiscriminate attachments in the first 2 months, a preference for familiar people by 4 months, discriminate attachments to primary caregivers by 7 months, and the development of multiple attachments by 10 months.
- Their theory was generated from parent reports, which may not have been reliable or valid data and could be subject to biases. The study also used a small, ethnocentrically biased sample from 1960s Glasgow.
- While providing an
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- John Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed the theory of attachment, which proposes that the bonds formed between children and their caregivers have a significant impact that lasts throughout life.
- Key aspects of attachment theory include the four phases of attachment development from birth to 2 years old, the concept of an internal working model, and different styles of attachment identified in Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiments, including secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachment styles.
- Attachment theory has influenced research showing relationships between early attachment and later social/emotional development, as well as the importance of caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness in forming secure attachment. However, critics note it focuses primarily on the mother's role and evolutionary
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John Bowlby developed attachment theory which proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is important for child development. There are different styles of attachment including secure, avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, and disorganized. Attachment develops from the child's interactions and relationships with primary caregivers. Responsive caregiving leads to secure attachment while neglect, abuse or inconsistent care can result in insecure attachment styles.
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This document discusses attachment theory in developmental psychology. It defines attachment as the strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver that develops over time through interactions. Psychologists have studied how responsive caregiving promotes secure attachment through reciprocity and interactional synchrony between caregiver and infant. A key longitudinal study by Schaffer and Emerson found that infants first form specific attachments to their mothers between 7-12 months of age, displaying behaviors like separation protest and proximity seeking.
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This document discusses maternal attachment and attachment theory. It defines attachment as a deep emotional bond between people that develops through caregiving behaviors and influences social and cognitive development. Attachment theory proposes that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for security, exploration and emotional regulation. The quality of this early attachment relationship influences later relationships and development. Studies using the Strange Situation Procedure identified secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles in children based on their behaviors when separated from and reunited with their mothers.
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1. Attachment theory focuses on the bonds between people, especially long-term bonds like between parents and children or romantic partners.
2. John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist and found that secure attachment is formed when caregivers respond consistently to an infant's needs, creating a sense of security for the child.
3. There are four stages of attachment - pre-attachment, indiscriminate attachment, discriminate attachment, and multiple attachments - that occur from birth to around 18 months as infants form bonds with caregivers.
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The Social Self
Three Motivations in Social Psychology
Motivation for certainty We need to feel like we understand our environment
Motivation for esteem We need to feel competent and proud of ourselves
Motivation for belonging We need pleasant and stable social connections
Three Motivations in Social Psychology
Motivation for certainty
Motivation for esteem
Motivation for belonging
The way we view our self-concept is driven largely by these
Self-concept: A system of knowledge and beliefs about our personal qualities
Self-Concept
Me
My likes
My values
My skills
My traits
My feelings
Sources of Knowledge
Write a list of 5 subjective traits that define you
I am outgoing (subjective)
I am a student (objective)
These can include your values, likes, talents, personality traits, aspirations, etc.
Next to each one: How do you know?
Knowledge Through Behavior
Self-perception theory We learn about ourselves by watching our own behaviors
I am talking in front of a classroom, so I must be outgoing
Our behaviors are more telling when:
They are freely chosen
There is no reward
Knowledge Through Behavior
Children asked to draw with new markers for 20 minutes
Condition 1: Promised a “Good player” certificate
2 weeks later, played with markers 8% of free-time
Condition 2: Not promised a certificate, but surprised with one
2 weeks later, played with markers 16% of free-time
Condition 3: Not promised a certificate, not given one
2 weeks later, played with markers 16% of free-time
Knowledge Through Behavior
Why?
Condition 1: I played with these before, but it was for a certificate, so I don’t actually like them
Condition 2 + 3: I played with these before without the promise of a certificate, so I must like them!
Knowledge Through Thoughts/Feelings
Similarly, we use our thoughts and feelings to define who we are
I am calm in this classroom right now, so I must be outgoing
Knowledge Through Feelings/Thoughts
Researchers put a female surveyor in a national park to approach men
Condition 1: Men approached in an open field/ picnic area
Condition 2: Men approached as they crossed a swaying, unstable bridge
A second researcher approaches after and asks how attractive that female was
Men in condition 2 reported being more attracted to her
Knowledge Through Feelings/Thoughts
Conclusion:
Being on the bridge elevated heartrate, sweating, and attention
Men took this to mean attraction
Knowledge From Others’ Reactions
We understand who we are through the ways others treat us/react to us.
My brother asked me to talk at his wedding, so I must be outgoing
We respond to both obvious and subtle information from others:
Obvious: Others tell me I am creative, people are impressed by what I create
Subtle: My brother asks me to help design his wedding invitations
Works more with under-developed self-concepts or new domains
Knowledge from Social Comparisons
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1. The document discusses social and personality development in infancy, including the emergence of basic emotions like happy, sad and angry from birth. 2. Key milestones are discussed such as the first social smile around 6-9 weeks of age, social referencing starting around 8-9 months, stranger anxiety and separation anxiety emerging in the second half of the first year. 3. Theories of attachment are summarized, including Harlow's studies showing contact comfort is important, Bowlby's view that attachment has an evolutionary basis, and Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiments identifying patterns of secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment.
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1. The document discusses social and personality development in infancy, including the emergence of basic emotions like happiness and sadness from birth, the development of smiling and social referencing between 6-9 weeks and 8-9 months, and the onset of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety around 7-8 months.
2. Attachment forms between infants and caregivers through interactions, with secure attachment being most common. Theories of attachment were proposed by Harlow, Bowlby, and Ainsworth, who studied behaviors in stressful situations.
3. Gender roles begin influencing behavior in infancy, with parents interacting differently with sons and daughters from a young age. Temperament and Erikson's stages of development also influence personality
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Keep finding little things I've missed! This is an updated version. Includes all the spec. for PSYA1 about attachment.
Cross cultural variations in attachment type
This document discusses cross-cultural variations in attachment types based on Ainsworth's Strange Situation research. It summarizes key findings from a meta-analysis comparing attachment types across Western and non-Western cultures. The analysis found slightly higher rates of secure attachment in Western cultures like the US and Britain compared to non-Western cultures like Japan and China. However, the greatest variation was found within individual cultures rather than between cultures. Cultural practices may influence differences in attachment types between societies.
The Development of Social Relations - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 3
The Development of Social Relations - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 3.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
Self in IPC
This chapter discusses the concept of self and interpersonal communication. It defines self-concept as how one views themselves and how that develops through others' perceptions, social comparisons, and cultural teachings. The self-concept influences communication and is multidimensional, subjective, resistant to change but flexible if healthy. Cultural influences and communication apprehension also impact one's self-concept. Guidelines are provided for appropriate self-disclosure and responding supportively to others' disclosures in order to have effective interpersonal communication.
social emotional development of the infants and toddlers
This document discusses social-emotional development in infants and toddlers. It describes how temperament, which refers to individual differences in emotional reactivity, can impact psychological adjustment. The first three years are critical as parents shape children's emotional styles. Temperament types include easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up. Infants develop emotions like stranger anxiety and separation anxiety between 6-9 months. Erikson's stages of trust versus mistrust and autonomy versus shame and doubt are also reviewed. Common toddler emotions include affection, fear, anxiety, and anger which can lead to temper tantrums.
Personality theories and testing
The document discusses various theories of personality including psychodynamic, behaviorist/social-cognitive, and humanistic perspectives. It specifically covers Freud's psychodynamic theory, including concepts like the id, ego, and superego. Freud believed that personality develops through psychosexual stages from birth to adulthood and is shaped by unconscious desires and drives. Jung expanded on Freud's work and introduced concepts like the personal and collective unconscious as well as archetypes. Behaviorist views see personality as shaped by conditioning while social cognitive theories emphasize modeling and cognitive learning processes.
Transactional analysis
Transactional analysis (TA) was formulated by Eric Berne in the 1960s as a model of psychotherapy and personality theory. It views personality as comprising three ego states - parent, adult, and child. The goal of TA therapy is to help clients transform themselves by identifying distorted ego states and restoring healthy communication patterns. Key concepts include strokes, transactions, games, and life scripts. While providing a simple framework, TA has been criticized for its cognitive focus and lack of empirical support since Berne's death.
transactionalanalysis-160608101249-1.pdf
Transactional analysis (TA) was formulated by Eric Berne in the 1960s as a model of psychotherapy and personality theory. It views personality as comprising three ego states - parent, adult, and child. The goal of TA therapy is to help clients transform themselves by identifying distorted ego states and restoring healthy communication patterns. Key concepts include transactions between ego states, games people play, and life scripts formed in childhood. TA aims to increase self-awareness and autonomy through techniques like treatment contracting, interrogation, and script analysis.
Psychosocial Development of Infancy & Toddlerhood
Psychosocial Development of infancy & toddlerhood
Refers to the emotional and psychological changes across the life cycle that occurs in the context of the individual’s social environment.
Erikson described the time that an individual experiences a psychological challenge
as a crisis
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The Development of Social Relations - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 3
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social emotional development of the infants and toddlers
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Bowlby maternal deprivation
John Bowlby developed the theory of maternal deprivation which argued that children have an innate need to form attachments, especially to their mother, during the critical first five years. Disruption of this attachment through separation, loss of the mother, or failure to attach could lead to long term emotional and behavioral problems. However, some studies have challenged Bowlby's claims, finding no link between deprivation and issues like delinquency or finding children were able to form relationships after deprivation.
Mod 3 attachment types question sheet
The document provides descriptions of 6 children's behaviors when their mothers leave and return to the room. It asks to identify each child's attachment type based on the descriptions, with A signifying a secure attachment, B an insecure-avoidant attachment, and C an insecure-resistant attachment. It provides descriptions of Tom ignoring his mother upon her return (B), Kenny crying but being soothed (A), Yasmin ignoring her mother upon return (C), Tilda being comforted by a stranger (B), Larry seeming angry with his mother upon return (C), and Helen being pleased and comforted quickly settling to play (A).
Mod 6 explanations of attachment
Here are 3 limitations of Bowlby's theory identified in the attachment booklet:
1. Bowlby did not consider individual differences in attachment styles. He assumed all children form a secure attachment.
2. Bowlby did not consider cultural differences in childrearing practices and attachment. His ideas were based mainly on Western societies.
3. Bowlby's theory does not fully explain how attachment behaviors and internal working models change over time in response to new experiences and relationships. He saw them as fixed after the critical period.
Mod 4 data presentation graphs bar charts tables
This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics and data representation techniques. It discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It also covers different ways to present quantitative data visually, including graphs, tables, scatterplots, bar charts, histograms, and frequency polygons. The key purposes of descriptive statistics and data representation are to summarize patterns in data sets and communicate information effectively.
Mod 3 retrieval failure2
This document discusses explanations for forgetting, specifically retrieval failure due to the absence of cues. It explains that while information is stored in long-term memory, we can forget due to an inability to retrieve it without cues. Cues can be external contextual details or internal state-dependent details associated with the initial learning that help with recall. The encoding specificity principle holds that cues present during learning must also be present during retrieval attempts. A lack of cues results in cue-dependent forgetting.
Mod 3 retrieval failur
Memory stores differ in their coding, capacity, and duration. Specifically, the document discusses how memory is stored in various ways, can hold differing amounts of information, and lasts for varying lengths of time. Memory coding, capacity, and duration are the key factors that distinguish different types of memory storage.
Mod 3 forgetting interference theory
This document discusses interference theory as an explanation for forgetting. It describes two types of interference - proactive interference, which occurs when old memories interfere with recall of new memories, and retroactive interference, which occurs when new memories interfere with recall of old memories. It provides examples of how both types of interference can cause forgetting and discusses experimental evidence that supports interference theory, including studies that test recall of word lists and the effect of similar versus different word meanings on interference.
Mod 6 harlow
Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in a bare cage with just food and water often died, while monkeys in cages with a bare wire or cloth-covered wire "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated the important role of contact comfort, rather than just food, in the formation of attachment and healthy social-emotional development in young primates.
Mod 6 harlow
Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in bare cages often died, while monkeys placed in cages with either a wire or cloth-covered "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated that contact comfort is important for attachment formation and social/emotional development in young primates.
Mod 6 lorenz
Lorenz conducted a study on goslings to test the hypothesis that they will imprint on and follow the first moving object they see. He found that goslings followed either him or their mother, depending on who they saw first, providing early evidence that animals form attachments to caregivers during a critical period. This research influenced later theories of attachment in humans but had limitations as it only studied one species and conclusions about permanence of imprinting were later disproven.
Cognitive interview1
The cognitive interview is a technique developed by Fisher and Gieselman in 1992 to improve the accuracy and detail of eyewitness testimony. It involves having the witness reconstruct the original context of the crime, report every detail in any order, and recall the event from different perspectives. Research has found the cognitive interview results in a 34% increase in correct recall compared to standard police interviews, but it may be difficult to apply in real-life criminal investigations due to time and cost constraints.
Cognitive interview
The cognitive interview is a technique for interviewing eyewitnesses that is intended to improve the accuracy and detail of their memories. It involves having witnesses report everything they remember, mentally reinstate the context of the event, change the order of details reported, and change perspectives. Research has found that the cognitive interview produces a 34% increase in correct recall compared to standard interviews and improves recall of details when multiple components are used. However, many real-world studies of the technique's effectiveness are difficult due to variations in police implementation of the full cognitive interview method.
Mod 6 anxiety1
This document discusses how anxiety can affect eyewitness memory and testimony in criminal cases. It notes that:
- Anxiety experienced during an event can negatively impact how well and accurately details are encoded and stored in memory. Important details like a person's appearance may not be remembered.
- When recalling memories, gaps and inconsistencies can arise. Memory retrieval involves reconstructing memories based on prior knowledge, which can introduce inaccuracies.
- While some research has found anxiety harms recall accuracy, other studies have found it can improve memory of important details. The level of anxiety likely influences its effects, as the Yerkes-Dodson law proposes an optimal level for performance.
- Field research on eyewitness
Mod 3 working memory model slides
The document summarizes Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model (WMM), which proposes that short-term memory consists of multiple active storage components. The model includes a central executive that oversees the phonological loop for auditory information, visuospatial sketchpad for visual and spatial information, and an episodic buffer that integrates information. Each component has limited capacity to store different types of coded information simultaneously. The WMM was an improvement over the multi-store model and helped explain findings from dual task experiments and case studies of brain-damaged patients. However, the central executive remains not fully understood.
Mod 3 types of ltm slides
This document discusses models of human memory, including short-term memory and long-term memory. It provides evidence from case studies of amnesia patients that long-term memory is not a single store, but consists of at least three types: episodic memory for autobiographical events, semantic memory for facts and knowledge, and procedural memory for skills and tasks. Brain imaging studies have found these different types of long-term memory are stored in separate regions of the brain.
Mod 3 multi store model
Memory can be divided into three main stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Key research has found differences in how information is coded, the duration it can be stored, and storage capacity across these three memory stores. Sensory memory stores information in its raw form for milliseconds. Short-term memory codes information acoustically and can store around 5-9 bits for up to 30 seconds. Long-term memory semantically codes information for retrieval over a lifetime. While this multi-store model is supported by research, it is an oversimplification as memory is more complex with multiple processes involved.
Mod 3 memory introduction
Memory is studied in cognitive psychology. It is divided into short-term and long-term stores. Psychologists have learned about memory from studying people with amnesia caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma. Models of memory explain how it works, and research looks at why we forget and how to improve eyewitness testimony accuracy.
Lgbtqia+ community
The document discusses the LGBTQIA+ community. It begins by defining LGBTQIA+ and explaining that this minority group has existed throughout history but has become more prominent since the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City. The Stonewall riots occurred when members of the LGBT community resisted a police raid at the Stonewall Inn and were a pivotal moment in the gay rights movement. The community strives for acceptance and equality through consistent peaceful protests, celebrations, and political figures like Harvey Milk who advocated on their behalf. While acceptance has increased in some developed nations, the fight for equality continues in more conservative areas of the world.
Minority social influence and lgbt+
The document discusses the history and goals of the LGBT community. It notes that since the 1980s, the LGBT community has fought to introduce all sexual orientations and gender identities. Members have been willing to actively defy authorities to support equal rights, even when facing extreme punishment. Over time, through tactics like public exposure and civil disobedience, the LGBT community has constantly rebelled against discrimination and influenced social change. While facing harassment and violence, the community's approach has evolved with social changes by remaining open to other groups and opinions. Examples like increasing gay marriage rights show the flexibility and openness of the LGBT community in improving life for millions.
Mod 3 social influence and social change
Social influence can lead to social change in three ways:
1) Asch found that when the unanimity of a majority group is broken by a confederate selecting the correct answer, it helps participants resist conformity and can lead to social change.
2) Milgram found that a disobedient confederate helped participants resist orders to shock an innocent person, showing that a role model can help disobey unjust laws and produce social change.
3) Research on minority influence found that a committed, consistent, and flexible minority can influence the majority over time through conversion, illustrating how a minority can slowly produce social change like a snowball effect.
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Mod 3 attachment types evaluation
- 1. Types of attachment • Ainsworth identified 3 main types of attachment: • Secure attachment. • Insecure-avoidant attachment. • Insecure-resistant attachment.
- 2. Types of attachment • You need to be able to describe each type of attachment. • You may also be asked to identify the type of attachment from a description of behaviour.
- 3. Andrea has noticed that her two sons are quite different. When she gets home from work the first thing Sam does is to run to her and give her a great big hug, whilst she has to go to find rob to make sure he is okay. When a plumber came to the house the other day Sam was fine with him, but Rob wouldn’t stop crying and appeared scared. (a) Identify: (i) the type of attachment shown by Rob. (1 mark) (II) The type of attachment shown by Sam. (1 mark) (b) Explain how the type of attachment shown by each child could be assessed. (4 marks)
- 4. Evaluation: strengths • The strange situation has been found to be reliable and valid. • Inter-rater reliability is very high. • Two different observers give the same child the same attachment type. • This means we can be confident that it is able to identify distinct patterns of attachment behaviour that can be classified as secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant.
- 5. Evaluation: strengths • Research has also found that the strange situation has good predictive validity. • Attachment type is closely linked emotional and psychological development and psychological health as adults.
- 6. Evaluation: limitations • Some psychologists have identified more than 3 attachment types. • Main & Solomon (1986) have identified a disorganised attachment type that is a mixture of insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachment types. • This means that Ainsworth’s 3 attachment types do not identify all attachment relationships.
- 7. Evaluation: limitations • Kagen (1982) argues that the strange situation does not measure attachment but the temperament of the child. • Temperament is the child’s basic personality. • The strange situation measures the child’s basic temperamental response to an unfamiliar situation not the type of attachment they have to their caregiver.
- 8. Evaluation: limitations • The strange situation may be culture specific. • The strange situation has been replicated in non- western societies and the behaviour of children and parents have been very different to western societies. • This makes it difficult to accurately assess the type of attachment children have with their caregivers.