3. IMPRINTING
The process by which an animal form an association with another
animal or object in the environment during sensitive period of life is
called imprinting
it is a kinds of phase sensitive learning ''learning occur at particular life
stage
and in it is rapid and independent of consequence of behaviour.it was
use to describe situation in an animal or person learn characteristics of
some stimuli.
Types of imprinting
It has different types
4. Types of imprinting
It has different types
1) Filial imprinting
the best known form of imprinting is filial imprinting.in this
imprinting a young animal narrow its social preference to an object
due to exposure to that object. it is most obvious in Nidifugous birds
(which live the nest after hatching).they imprinting on their parents
and then follow them around .It was reported in domestic chicken .It
was first discover by early etiologist Oskar Hinroth
5. Types of imprinting
Demonstration
Lorenz demonstrated that incubated hatch gees imprint on fist moving
stimulus them saw. It occur with in critical period 13-16 hours shortly
after hatching. For example gee slings imprints on Lorenz himself.
Lorenz also found that gees can imprint on moving objects. In one
experiment they follow box placed on model train in circle around track.
2) Sexual imprinting
one form of learning studied in the context of mate choice is sexual
imprinting. In sexual imprinting young individual learn mating
preference from their interaction with adult.
6. Sexual imprinting
Example
a) male zebra finches prefer to mate with appearance of female birds that rear
them.
b) non-human mammals or birds develop sexual attraction for human as a
result of sexual imprinting.one example is London zoo female giant panda Chi
Chi. She was taken to Moscow zoo for mating giant panda An An. She was
taken to Moscow zoo for mating with male giant panda An An. But she refuse
his attempt to mate with her. but she made a full sexual self presentation to a
zoo keeper.
7. Sexual imprinting c) It commonly occur in falconry birds .but birds are rear from hatching by
human. Such birds are called imprinting. The breeder has a special hat with
pockets. he let the male birds copulate with their head the cap catching male
birds semen. At copulation the breeder puts one hand on female bids back
to represent the weight of a male bird. He uses hypodermic syringe
Method Developed to study sexual Imprinting
(a) Cross-Fostering approach
In the case of imprinting the offspring are rised by adaptive parents.such
offspring show different mating preferance than those raised by biological
parents.we examin such preferance are link to something about behaviour of
adapted parents. Klause Immlelmman studied sexual imprinting in male
zebra finch.it is raised by its parents for first month of life but then it was
kept isolation for two month.he often imprints on phenotype of first female
he incounter after isolation.
8. Method Developed to study sexual Imprinting
(b) Novel trait approach
In this approach offspring are raised by parents that have some novel trait.
Novel trait approach study on Manikind Birds
Claudia Witte and his colleague studied novel trait approach for sexual imprinting in Manikind
birds. The novel trait was a red feather. The researchers attach red feather on forehead of adult
Manikinds. The feather stood up like crest. Witte raised juvenile Manikinds in of four groups
> in group 1 serve as a control. Its offspring raised with their mother and father. Both mother and
father lack red feather.
> In group 2 offspring were raised with their mother and father. Each has a red head feather attach
to fore head.
> in group 3 offspring were raised with their mother with no feather but father was with red
feather.
> in group 4 offspring were raised with father with no feather. But mother with a red feather.
When offspring reached sixty days age they were separated from their par nets. Then their mate
preference were made. These birds was given the choice between two member of opposite sex.
9. Method Developed to study sexual
Imprinting
one that had a red feather added. But the other did not have it. Witte and her team
found evidence that young Minikind imprints on red themselves matured.
Sexual imprinting on faces in human
Sexual imprinting occur in human like other animals.one hypothesis is that a
young person create a mental template of his or her opposite-sex parent. Then he
uses that template as a guide for finding mates when he or she mature. The man
may imprints on their mother’s features they are children
A similarity occur a man mother’s and his subsequence wife.
Bereczkei and colleagues found that some women were shown pictures of some
other women. They were asked to picks out picture of a women’s mother in law.
They were able to do so with accuracy. The people may use some of their own facial
features matching to self searching for mates
10. Method Developed to study sexual Imprinting
Novel trait approach
There is similarity between parents and offspring.therefore matching –to- self rules
and sexual imprinting both results similars to that of Breczkei and his colleagues.
We can distinguish between matching-to-self and sexual imprinting
hypothesis.Bereczkei and colleagues looked at a similarity between mate choice of
female who were raised and as adopted daughters.
If woman select mates who resembled themselves. This supports the matching-to-
self hypothesis.
If the selected mates who resembled their adapted fathers. This support the sexual
imprinting hypothesis.
Result indicated that a much greater similarity between daughter adapted father and
her subsequence by emotional band between parents and child.
11. Types of imprinting3) Reverse sexual Printing
In reverse sexual imprinting two individual living in close domestic
proximity during their early years are desensitized to lateral sexual
attraction. This phenomena is called Westermarck effect.
(a) Westermarck effect was first described by Edward
Westermarck in his book “the history of human marriage”(1891).it is
observe in main place and cultures. These include Israeli kibbutz
system and Chinese shimp-pua marriage custom as well as biological
related families.in these case of Israeli kibbutzium children were
reared commonly in peer group . These groups are based on age not
biologically relation. A staudy of marriage pattern of r in life was don.
It revealed that out of the nearly 3000 marriage these that occurred
occurs kibbutz system
12. Reverse sexual imprinting
only fourteen were between children Sam peer group. Of these
14 non reared together during the 6 year of life.
This result provide support the existence of Westermarck effect
It operates during the period from birth to age.
(b) Similarly when brother and sister brought up separately near
meeting one another. They may fine one another highly sexual
attraction. This phenomena is known as Genetic sexual
attraction. This observation support the hypothesis that the
western mark effect evolve because it suppressed inbreeding.
13. Limbic imprinting
The prenatal (before birth) perinatal (near to birth) and
postnatale (after birth) experiences leave imprints upon the
limbic system of brain.
It causes life long effect. This process is identified as a
limbic imprinting. The term is also described as human
emotional map
Deep- seaded believe and values are stored in brain limbic
system
