Stages of Acquisition of first LanguageJoel Acosta
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate. The capacity to successfully use language requires one to acquire a range of tools including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. This language might be vocalized as with speech or manual as in sign. The human language capacity is represented in the brain.
Behaviorism ,Introduction to language Learning Theories & Behaviorist TheoryNaqvisailya
Introduction to Applied Linguistics, Introduction to Language Learning Theories , Behaviorism , Behaviorist Theory , proponents and tenants of Behaviorism, stages of child language acquisition.
Stages of Acquisition of first LanguageJoel Acosta
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate. The capacity to successfully use language requires one to acquire a range of tools including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. This language might be vocalized as with speech or manual as in sign. The human language capacity is represented in the brain.
Behaviorism ,Introduction to language Learning Theories & Behaviorist TheoryNaqvisailya
Introduction to Applied Linguistics, Introduction to Language Learning Theories , Behaviorism , Behaviorist Theory , proponents and tenants of Behaviorism, stages of child language acquisition.
First and Second Language Aquisition TheoriesSheila Rad
LanguLanguage Acquisition Theories
Definition of Language Acquisition
Physical Structure for Speech Development
5 basic stages of Language
Developmental Sequences
How to Enrich Child's speech
Theoretical Approaches to L1 Acquisition
Theoretical Approaches to L2 Acquisition
Second Language Acquisition by David NunanParth Bhatt
The term second language acquisition (SLA) refers to the processes through which someone acquires one or more second or foreign languages. SLA researchers look at acquisition in naturalistic contexts (where learners pick up the language informally through interacting in the language) and in classroom settings. Researchers are interested in both product (the language used by learners at different stages in the acquisition process) and process (the mental process and
environmental factors that influence the acquisition process). In this chapter I trace the development of SLA from its origins in contrastive analysis. This is followed by a selective review of
research, focusing on product-oriented studies of stages that learners pass through as they acquire another language, as well as investigations into the processes underlying acquisition. The practical implications of research are then discussed, followed by a review of current and future trends and directions.
Krashen’s “monitor model” (i.e acquisition vs. learning, monitor, natural order, comprehensible input, and affective filter) has been very influential in supporting communicative language teaching (CLT), which focuses on using language for meaningful interaction and for accomplishing tasks, rather than on learning rules.
First and Second Language Aquisition TheoriesSheila Rad
LanguLanguage Acquisition Theories
Definition of Language Acquisition
Physical Structure for Speech Development
5 basic stages of Language
Developmental Sequences
How to Enrich Child's speech
Theoretical Approaches to L1 Acquisition
Theoretical Approaches to L2 Acquisition
Second Language Acquisition by David NunanParth Bhatt
The term second language acquisition (SLA) refers to the processes through which someone acquires one or more second or foreign languages. SLA researchers look at acquisition in naturalistic contexts (where learners pick up the language informally through interacting in the language) and in classroom settings. Researchers are interested in both product (the language used by learners at different stages in the acquisition process) and process (the mental process and
environmental factors that influence the acquisition process). In this chapter I trace the development of SLA from its origins in contrastive analysis. This is followed by a selective review of
research, focusing on product-oriented studies of stages that learners pass through as they acquire another language, as well as investigations into the processes underlying acquisition. The practical implications of research are then discussed, followed by a review of current and future trends and directions.
Krashen’s “monitor model” (i.e acquisition vs. learning, monitor, natural order, comprehensible input, and affective filter) has been very influential in supporting communicative language teaching (CLT), which focuses on using language for meaningful interaction and for accomplishing tasks, rather than on learning rules.
Learn how Net Solutions helped IMG Worldwide succeed in delivering exclusive content to the Premier League audience via the HTML5-based web and iPad app.
Premier League is the organizing body of the Barclays Premier League with responsibility for the competition, its Rule Book and the centralized broadcast and other commercial rights. The principal objective of the Premier League is to stage the most competitive and compelling league with world class players and through the equitable distribution of broadcast and commercial revenues, to enable clubs to develop so that European competition is a realistic aim and once there, they are playing at a level where they can compete effectively.
Mobile data gathering with load balanced clustering and dual data uploading i...Shakas Technologies
In this paper, a three-layer framework is proposed for mobile data collection in wireless sensor networks, which includes the sensor layer, cluster head layer, and mobile collector (called SenCar) layer.
Lettre ouverte de l'opposition au maire de Lille jdepelchin
Un Autre Lille, dirigé par Jean-René Lecerf (Les Républicains), dresse un état des lieux alarmant sur la sécurité à Lille dans une lettre ouverte à Martine Aubry.
Branding begins with the consistency of presentation that becomes the identity of a company. This session comprises deep study of business to business branding.
Journal ofExperimental PsychologyVOL. I l l , No. i. F.docxpriestmanmable
Journal of
Experimental Psychology
VOL. I l l , No. i. FEBRUARY, 1920
CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
BY JOHN B. WATSON AND ROSALIE RAYNER
In recent literature various speculations have been entered
into concerning the possibility of conditioning various types
of emotional response, but direct experimental evidence in
support of such a view has been lacking. If the theory
advanced by Watson and Morgan1 to the effect that in
infancy the original emotional reaction patterns are few,
consisting so far as observed of fear, rage and love, then there
must be some simple method by means of which the range of
stimuli which can call out these emotions and their compounds
is greatly increased. Otherwise, complexity in adult response
could not be accounted for. These authors without adequate
experimental evidence advanced the view that this range was
increased by means of conditioned reflex factors. It was
suggested there that the early home life of the child furnishes
a laboratory situation for establishing conditioned emotional
responses. The present authors have recently put the whole
matter to an experimental test.
Experimental work has been done so far on only one child,
Albert B. This infant was reared almost from birth in a
hospital environment; his mother was a wet nurse in the
Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children. Albert's life was
normal: he was healthy from birth and one of the best
developed youngsters ever brought to the hospital, weighing
twenty-one pounds at nine months of age. He was on the
whole stolid and unemotional. His stability was one of the
principal reasons for using him as a subject in this test. We
1 'Emotional Reactions and Psychological Experimentation,' American Journal
of Psychology, April, 1917, Vol. 28, pp. 163-174.
3 JOHN B. WATSON AND ROSALIE RAYNER
felt that we could do him relatively little harm by carrying
out such experiments as those outlined below.
At approximately nine months of age we ran him through
the emotional tests that have become a part of our regular
routine in determining whether fear reactions can be called
out by other stimuli than sharp noises and the sudden removal
of support. Tests of this type have been described by the
senior author in another place.1 In brief, the infant was
confronted suddenly and for the first time successively with
a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, with masks with
and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers, etc. A
permanent record of Albert's reactions to these objects and
situations has been preserved in a motion picture study.
Manipulation was the most usual reaction called out. At
no time did this infant ever show fear in any situation. These
experimental records were confirmed by the casual observa-
tions of the mother and hospital attendants. No one had
ever seen him in a state of fear and rage. The infant prac-
tically never cried.
Up to approximately nine months of age we had not tested
him with loud sounds. The test to determine whether a
...
Learnind theory and its implications in psychiatryNayab Anjum
learning theory consists of classical conditioning theories, operant conditioning ,cognitive conditioning, and these theories gives background for cognitive behavior therapies. Also new concept of mirror neurons are described which gives wide views on autism spectrum disorders, empathy and emotions.
All things should be looked at from the perspective of behaviour.
And it doesn’t matter what is going on in the mind, it just matters what the behaviour
So there is no difference in the behaviourist mind between external behaviour and internal thoughts.
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Lee Thorndike
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Various views on Human Learning - All 5 Theories Merged.pdfSamruddhi Chepe
Module 2:Various views on human learning (Credit 1, Hours 15, Marks 25)
Objectives: After learning this module the student teacher will be able to -
- compare various views on human learning
- consider various roles of learner and teacher for planning of various learning
situations
Contents
1. Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of
various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner
and teacher in various learning situations (15)
Behaviourist (conditioning by Pavlov and Skinner in brief),
Cognitivist ( views of Bruner and Ausubel)
Course 4
Learning and Teaching
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 20 . 23
Information-processing view(Atkinson Shifrin)
Humanist( Carl Rogers)
Social-constructivist ( Views of Piaget and Lev Vygotski)
it is the complete case study of marketing strategies implemented by the Aldi.
they use these strategies and got a successful position in market. it is the living example. From beginning to a powerful position. Their goal was to provide quality products in less price.
Segmentation, Targetteing and Positioning.pptSairish khokhar
To enhance your marketing skills. To learn consumer behavior is excellent work. So here we short listed this consumer behavior by segmentation, targeting and positioning them.
the ppt shows the inner images of components of laptop along with their functions. which can help beginners to understand the working of laptop. and how could they modify it.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. What is language acquisition?
Acquisition is a process whereby children become speakers of their native language.
Introduction:
During the past forty years there have been two major theories of
language learning by children. But there are two major schools of
thought known as, 'Behaviorists' and 'Mentalists'. One school is of the
view that language learning is entirely the product of experience and
that our environment affects all of us. Others have suggested that
everybody has an innate language learning mechanism.
3. Behaviorist theory in Linguistics.
Language is learned through behaviour in surroundings.
Behaviour theorists define learning as a more or less permanent
change in behaviour.
In behaviorism, the learner is viewed as passively adapting to their
environment.
According to a pure behaviorist, human beings are shaped entirely by
their external environment. Alter a person's environment, and you will
alter his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. Provide positive
reinforcement whenever students perform a desired behaviour, and
soon they will learn to perform the behaviour on their own.
4. Associative learning.
Making a new association between events in the
environment.
There are two kind of associative learning:
1. Classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
5. There are two forms of associative learning:
Classical Conditioning
First described by Ivan Pavlov, a
Russian physiologist
Involves placing a neutral signal before a
reflex
Focuses on involuntary, automatic
behaviors
Operant Conditioning
First described by B. F. Skinner, an
American psychologist
Involves operant Conditioning
applying reinforcement or punishme
nt after a behavior
Focuses on strengthening or weakening
voluntary behaviors
6. Classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of
learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to
evoke a response that was originally evoked by another
stimulus.
First described by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), Russian
physiologist, in 1903,
and studied in infants by John B. Watson (1878-1958).
Originators and Key
Contributors:
7. The “Pavlov’s Dog” Experiment.
In the 1890s, Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov
was studying aspects of the digestive
process by observing salivation in dogs,
when he made the observation that dogs
began to salivate before the food
arrived…for example, at the sight of the
food tray or sound of the assistant’s
footsteps. This work became the foundation
for classical conditioning and the behavioral
approach to psychology.
8. The “Little Albert Experiment”.
John B. Watson gets credit for establishing the psychological
school of behaviorism. He further extended Pavlov’s work and
applied it to human beings. In the 1921, Watson studied
Albert, an 11 month old infant child. The goal of the study was
to condition Albert to become afraid of a white rat. He
achieved this by creating loud, painful noises whenever Albert
touched the rat. At first, Albert showed no sign of fear when he
was presented with rats, but once the rat was repeatedly
paired with the loud noise. Albert began to associate small
animals with the trauma of the noise. The implications of
Watson’s experiment suggested that classical conditioning
could cause some phobias in humans.
9. Extinction:
When a previously conditioned response decreases in
frequency and eventually disappears. The response can
sometimes reemerge after a period of time has passed with
no further conditioning. Where is my food?
People often wondered if Little Albert might still
occasionally experience fear of animals as an adult. He died
of disease at age 6.
10. Stimulus Generalization:
After a stimulus has been conditioned to produce
a particular response, stimuli that is similar to the
original stimulus may produce the same response.
The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the
greater the likelihood that stimulus generalization
will occur. Albert became afraid of small furry
animals. The big black dog used in the experiment
did not scare him.
11. Operant conditioning.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1904 – 1990
An American psychologist, inventor, social
philosopher, poet
Bachelor: English Literature (Hamilton University)
Master: Psychology (Harvard University)
Doctorate: Psychology (Harvard University)
professor of Psychology in Harvard university
12. Continue..
B.F Skinner and his followers are known as
behaviorist. According to them language learning is
process known as operant conditioning. operant
conditioning is a simple feedback system: If a
reward or reinforcement follows the response to a
stimulus, then the response becomes more
probable in the future.
13. Conditioned:
Conditioned Behavior is behavior which is the result of repeated training.
Operant:
Operant process means that language is an activity that a child acquires
voluntarily without any external force, it is result of learner's own free
will and it is not forced by any outside person or thing. The learner
demonstrates the new behavior first as a response to a system of reward
or punishment.
According to skinner the whole process is based upon four elements:
1. Stimulus 2. Response
3. Reinforcement 4. Repetition
14. "Skinner Box" Experiment.
They put a rat in a box containing a bar. If it presses a bar, it
is rewarded with a pellet of food. Nothing forces it to press
the bar. The first time it probably does so accidentally.
When the rat finds that the food arrives, it presses the bar
again. Eventually it finds that if it is hungry it can obtain
food by pressing the bar. Then task is made more difficult.
The rat only gets rewarded if it presses the bar while a light
is flashing. At first rat is puzzled. Eventually it learns the
trick. Then the task is made more difficult again. This time
the rat only receives food if it presses the bar a certain
number of times. After initial confusion it learns to do this
also. And so on.
15. Continue…
After this experiment, skinner expresses the very notion that every
stimulus which is followed by a response plays a vital role in
learning the first language.
Initially this response is given only in case of sort of punishment or
reward but eventually the child becomes volunteer in this. Skinner
also maintains that learning language one depends the imitation
and the child imitates his nears and dears around him. First of all
anything plays a role that stimulates the child to speak.
16. Skinner`s notion:
According to Skinner`s notion Skinner denies that
• language is a preprogrammed activity.
• It is just the gift of society and operant conditioning of his
around.
• If we take up the example of fictional character Tarzen, skinner
seems to be true in his notion because Tarzen was brought
among the animals and according to the story tellers he spoke
the language of animals. So he could not help being affected by
the company in which he lived.
17. Reinforcement and types of reinforcement.
A stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it.
Repetition of an act to stop an action or to continue it.
Stimulus:
Any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action.
Reinforcement plays a vital role.
There are two kinds of reinforcement:
1. Positive reinforcement 2. Negative reinforcement
18. Positive Reinforcement:
Praise and rewards are positive reinforcement. Experiments have
shown that positive reinforcement works much better in bringing
about good learning.
Example:
When the dog successful chases and picks up the ball, the dog
receives praise as a reward. Eventually, the dog forms an
association between his behavior of fetching the ball and receiving
the desired reward.
19. Negative Reinforcement:
Rebukes and punishments are negative reinforcement. The
behaviorists also claim that we learn language by imitation and
association.
Example:
Ad shows wrinkled face as reinforcement to buy skin cream.
If a child lick his thumb and parents want to stop him . They might
paste something on his thumb or chili so that he will stop licking his
thumb.
Skinner believed that positive reinforcement is more effective in
changing behavior then punishment.
20. Differences between classical and operant conditioning:
In CC, the response is a reflex and involuntary. In OC, the
response is voluntary behaviour.
In CC, the stimulus is new to the animal. In OC, the
behaviour is new to the animal.
In CC, the reflex (response) follows the stimulus. In OC, the
behaviour (response) precedes the reward or punishment
(stimulus).
In CC, association occurs whether the stimulus is
pleasurable or aversive. In OC pleasurable reward leads to
repetition while aversion leads to extinction.
In CC, strength of conditioning is measured by speed or
amount of response. In OC, strength is measured by rate of
production of behaviour.
21. Limitations:
• In Critical period for language acquisition children are
often unable to repeat what an adult says especially if the
adult utterance contains a structure the child has not yet
started to use.
• Children who have not acquired language by the age of about
seven will never entirely catch up.
• Observational studies of parent-child conversations (Brown
and Hanlon, 1970) show that parents rarely reinforce correct
grammar in a child’s speech, but instead tend to focus on the
truthfulness or accuracy of statements.
22. Continue…
Behaviorists cannot explain how animals can learn without
reinforcement. Tolman & Honzik (1930) showed that rats
could learn maps of mazes without operant conditioning.
Behaviorism finds it difficult to explain how humans construct
new solutions to problems. For example, children can generate
the plural forms of nouns they have never encountered before
and could not have learned (Berko, 1958).
23. Criticism.
Chomsky suggests that the learner of any language
has an inbuilt learning capacity for language. he
believed that every child has a ‘language acquisition
device’. Learning process involving the shaping of
grammar into a correct form by the re-enforcement of
other stimulus. The Mentalist School Chomsky and
his mentalist followers claim that a child learns his
first language through cognitive learning.
24. How Behaviorism Impacts Learning:
This theory is relatively simple to understand because it relies
only on observable behaviour and describes several universal
laws of behaviour.
Its positive and negative reinforcement techniques can be very
effective--both in animals, and in treatments for human
disorders such as autism and antisocial behaviour. Behaviourism
often is used by teachers, who reward or punish student
behaviors.