Mod 6 anxiety1
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This document discusses how anxiety can affect eyewitness memory and testimony in criminal cases. It notes that: - Anxiety experienced during an event can negatively impact how well and accurately details are encoded and stored in memory. Important details like a person's appearance may not be remembered. - When recalling memories, gaps and inconsistencies can arise. Memory retrieval involves reconstructing memories based on prior knowledge, which can introduce inaccuracies. - While some research has found anxiety harms recall accuracy, other studies have found it can improve memory of important details. The level of anxiety likely influences its effects, as the Yerkes-Dodson law proposes an optimal level for performance. - Field research on eyewitness
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2. Moscovici found in his blue/green slide study that a consistent minority were able to influence the majority to give incorrect answers. Later research by Clark also showed consistency was important for minority influence.
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1. The accuracy of eyewitness testimony can be affected by misleading information like leading questions and post-event discussion.
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3. One experiment found that post-event discussion between witnesses affected memory and led to inaccurate recall of a crime.
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Resistance to social influence can be explained by social support and locus of control. Social support refers to how having dissenting peers reduces conformity and obedience by providing a model of resistance. People with an internal locus of control, who believe they have control over their own lives, are more likely to resist social pressure to conform or obey because they are more self-confident and less dependent on social approval. However, research on the relationship between locus of control and resistance has produced contradictory findings, suggesting it may be a less important factor than initially proposed.
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1) According to the authoritarian personality theory, obedient people have an authoritarian personality type that stems from a harsh upbringing where they were scared of their parents.
2) The theory proposes that people with an authoritarian personality are characterized by respect for authority, a preoccupation with power, and blind obedience, which is linked to harsh parenting or a military background.
3) Research by Adorno in 1950 developed the "F scale" to measure authoritarian personality traits and found correlations with prejudice, supporting the idea that personality can influence obedience. However, the theory is limited in fully explaining widespread obedience.
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2. Moscovici found in his blue/green slide study that a consistent minority were able to influence the majority to give incorrect answers. Later research by Clark also showed consistency was important for minority influence.
3. Commitment, where the minority appear principled and have made sacrifices for their views, also amplifies minority influence according to Hogg and Vaughan.
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2. The document outlines factors that can cause anxiety for eyewitnesses, such as threats to personal safety or giving stressful testimony. It also discusses the "weapons focus effect" where the presence of a weapon draws a witness's focus in a way that makes their testimony less reliable.
3. The document reviews studies that have examined the relationship between anxiety and EWT accuracy, including experiments by Peters (1988) and Yullie and Cutshall (1986). It introduces the Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Here are 3 potential interview questions for young adults who suffer from anxiety based on the references:
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2. Do you feel societal pressures of individualism and consumerism have contributed to your anxiety? Some experts argue neoliberal ideologies have increased loneliness and stress.
3. How has anxiety affected your ability to manage daily responsibilities like university studies? Statistics show a rise in mental health issues among youth - has this been your experience?
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Here are possible points you could make in your assessment:
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- Interpretivists prefer qualitative methods to understand meanings and motives for individuals
- Realists like Taylor believe underlying structures can be revealed through case studies
- However, case studies have limitations in representativeness
- Both approaches provide useful insights but neither provides an objective or complete picture
- Causes are likely complex and multifaceted, involving both social and individual factors
3. Item B: Using material from across the topic, assess the view that suicide is best understood
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Psychology of Law: 3 Critical Empirical Legal Problems (Presentation Slides)
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Corresponding slides to CSLS Socio-Legal Seminar Series for students as Nicholas deB Katzenbach Fellow, New Directions in Socio-Legal Studies, University of Oxford. Cog5 lecppt chapter01
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Anxiety in Young Adults Presentation
Here are 3 potential interview questions for our documentary on anxiety in young adults:
1. How would you describe your experience with anxiety? What physical and emotional symptoms do you feel?
2. What types of social or academic situations tend to make your anxiety worse? How does living with anxiety impact your daily life?
3. How do you currently manage or cope with anxiety? Have certain strategies worked better than others for reducing your anxious feelings?
E lecture Cognitive Psychology: Then and Now
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Critical thinking involves thinking clearly, rationally, and independently to understand ideas and arguments. It includes skills like identifying logical connections, constructing and evaluating arguments, and reflecting on one's own beliefs. The document discusses critical thinking and provides examples of how to think critically about a study's conclusions and evaluate the quality of evidence. It also describes how to think critically about common sense ideas and psychological theories.
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Mod 6 anxiety1
- 1. Memory: specification • Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony: misleading information, including leading questions and post-event discussion; anxiety
- 2. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • Psychological research has found that fear or anxiety can affect how we encode and store memories of events like a violent crime. • Encode = the process of seeing and forming a memory.
- 3. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • Memory does not work like a video recorder. • We do not encode and store everything we see and hear. • We only see part of the event and store some of that information.
- 4. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • If the event is sudden and shocking we may only see some of the details and store that. • Lots of important details like what the person looked like, their gender, ethnicity, or age may not be seen, encoded, and stored.
- 5. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • When questioned about the crime we retrieve the stored memory . • Gaps in our memory are filled with information that we have previously stored about similar events. • Schemas : for events like crimes may fill in gaps for the crime witnessed.
- 6. Allport & Postman (1947)
- 7. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • When questioned about the crime we retrieve the stored memory . • Gaps in our memory are filled with information that we have previously stored about similar events. • Schemas : for events like crimes may fill in gaps for the crime witnessed.
- 8. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • Research has found that anxiety can have a negative effect on eyewitness memory. • Fight or flight response is activated.
- 10. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety Task 1 • Read p.31 of the memory booklet: ‘The negative effects of anxiety on recall’. Summarise Johnson and Scott (1976).
- 11. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • Research has also found anxiety can have a positive effect on memory: it can improve memory of important details about a crime.
- 13. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety Task 2 • Read p.32 of the memory booklet: ‘The positive effects of anxiety on recall’. Summarise the Yuille and Cutshall (1986) study.
- 14. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety Task 3 • Read p.33 of the memory booklet: ‘Explanations for contradictory findings. How does the Yerkes-Dodson effect explain conflicting research findings?
- 15. Anxiety: evaluation • Findings of research on the weapons focus effect may not tell us anything valid about the effect of anxiety on the accuracy of eyewitness memory. • Johnson & Scott (1976) • Findings may be due to surprise not anxiety.
- 16. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • Lack of control • Field studies are not controlled like lab experiments. • Yuille & Cuttshall (1986)
- 17. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety Task 3 • Read p.33 of the memory booklet: ‘Explanations for contradictory findings. How does the Yerkes-Dodson effect explain conflicting research findings?
- 18. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • Ethical issues • Lab experiments that make participants anxious raise ethical issues
- 19. Eyewitness testimony: anxiety • Read p.35 – 36 of the memory booklet and make notes on: • Relevancy • Lack of control • Ethical issues