1. The document discusses various methods for studying animal behavior, including ad libitum observation, focal animal observation, scanning/instantaneous sampling, all occurrences sampling, and one-zero sampling. 2. It provides examples of how to create an ethogram to catalog an animal's behaviors and create a time budget to track how much time an animal spends on different behaviors like hunting, eating, sleeping, and grooming. 3. The procedure outlines observing a single animal for an hour, recording its behaviors and the time spent on each one in order to analyze which behaviors are most and least frequent.

1. 1. Ad Libitum (Latin “at ones pleasure, liberty”)
• In this type one stays with the group of the animal
and records the behavior for a certain period of time
without a restricted focus on certain act.
• Studying animal behaviour is most challangimg field of biology
• There are various methods which are employed for studying animal
behavior. However, the most accepted methodology was developed
by Altmann in 1974.
Methods For Studying Behavior

2. 2. Focal Animal
• In this type one stays focused on the specific animal of the group and
tries to study its behavior. Different methods are used to identify
individual members. They can be differentiated on the basis of natural
individual marks, age, sex, or animals can be captured and marked by
color, number, cutting of feather, horn, tail, ear etc

3. 3. Scanning or instantaneous sampling
• In this method one tries to study the behavior of all the animals of
group one by one and tries to establish a behavior pattern of that
animal species.
4. All occurrences
• This method is contrast to the focal sampling. Here we try to study
the behavior of all the animals of the group and all their behavior
patterns. For this, one may need to stay with the group for days and
maybe years.

4. 5. Sequence
• In this one tries to study a chain of sequence that are observed in animal
behavior.
• For example, we try to see the
sequence of events in the courtship
behavior of stickleback.
6. One-zero sampling
• In this type of study one tries to record the occurrence
of a specific behavior in a given unit of time.
If the behavior occurs, it is taken as one;
if it does not, it is taken as zero.

5. Initial observations
• For example, in a 24-hour period, male and female chimpanzees may display
behaviors such as;
• hunting,
• eating,
• sleeping,
• grooming and caring for young
• and defending territory.
Using an Ethogram to Describe Animal Behavior
• An ethogram is a catalog of the types of behaviors an animal may
perform..

6. Creating time budget
• After making initial observations, a scientist might make further observations and
collect data to create a time budget of the observed behaviors.
• The time budget shows how much time individuals spend in each type of behavior.
Cont…..
• Among other uses, data from a time budget can be used to compare behavior
patterns between males and females of the same species or members of different
species
• In this investigation, you will create an ethogram by observing an animal of your
choice.

7. Procedure
1. Decide which animal you are going to study.
Problem:
• How much time do animals spend on specific behaviors?

8. 2. You must be able to observe active animal behavior for at least one
hour. Conceal yourself so your presence does not influence its behaviors.
For example, your family pet may respond to your presence and want
attention.
3. Predict what types of behaviors the animal will engage in, and create a
table to record your data.
For example, behaviors might include sleeping, eating or playing

9. 4. Observe your animal for at least one hour
Record the specific behaviors of the animal,
the order in which the animal carries out those behaviors,
the number of times the behavior occurs
and the length of time of each behavior.
Caution: If the animal you are observing becomes agitated,
stop observing it.

10. Analyze and conclude
1. Categorize:
Make a list of the most common behaviors that your animal carried out.
Was each behavior isolated, or were some behaviors carried out in a
specific order? Explain.
2. Graph Data:
Determine the percentage of the total time spent in each behavior. Make
a bar graph from the data.
3. Analyze:
Use your bar graph to determine which behavior was the most frequent.
Which behavior was least frequent? Explain