This chapter summarizes the history of radio, beginning with early developments in the late 19th century through its growth in popularity in the 20th century. It discusses key inventors and innovations like AM/FM technology. It describes the rise of radio networks and the golden age of radio in the 1930s-40s. The chapter also discusses how radio adapted to competition from television through the transistor radio and format-based programming. It concludes with current trends like concentration of ownership and the transition to digital radio.
The document provides a history of television from its early development to modern times. It discusses the key inventors and early technology in the 1920s-1940s. Standards were developed in the 1940s which allowed the industry to grow rapidly after WWII. Network television emerged in the late 1940s and 1950s, bringing family entertainment into homes. Cable television began in the 1950s and grew substantially between 1970-1990, challenging network dominance. More recently, television has adapted to new technologies like digital, internet streaming, and video recording devices.
This document discusses the history and current state of television news. It covers 6 trends in the news industry, including cutbacks affecting coverage and digital advertising outpacing news revenue. It also provides a brief history of electronic news from early radio to the development of cable news networks. Additional sections discuss understanding the news industry, including the roles of anchors and correspondents, as well as controversies over perceived biases in news reporting and the influence of entertainment values.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the movie industry. It discusses early movie technologies from the late 19th century and the establishment of the first movie studios in Hollywood in the early 20th century. It then summarizes the golden age of Hollywood in the 1930s-40s and how the industry adapted to new technologies and media over time, including television, VCRs, DVDs, and online distribution methods. Finally, it outlines some of the key components and roles within the modern movie production and distribution process and some common controversies involving movie content.
This document provides a history of the recording industry from its origins in the late 19th century to modern digital formats and online distribution. It describes key developments like the invention of the phonograph, the rise of radio and popular music genres. It also summarizes the major labels that dominate the industry, the roles of independents, and issues around royalties, promotion, and distribution. Finally, it outlines some of the controversies around censorship and the cultural effects of music.
Television journalism has evolved significantly since its origins in the 1920s. Key developments include [1] the first successful mechanical TV system being invented in 1927, [2] CBS starting their TV news program in 1948 with Edward Murrow as a pioneer, and [3] the Vietnam War emphasizing the power of television to show violence and suffering in a way that impacted public opinion of the war. Modern television journalism continues to change with new technologies and an increasing number of cable news and specialized channels that have decreased viewership of the major networks' evening news programs.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of the sound recording industry. It covers the development of recording technology from Thomas Edison's phonograph to modern digital formats. The chapter also examines how economic downturns, wars, and new media like radio, television, and the internet have impacted the industry. Finally, it describes the organizational structure of the recording industry and career prospects, which are challenging due to declining revenues from CD and digital music sales.
This chapter discusses the evolution of radio broadcasting from its invention in the late 19th century through Marconi's popularization of wireless technology in the early 20th century. It then covers the rise of radio networks like NBC, CBS and ABC in the 1920s and the establishment of regulations like the Radio Act of 1927. The chapter also summarizes radio's Golden Age from the 1930s to 1950s when it offered genres like soap operas, comedy shows and news broadcasts before facing new competition from television. Finally, it examines radio's impact on culture through figures like Rush Limbaugh and looks at radio's future with satellite, internet/streaming radio and the rise of podcasting.
Radio journalism is a relatively new medium that broadcasts news and information electronically rather than through print. It emerged in the late 19th century with wireless telegraphy and early radio broadcasts. Throughout the 1920s-1930s, radio gained popularity for broadcasting breaking news events but also faced opposition from newspapers, leading to restrictions in what could be reported. However, the growth of radio commentary in the 1930s helped establish it as a new form of journalism.
The document provides a history of television from its early development to modern times. It discusses the key inventors and early technology in the 1920s-1940s. Standards were developed in the 1940s which allowed the industry to grow rapidly after WWII. Network television emerged in the late 1940s and 1950s, bringing family entertainment into homes. Cable television began in the 1950s and grew substantially between 1970-1990, challenging network dominance. More recently, television has adapted to new technologies like digital, internet streaming, and video recording devices.
This document discusses the history and current state of television news. It covers 6 trends in the news industry, including cutbacks affecting coverage and digital advertising outpacing news revenue. It also provides a brief history of electronic news from early radio to the development of cable news networks. Additional sections discuss understanding the news industry, including the roles of anchors and correspondents, as well as controversies over perceived biases in news reporting and the influence of entertainment values.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the movie industry. It discusses early movie technologies from the late 19th century and the establishment of the first movie studios in Hollywood in the early 20th century. It then summarizes the golden age of Hollywood in the 1930s-40s and how the industry adapted to new technologies and media over time, including television, VCRs, DVDs, and online distribution methods. Finally, it outlines some of the key components and roles within the modern movie production and distribution process and some common controversies involving movie content.
This document provides a history of the recording industry from its origins in the late 19th century to modern digital formats and online distribution. It describes key developments like the invention of the phonograph, the rise of radio and popular music genres. It also summarizes the major labels that dominate the industry, the roles of independents, and issues around royalties, promotion, and distribution. Finally, it outlines some of the controversies around censorship and the cultural effects of music.
Television journalism has evolved significantly since its origins in the 1920s. Key developments include [1] the first successful mechanical TV system being invented in 1927, [2] CBS starting their TV news program in 1948 with Edward Murrow as a pioneer, and [3] the Vietnam War emphasizing the power of television to show violence and suffering in a way that impacted public opinion of the war. Modern television journalism continues to change with new technologies and an increasing number of cable news and specialized channels that have decreased viewership of the major networks' evening news programs.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of the sound recording industry. It covers the development of recording technology from Thomas Edison's phonograph to modern digital formats. The chapter also examines how economic downturns, wars, and new media like radio, television, and the internet have impacted the industry. Finally, it describes the organizational structure of the recording industry and career prospects, which are challenging due to declining revenues from CD and digital music sales.
This chapter discusses the evolution of radio broadcasting from its invention in the late 19th century through Marconi's popularization of wireless technology in the early 20th century. It then covers the rise of radio networks like NBC, CBS and ABC in the 1920s and the establishment of regulations like the Radio Act of 1927. The chapter also summarizes radio's Golden Age from the 1930s to 1950s when it offered genres like soap operas, comedy shows and news broadcasts before facing new competition from television. Finally, it examines radio's impact on culture through figures like Rush Limbaugh and looks at radio's future with satellite, internet/streaming radio and the rise of podcasting.
Radio journalism is a relatively new medium that broadcasts news and information electronically rather than through print. It emerged in the late 19th century with wireless telegraphy and early radio broadcasts. Throughout the 1920s-1930s, radio gained popularity for broadcasting breaking news events but also faced opposition from newspapers, leading to restrictions in what could be reported. However, the growth of radio commentary in the 1930s helped establish it as a new form of journalism.
Mass Media and Society Chapter 9: Televisionczavisca
This chapter discusses the history and evolution of television from its origins in the 1930s through modern developments. It covers the rise of cable TV in the 1960s and 70s, the transition to digital and high-definition television in the 2000s, and the influence of new technologies and platforms such as Netflix, Hulu, YouTube and streaming. The chapter also examines how television has shaped culture and been shaped by social and economic trends over time.
This chapter discusses the history and development of movies from the early 1900s to present day. It covers the key events and innovations that shaped the industry such as the rise of Hollywood in the 1910s, the transition to sound films in the 1920s-1930s, the introduction of color and widescreen in the 1940s-1950s, and the impact of new technologies like video, DVDs, streaming and 3D. The chapter also examines how movies both mirror and shape culture by influencing American myths and addressing social issues, and discusses current trends and issues facing the movie industry like blockbuster films, independent movies, and rising production and marketing costs.
COM 110: Chapter 1 -- History of Broadcast MediaVal Bello
The document provides a history of broadcast media from the late 19th century to present day. It discusses the key inventors and innovations in radio and television technology. Some of the major developments include Marconi sending the first radio signal across the Atlantic in 1901, Fessenden transmitting voice over radio waves in 1906, the establishment of the first radio networks in the 1920s, and the growth of cable and satellite television competing with broadcast TV in later decades. Regulations and acts like the Radio Act of 1927 and Telecommunications Act of 1996 shaped the industry as new technologies emerged.
This chapter provides an overview of the history and development of the motion picture industry from its origins in the late 19th century through modern digital filmmaking. Key points include: the major studios dominated Hollywood from the 1930s-1950s; television greatly impacted the film industry in the 1950s by capturing much of its audience; and the transition to digital technology is transforming film production, distribution, and exhibition. The chapter also describes the organizational structure and economics of the modern movie industry.
Radio journalism has evolved significantly since the first radio broadcast in 1920. It grew rapidly during World Wars 1 and 2 due to its ability to quickly distribute news and information (paragraphs 1-3). Television began siphoning radio's audience in the 1950s, forcing radio to reinvent itself through new formats and technologies (paragraphs 4-6). Satellite delivery of programming in the 1980s and deregulation in the 1990s led to further changes, including consolidation of ownership (paragraphs 7-8). Today, radio remains popular for mobile listening, and new technologies may bring more changes (paragraphs 9-11).
The document provides a history of television from its origins to the present day. It discusses the development of radio in the early 20th century and how radio broadcasting laid the foundation for mass communication. Television began experimentally in the 1930s but took off after World War II, with over half of American homes owning TV sets by the 1950s. The major networks of ABC, CBS, and NBC dominated programming in the golden age of television in the 1950s and 1960s. Cable television emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as an alternative to broadcast TV, while digital technology has transformed television in the 21st century.
The document summarizes the history of television from its early developments in the late 19th century through its emergence and growth in India. Key points include:
- Early experiments in the 1870s-1880s explored transmitting images via electrical signals and scanning images point-by-point.
- Mechanical television systems using rotating disks were developed in the 1920s-1930s, followed by fully electronic systems in the mid-1930s.
- Public broadcasting began in the US in 1967 and cable television grew rapidly there starting in the 1970s.
- Television was introduced in India in the 1970s-1980s through public broadcaster Doordarshan and became widely popular with the transmission of hit shows. Private broadcasters entered
This document provides an overview of the evolution of popular music and its relationship with culture and technology. It discusses the emergence of genres like jazz, blues, country, rock and roll, and hip hop. It also examines how new technologies have disrupted the music industry, from the invention of the phonograph to digital music and file sharing. Cultural movements like the Great Migration, civil rights movement, and youth culture are also reviewed in terms of their influence on music trends.
Television became widely available in the United States in the late 1930s and 1940s. By the 1960s, over 90% of homes had a TV. Key moments in TV history included live coverage of historical events like the Kennedy assassination. TV viewing increased dramatically from the 1940s-1960s and now over 99% of homes have a TV. While TV was once the dominant news source, the Internet is increasingly important for getting news with over 60% of Americans now using online sources for news.
The document summarizes the development of television in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s. It discusses early experimental broadcasts in the 1930s, the first commercial station launching in 1941, development slowing during World War II, growth resuming after the wars, and the boom in the 1950s as more stations launched, programming expanded, and ownership among families increased steadily. It also touches on the introduction of color TV and how the Vietnam War was covered on television.
This document provides a history of television from its origins to modern times. It discusses the key developments in each decade, including the invention of radio in the 1920s, the growth of radio broadcasting in the 1930s-1940s, the introduction of television in the late 1940s, the rise of television as a mass medium in the 1950s, the expansion of television news coverage and programming in the 1960s, the growth of cable and satellite television in the 1970s-1980s which increased competition for networks, and the wave of media mergers and consolidation in the 1990s-2000s that shaped the current television landscape.
There were two early experimental paths for television: mechanical and electronic scanning. Inventors experimented with mechanical disks or cathode ray tubes. Mechanical scanning began with Paul Nipkow's 1884 patent of a scanning disk. Charles Jenkins and John Logie Baird demonstrated mechanical transmission of images. Philo Farnsworth invented electronic scanning in 1927 by transmitting the first electronic TV image using a cathode ray tube. RCA and others then adopted and advanced electronic scanning, leading to the development of modern television.
The document outlines the history of broadcasting and television development in the United States from the 1700s to present day. It discusses early experiments with television in the 1920s and 1930s by inventors like Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir Zworykin. It then covers the growth of television broadcasting in the 1940s and 1950s, the development of color television in the 1950s, and the rise of cable and digital television in later decades.
Television became popular after being made possible by radio. Early TV featured talk shows, game shows, dramas, comedies, and sports. The FCC regulated the growing TV industry and issued licenses. The Golden Ages of TV from the 1950s to 1980s saw the rise of family entertainment in black and white and then colorful programming. Color TV technology advanced and became the standard broadcast by 1972. Modern TV delivery includes broadcast networks, public television, cable, satellite, and online streaming services.
The document outlines the history of broadcasting from its origins to modern times. It discusses key inventors and innovations that led to the development of radio and television technologies. Some of the earliest developments include Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves in 1855 and Marconi sending the first wireless signal in 1901. Over decades, inventors continued improving the technologies, with the first radio broadcasts in the early 1900s and commercial television debuting in 1939. Both media grew rapidly in popularity and changed how people received information and entertainment, helping to shift societies with their widespread adoption.
The document discusses the history and development of television from its early inventors in the 1920s through its establishment as a widespread technology and cultural force by the 1950s. It touches on key inventors and innovations like the cathode ray tube, iconoscope, kinescope, and fiber optic cable. Regulations and the role of the FCC in establishing broadcast standards are also summarized.
This is a presentation of television in america.
It was made by a french student and may contain a few english mistakes.
Plan :
- Broadcasting systems
- TV Networks
- Omnipresence in our lives
The document discusses the history of international broadcasting, beginning with the development of radio broadcasting in the 1920s. It then covers the emergence of television broadcasting in the 1930s and the rise of cable TV and satellite TV from the 1960s onward. International radio broadcasting grew with the establishment of stations like the BBC and the use of shortwave bands. Television expanded internationally following early experiments and the start of BBC broadcasts in 1936. Satellite communications in the 1960s allowed cable and satellite TV to further globalize television programming.
The document discusses the history of communications technologies such as the telegraph, wireless telegraphy, telephone, and radio. It describes how the sinking of the Titanic in 1912 highlighted the importance of wireless communication in saving lives at sea. It also discusses the development of radio broadcasting in the 1920s in the US, including how amateur operators influenced early radio and the shift to commercial radio networks supported by advertising.
The document provides a history of radio, beginning with early pioneers in wireless communication like Marconi, Hertz, and Popov. It discusses the development of AM radio in the US in the 1920s and the establishment of the first radio networks by AT&T and RCA. By the 1940s, NBC, CBS and ABC had emerged as the dominant broadcast radio networks in the US. The document also outlines the growth of radio formats and ownership consolidation in the industry over time.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of media law regarding freedom of expression. It covers the development of free speech philosophy from John Milton in 1644 to protections established in the US Constitution. Early laws like the Sedition Acts restricted criticism of government. The Zenger trial established truth as a defense against sedition charges. Current issues around intellectual property, privacy, libel and newsgathering are analyzed, as well as controversies around censorship and conflicting rights like free press versus right to a fair trial.
The document provides an overview of the history of journalism from ancient times to modern technologies. It discusses how journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to newspapers, radio, television, and digital media. The document also notes that journalism has a long history but also an inspiring tradition of defending free speech and sharing important stories with the public.
Mass Media and Society Chapter 9: Televisionczavisca
This chapter discusses the history and evolution of television from its origins in the 1930s through modern developments. It covers the rise of cable TV in the 1960s and 70s, the transition to digital and high-definition television in the 2000s, and the influence of new technologies and platforms such as Netflix, Hulu, YouTube and streaming. The chapter also examines how television has shaped culture and been shaped by social and economic trends over time.
This chapter discusses the history and development of movies from the early 1900s to present day. It covers the key events and innovations that shaped the industry such as the rise of Hollywood in the 1910s, the transition to sound films in the 1920s-1930s, the introduction of color and widescreen in the 1940s-1950s, and the impact of new technologies like video, DVDs, streaming and 3D. The chapter also examines how movies both mirror and shape culture by influencing American myths and addressing social issues, and discusses current trends and issues facing the movie industry like blockbuster films, independent movies, and rising production and marketing costs.
COM 110: Chapter 1 -- History of Broadcast MediaVal Bello
The document provides a history of broadcast media from the late 19th century to present day. It discusses the key inventors and innovations in radio and television technology. Some of the major developments include Marconi sending the first radio signal across the Atlantic in 1901, Fessenden transmitting voice over radio waves in 1906, the establishment of the first radio networks in the 1920s, and the growth of cable and satellite television competing with broadcast TV in later decades. Regulations and acts like the Radio Act of 1927 and Telecommunications Act of 1996 shaped the industry as new technologies emerged.
This chapter provides an overview of the history and development of the motion picture industry from its origins in the late 19th century through modern digital filmmaking. Key points include: the major studios dominated Hollywood from the 1930s-1950s; television greatly impacted the film industry in the 1950s by capturing much of its audience; and the transition to digital technology is transforming film production, distribution, and exhibition. The chapter also describes the organizational structure and economics of the modern movie industry.
Radio journalism has evolved significantly since the first radio broadcast in 1920. It grew rapidly during World Wars 1 and 2 due to its ability to quickly distribute news and information (paragraphs 1-3). Television began siphoning radio's audience in the 1950s, forcing radio to reinvent itself through new formats and technologies (paragraphs 4-6). Satellite delivery of programming in the 1980s and deregulation in the 1990s led to further changes, including consolidation of ownership (paragraphs 7-8). Today, radio remains popular for mobile listening, and new technologies may bring more changes (paragraphs 9-11).
The document provides a history of television from its origins to the present day. It discusses the development of radio in the early 20th century and how radio broadcasting laid the foundation for mass communication. Television began experimentally in the 1930s but took off after World War II, with over half of American homes owning TV sets by the 1950s. The major networks of ABC, CBS, and NBC dominated programming in the golden age of television in the 1950s and 1960s. Cable television emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as an alternative to broadcast TV, while digital technology has transformed television in the 21st century.
The document summarizes the history of television from its early developments in the late 19th century through its emergence and growth in India. Key points include:
- Early experiments in the 1870s-1880s explored transmitting images via electrical signals and scanning images point-by-point.
- Mechanical television systems using rotating disks were developed in the 1920s-1930s, followed by fully electronic systems in the mid-1930s.
- Public broadcasting began in the US in 1967 and cable television grew rapidly there starting in the 1970s.
- Television was introduced in India in the 1970s-1980s through public broadcaster Doordarshan and became widely popular with the transmission of hit shows. Private broadcasters entered
This document provides an overview of the evolution of popular music and its relationship with culture and technology. It discusses the emergence of genres like jazz, blues, country, rock and roll, and hip hop. It also examines how new technologies have disrupted the music industry, from the invention of the phonograph to digital music and file sharing. Cultural movements like the Great Migration, civil rights movement, and youth culture are also reviewed in terms of their influence on music trends.
Television became widely available in the United States in the late 1930s and 1940s. By the 1960s, over 90% of homes had a TV. Key moments in TV history included live coverage of historical events like the Kennedy assassination. TV viewing increased dramatically from the 1940s-1960s and now over 99% of homes have a TV. While TV was once the dominant news source, the Internet is increasingly important for getting news with over 60% of Americans now using online sources for news.
The document summarizes the development of television in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s. It discusses early experimental broadcasts in the 1930s, the first commercial station launching in 1941, development slowing during World War II, growth resuming after the wars, and the boom in the 1950s as more stations launched, programming expanded, and ownership among families increased steadily. It also touches on the introduction of color TV and how the Vietnam War was covered on television.
This document provides a history of television from its origins to modern times. It discusses the key developments in each decade, including the invention of radio in the 1920s, the growth of radio broadcasting in the 1930s-1940s, the introduction of television in the late 1940s, the rise of television as a mass medium in the 1950s, the expansion of television news coverage and programming in the 1960s, the growth of cable and satellite television in the 1970s-1980s which increased competition for networks, and the wave of media mergers and consolidation in the 1990s-2000s that shaped the current television landscape.
There were two early experimental paths for television: mechanical and electronic scanning. Inventors experimented with mechanical disks or cathode ray tubes. Mechanical scanning began with Paul Nipkow's 1884 patent of a scanning disk. Charles Jenkins and John Logie Baird demonstrated mechanical transmission of images. Philo Farnsworth invented electronic scanning in 1927 by transmitting the first electronic TV image using a cathode ray tube. RCA and others then adopted and advanced electronic scanning, leading to the development of modern television.
The document outlines the history of broadcasting and television development in the United States from the 1700s to present day. It discusses early experiments with television in the 1920s and 1930s by inventors like Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir Zworykin. It then covers the growth of television broadcasting in the 1940s and 1950s, the development of color television in the 1950s, and the rise of cable and digital television in later decades.
Television became popular after being made possible by radio. Early TV featured talk shows, game shows, dramas, comedies, and sports. The FCC regulated the growing TV industry and issued licenses. The Golden Ages of TV from the 1950s to 1980s saw the rise of family entertainment in black and white and then colorful programming. Color TV technology advanced and became the standard broadcast by 1972. Modern TV delivery includes broadcast networks, public television, cable, satellite, and online streaming services.
The document outlines the history of broadcasting from its origins to modern times. It discusses key inventors and innovations that led to the development of radio and television technologies. Some of the earliest developments include Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves in 1855 and Marconi sending the first wireless signal in 1901. Over decades, inventors continued improving the technologies, with the first radio broadcasts in the early 1900s and commercial television debuting in 1939. Both media grew rapidly in popularity and changed how people received information and entertainment, helping to shift societies with their widespread adoption.
The document discusses the history and development of television from its early inventors in the 1920s through its establishment as a widespread technology and cultural force by the 1950s. It touches on key inventors and innovations like the cathode ray tube, iconoscope, kinescope, and fiber optic cable. Regulations and the role of the FCC in establishing broadcast standards are also summarized.
This is a presentation of television in america.
It was made by a french student and may contain a few english mistakes.
Plan :
- Broadcasting systems
- TV Networks
- Omnipresence in our lives
The document discusses the history of international broadcasting, beginning with the development of radio broadcasting in the 1920s. It then covers the emergence of television broadcasting in the 1930s and the rise of cable TV and satellite TV from the 1960s onward. International radio broadcasting grew with the establishment of stations like the BBC and the use of shortwave bands. Television expanded internationally following early experiments and the start of BBC broadcasts in 1936. Satellite communications in the 1960s allowed cable and satellite TV to further globalize television programming.
The document discusses the history of communications technologies such as the telegraph, wireless telegraphy, telephone, and radio. It describes how the sinking of the Titanic in 1912 highlighted the importance of wireless communication in saving lives at sea. It also discusses the development of radio broadcasting in the 1920s in the US, including how amateur operators influenced early radio and the shift to commercial radio networks supported by advertising.
The document provides a history of radio, beginning with early pioneers in wireless communication like Marconi, Hertz, and Popov. It discusses the development of AM radio in the US in the 1920s and the establishment of the first radio networks by AT&T and RCA. By the 1940s, NBC, CBS and ABC had emerged as the dominant broadcast radio networks in the US. The document also outlines the growth of radio formats and ownership consolidation in the industry over time.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of media law regarding freedom of expression. It covers the development of free speech philosophy from John Milton in 1644 to protections established in the US Constitution. Early laws like the Sedition Acts restricted criticism of government. The Zenger trial established truth as a defense against sedition charges. Current issues around intellectual property, privacy, libel and newsgathering are analyzed, as well as controversies around censorship and conflicting rights like free press versus right to a fair trial.
The document provides an overview of the history of journalism from ancient times to modern technologies. It discusses how journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to newspapers, radio, television, and digital media. The document also notes that journalism has a long history but also an inspiring tradition of defending free speech and sharing important stories with the public.
This document provides a brief history of newspapers from their origins in China over 1,200 years ago and their development in Europe following Gutenberg's printing press. It discusses the establishment of newspapers in early America and their role in publishing revolutionary ideas and the Civil Rights movement. The document also outlines the modern newspaper publishing industry, including major papers, alternative ethnic papers, and supporting wire services. It concludes by examining controversies in newspaper ownership concentration and lack of diversity in newsrooms.
This document provides an overview of public relations as a profession and industry. It discusses the history of public relations, from ancient Greece to modern times. It outlines some of the major events and figures that shaped the development of public relations, such as Ivy Ledbetter Lee being considered the father of modern public relations. The document also describes the current public relations industry, including the top agencies, common PR activities like research and communication, and tools used like press releases. It concludes by discussing some controversies around the ethics of PR tactics such as spinning information and using gifts or junkets with reporters.
This document provides a history of journalism from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses legendary journalists like Mark Twain and Nellie Bly and how the field has evolved with new technologies from the penny press to radio, television, and the internet. The document also examines the rise of objectivity in journalism as yellow journalism declined and discusses different types of modern news consumers and their preferences.
Journalism has evolved dramatically over centuries from handwritten clay tablets and newsletters to modern digital media like websites, social media, and blogs. New technologies have changed how news is gathered, produced, and distributed, transforming journalists' roles from gatekeepers of information to navigators who help guide readers. As media have converged online, journalists must adapt storytelling techniques and develop new skills to engage audiences with multimedia content on various digital platforms.
This document provides a history of the internet and computers. It discusses the early development of computers in the 1940s-50s for military use. It then covers the creation of ARPANET in the 1960s-70s and its transition to public use. It also discusses the development of personal computers in the 1970s, the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989, and the growth of commercial internet services and browsers in the 1990s. Finally, it covers key components and industries of today's internet such as internet service providers, search engines, social media, and economics.
The document provides a history of magazines from their origins in the 17th century to modern developments. It outlines key events like the first American magazines failing due to being seen as luxuries. Later, magazines specialized in topics like women's interests and achieved mass audiences. Changes in technology and competition from radio and TV impacted magazines. Today, magazines adapt to new media and expand globally while various types serve different audiences and purposes. Controversies sometimes involve unrealistic beauty standards promoted and credibility issues.
There are several types of audio recorders including analog recorders that use tape, digital recorders that record in compressed or uncompressed digital formats, and consumer or professional models. When choosing a recorder, factors to consider include cost, audio quality, file format support, durability, power source, and input connection types like XLR, TRS, or mini jack. Uncompressed file formats like WAV and AIFF maintain the highest quality but result in larger file sizes.
Digital audio involves encoding an audio signal in digital form, making it more reliable than analogue audio which is susceptible to noise and distortion. Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is the standard form of digital audio, representing sampled analogue signals digitally. In 1985, Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits was one of the first mainstream albums recorded fully digitally rather than using analogue equipment. Multitrack recording allows recording sounds separately and combining them, which digital technology has made much easier and more flexible compared to analogue recording. Compact discs store audio using binary data and were a mainstream medium for music in the late 1980s, but CD sales have declined with online distribution and flash drives rising.
This document discusses the history and technology behind different methods of audio recording, including mechanical, magnetic, optical, and digital formats. It covers early developments like the phonograph and gramophone, as well as modern technologies like vinyl record cutting lathes, magnetic tape recording using reel-to-reel and cassette tapes, optical discs like CDs that use lasers to read encoded data pits, and digital audio formats like DAT tapes and portable recorders that store audio digitally. Key advantages of digital formats are freedom from noise, error correction, high information density, and ability to compress data.
This document outlines key concepts in media ethics, including:
- A brief history of media ethics from the penny press era to modern digital media and issues like WikiLeaks
- Basic ethical orientations like absolutism, utilitarianism, and situation ethics
- Conflicting loyalties journalists may face between duty to profession, employer, society
- Conflicts of interest such as relationships, finances, and corporate censorship
- Methods of accountability like ombudsmen, news councils, and professional organizations
Audio for pictures can be grouped into dialog, sound effects, and music/score. Different teams typically work on each element, and they are brought together during final mixing. The document then provides details on the production processes for dialog recording on location, automated dialogue replacement, foley, sound effects, and use of music in pictures.
This document discusses different types of microphones used in film and television production, including lavalier, handheld, and shotgun microphones. It describes the pickup patterns and common uses of each microphone type. Additionally, it covers XLR cables for connecting microphones and various recording accessories like windscreens and pop filters. Tips are provided for recording good quality sound, such as choosing the right microphone, monitoring audio levels, eliminating background noise, and having subjects speak clearly.
Dubbing involves mixing additional sound recordings with original production sound to create the finished soundtrack. During filming, diegetic sounds may be faded to highlight important character dialogue. This seems realistic even though it's not entirely accurate because the sounds establish atmosphere and involve the audience. A mixed soundtrack with adjustments to levels, equalization, panning and effects enhances scenes and storytelling. The dubbing process physically controls sound on a dub stage where mixers balance dialogue, effects, music and more to record the final track. Controlling sound aims to stimulate reality, create illusions and set moods that immerse audiences in the world of the film.
The document provides a history of broadcast media from the first telegraph message in 1844 to the development of radio and television technology over subsequent decades. It discusses early radio inventors like Marconi, Fessenden, and DeForest and how their innovations led to the establishment of radio networks and stations in the 1920s. It also outlines the development of television from early prototypes in the 1930s to its widespread adoption in homes by the 1950s and the establishment of national TV networks.
Radio is the most widely consumed mass media in America, with 93% of Americans tuning in each week via AM/FM radio. There are over 12,000 radio stations broadcasting in the US, reaching 228.5 million consumers weekly. While television and digital media have grown, radio remains popular due to its portability, ability to be consumed alongside other activities, universal availability, and ability for listeners to select their preferred format.
This document outlines the history of radio from its origins to modern times. It describes how Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio signal across the English Channel in 1899 and the first transatlantic message in 1901. During World War I, governments used radio for military communication and Westinghouse allowed experiments to develop vacuum tube transmitters. In the 1950s, television became popular and radio stars moved to TV, while rock music emerged and was played on radio. In the 1960s, FM radio surpassed AM by playing newer music as AM focused on older formats. Regulations were removed in the 1980s, challenging radio companies, while some historic stations were preserved.
The document provides a brief history of radio in the UK from its scientific origins in the 19th century to modern developments. Some key points include:
- Michael Faraday and others laid the scientific groundwork for radio in the 1800s, while Marconi is often credited with creating the first radio in the early 1900s.
- The Titanic disaster in 1912 demonstrated the importance of radio for distress calls.
- The BBC was formed in 1922 and began national radio broadcasting.
- The transistor radio was invented in 1954, ushering in a new era of portable radio.
- Pirate radio stations operated offshore in the 1960s to circumvent BBC restrictions.
- Radio 1 launched in 1967 to target youth audiences.
The document provides a brief history of radio in the UK from its scientific origins in the 19th century to modern developments. Some key points include:
- Michael Faraday and others laid the scientific groundwork for radio in the 1800s, while Marconi is often credited with creating the first radio in the early 1900s.
- The Titanic disaster in 1912 demonstrated the importance of radio for distress calls.
- The BBC was formed in 1922 and began national radio broadcasting.
- The transistor radio was invented in 1954, ushering in a new era of portable radio.
- Pirate radio stations operated offshore in the 1960s to circumvent BBC's broadcasting monopoly.
- Radio 1 launched in 1967 to target younger
Radio broadcasting debuted in the early 20th century and grew rapidly through the 1930s-1950s, becoming a major source of entertainment and news. Technological advances in the late 19th century led to the development of radio. Guglielmo Marconi transmitted the first radio signal across the Atlantic in 1901. The first radio voice broadcast occurred in 1906. By the 1920s-1930s, radio stations proliferated and radio ownership expanded greatly. Networks emerged providing programming. Radio faced competition from television in the 1950s, but adapted through portable radios, new formats like top 40, and focusing on news and information.
The document summarizes the history of radio from its scientific discoveries in the late 1800s to its golden age in the 1930s-40s and subsequent changes. It describes the key inventors like Marconi and Fessenden who developed radio telegraphy and telephony. The Titanic disaster spurred changes to continuous wave systems. Sarnoff's memo envisioned radio supported by advertising. Popular shows included Amos 'n Andy and The Shadow. Regulation addressed monopoly control and controversial content. Television largely replaced radio in the 1950s, though talk radio and new technologies have evolved.
Radio developed from earlier inventions like the telegraph and telephone using electromagnetic waves to transmit audio such as music and speech without wires. Key developments included Maxwell and Hertz's work establishing the existence of radio waves in the 1860s-1880s, Marconi's successful transatlantic radio transmission in 1901, and Armstrong's invention of FM radio in 1933 which improved audio quality. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1920s and grew rapidly that decade as more people purchased receivers. However, the lack of regulation led to interference issues until the Federal Radio Commission was established in 1926 to bring order. Radio has since been used for various purposes like education, news, entertainment and more, becoming an important mass medium.
This chapter discusses the history and development of radio, from its early beginnings to the current digital age. It covers topics like the emergence of radio broadcasting in the 1920s, the rise of networks and commercial radio, the effects of television and new technologies like FM, HD radio, satellite radio and internet radio. The chapter also examines the organization of the radio industry including local stations, networks and syndicators and the differences between AM and FM stations.
NewhouseSU COM 107 Communications and Society #NH1074Ward - Ch. 4 SlideshowDr. William J. Ward
This document provides an overview of the history and development of radio broadcasting. It discusses early pioneers in radio technology like Tesla, Marconi, and Fessenden. It outlines the establishment of the first radio networks by Sarnoff at NBC and Paley at CBS. It also describes the growth of commercial radio formats and consolidation of ownership in the radio industry over time.
The document summarizes the history of radio, beginning with Heinrich Hertz's discovery of radio waves in the late 1880s. It then discusses Guglielmo Marconi's pioneering work transmitting radio signals over long distances in the 1890s. By 1901, Marconi had sent the first transatlantic radio signal from Canada to Ireland. The document also briefly outlines the science behind how radio works and provides a timeline of major developments in radio, including the establishment of the BBC in the 1920s and the rise of pirate radio stations in the 1960s-1970s.
The document provides an overview of the emergence and development of television in Britain from the 1940s-1960s. It discusses the slow start of television due to postwar austerity and its infancy as a technology. It then covers the key events and developments that accelerated television's growth, including the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, the launch of ITV in 1954 which ended the BBC's broadcasting monopoly, and influential reports like the Pilkington Report of 1962. The document also examines early television programming and audiences, and the debate around quality versus commercial broadcasting that helped define the postwar "cosy duopoly" between the BBC and ITV.
For hard-core music lovers, the Zune provides superior music discovery and downloading capabilities compared to the iPod. The document provides a detailed history of radio and broadcasting from its earliest innovators through its evolution into a mass medium. It covers key developments and innovations in wireless communication technology, the establishment of networks and stations, changing ownership and regulations, and the culture of radio over time.
For hard-core music lovers, the Zune provides superior music discovery and downloading capabilities compared to the iPod. The document provides a detailed history of radio and broadcasting from its earliest innovators through its evolution into a mass medium. It covers key developments and innovations from Morse code and wireless telegraphy to the establishment of major radio networks and formats.
The document traces the history of broadcast media from early inventors in the late 19th century through the development of radio and television. It discusses key figures like Marconi, Fessenden, and de Forest who helped develop wireless communication and broadcasting technologies. It then outlines the growth of radio broadcasting in the 1920s-1940s and the rise of television in the 1940s-1960s. The document also notes how new technologies and competition from cable TV have changed the broadcast industry in recent decades.
The document summarizes the origins and history of radio and television news broadcasting. It notes that the first radio news broadcast occurred in 1916 by Harold Power, while the first known radio news program was broadcast in 1920 from Detroit. Television news began in the 1930s and 1940s with Lowell Thomas hosting news broadcasts and the Camel Newsreel Theatre. Edward Murrow is considered a pioneer for his weekly See It Now program on CBS in the 1950s. National television news networks like CBS, NBC, and ABC launched in the late 1940s and 1950s and expanded to 30 minute formats. Modern television news utilizes electronic field production techniques.
The document traces the history and development of radio technology from early experiments in the late 19th century to its rise as a mass communication medium in the mid-20th century. Some key developments and events include Thomas Edison's early experiments in the 1870s, David Hughes transmitting radio waves in 1878, the invention of the coherer detector by Calzecchi-Onesti in 1884, and radio becoming a central part of American life and culture during the Golden Age of Radio from 1935-1950. Today, radio remains popular for listening to music and news while driving.
The document traces the history and development of radio broadcasting from its roots in the telegraph through various technological advances and innovations that enabled wireless communication. It discusses early pioneers like Marconi and Tesla and key events like the Titanic disaster that demonstrated radio's importance. The emergence of radio broadcasting stations in the early 1920s is covered along with the development of regulations by the Federal Radio Commission and later the FCC to manage licensing and frequencies as radio became more popular and prevalent.
- The history of radio began with scientific discoveries in the late 19th century demonstrating that electromagnetic waves could be transmitted through space. This led to early experiments transmitting radio signals over short distances.
- Guglielmo Marconi built the first commercially successful wireless telegraph system in the 1890s and demonstrated early applications of radio in military communications.
- The BBC launched the first radio broadcast in the UK in 1922, establishing standards for radio broadcasting. As the only station allowed, it focused on news, discussions and classical music.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of the book publishing industry. It covers the origins of books from papyrus to the printing press revolution. The modern industry is dominated by a handful of large conglomerates and faces challenges from new technologies like e-books and audiobooks. Key questions include who will produce content, how it will be distributed, and the overall business models for publishers. The chapter also examines controversies in book publishing like censorship and a focus on blockbuster titles.
This chapter discusses the history of media research, current theories and research, and controversies in understanding media effects. It outlines the evolution of media research from early fears and propaganda studies to modern analyses of television effects and new media usage. Current theories examine powerful and minimal effects models as well as flow theories. Research perspectives include diffusion of innovations and cultural studies approaches. Understanding media impact is challenging due to limitations of research and distinguishing correlation from causation.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in media literacy. It discusses what media literacy is, different types of media like print, broadcast and digital, and models of communication including traditional mass communication models and converged media models. It also outlines several career paths related to media like journalism. Finally, it covers the media industries, how they have changed over time due technological innovations, and current issues around media ownership, government regulation, and legal/ethical controversies.
This document provides an overview of the history, industry, and controversies of advertising. It discusses how advertising evolved from early printed handbills to target marketing across diverse media like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. It describes how the advertising industry developed advertising agencies and specialized in audience research and positioning. The document also examines controversies around truth in advertising, advertising to children, and advertiser influence on media content.
The document provides tips for writing a meeting story, including doing research beforehand by getting the agenda and minutes from the previous meeting. It advises identifying the single most important thing that happened and making sure the nut graf in the first few paragraphs explains the who, what, when and where. The tips also suggest dressing appropriately for the meeting, getting a good seat, asking follow-up questions afterwards, and editing out less important details while focusing on the key issues discussed and their importance.
The document provides a brief history of journalism, describing its evolution over centuries from ancient clay tablets to modern digital media. Journalism has progressed through technological advances like bigger printing presses but has also transformed as a form of literary expression that reflects and shapes culture. It is seen both as a quest for free speech and an ongoing struggle between authority and public access to information. The typography of newspapers changed dramatically between 1800 and 1900, becoming more disciplined, entertaining, and essential with features like headlines, ads, and comics sections. Radio and television ultimately ended newspapers' monopoly by providing a more engaging medium.
This document provides an overview of the field of journalism, outlining its long history from ancient times to the modern era. Journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to today's digital media landscape. The profession has seen many technological advances but also consists of storytelling, investigating power structures, and defending free speech. The passage discusses different views of journalism including as a form of expression, a quest for truth, and a business. It prefaces an exploration of 600 years of the media, messages, and politics that have shaped journalism.
Journalism has a long history dating back to ancient times when news was spread via clay tablets, newsletters, and wandering minstrels. Over the centuries, journalism has evolved through technological advances such as printing presses, radio, television, and the internet. Journalism has also played an important role in society by informing the public and defending free speech, though the profession has at times included unsavory characters.
This document provides an overview of the history of journalism from ancient times to the present. It discusses how journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern newspapers, radio, television and digital media. The document also touches on some of the challenges journalists have faced, such as attempts to control the spread of information, and how journalism has strived to be an advocate for free speech and help the public learn the truth.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of journalism. It discusses how journalism has developed from ancient times using clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern technologies like the internet and 24-hour cable news. The document also examines different perspectives on journalism, such as viewing it through the lens of technological progress or as a form of literary expression that reflects culture. It provides tips for writing news stories, including leading with the most essential facts in an inverted pyramid structure and emphasizing the five W's - who, what, when, where, why.
This document provides a brief history of journalism, tracing its evolution from ancient times to the modern era. It notes that early forms of news included clay tablets, handwritten newsletters, and stories spread by wandering minstrels. Technological advances like the printing press, radio, television, and the internet have dramatically impacted the journalism industry over centuries. The text also references debates around viewing journalism through lenses of technological progress, literary expression, or as a quest for free speech.
The document provides a brief history of journalism, noting that while it has included "bloid trash" and "slimy sensationalists," it is also full of heroes who risk their lives to tell important stories. It traces the evolution of how news has been communicated over centuries, from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern newspapers, radio, television, and the internet. The history of journalism is viewed by some as a story of technological progress, while others see it as a specialized form of expression or a struggle for free speech.
The document provides tips for writing scripts for broadcast media. It recommends writing as you would speak to make the writing sound natural and like a real person. Some key tips include using simple sentences with one idea each, putting attributions before quotes, avoiding passive voice and hypothetical questions, and spelling out foreign words to avoid stumbling during reading. The overall goal is to communicate with listeners in a conversational style.
This document outlines 10 rules of audio production according to Regina McCombs of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies. The rules include: using audio to tell powerful stories; asking open-ended questions in interviews; gathering environmental sounds; planning interviews thoroughly; understanding audio equipment; knowing that audio cannot be edited after recording; listening skills; monitoring audio quality; crafting compelling stories from audio clips; and keeping productions concise. The document provides brief explanations and tips for each rule.
This document discusses principles of fair and balanced journalism. It advocates presenting all important views on a subject without personal bias and ensuring factual accuracy. Reporters should get perspectives from both sides and give sources a chance to respond, while avoiding loaded or misleading language. When verifying assertions, journalists shouldn't create a false balance between legitimate experts and fringe positions. They should also question statistically implausible claims and select wording carefully to avoid bias.
The document provides a summary of fair use guidelines for student journalists. It explains that fair use allows for limited use of copyrighted work without permission to encourage creativity. It outlines that fair use considers the purpose of the use, nature of the work, amount used, and commercial effect. The document advises that small portions (less than 29 seconds of music) are generally allowed for commentary or news coverage, especially if the copyright holder is the subject. Attribution alone does not constitute fair use; permission is required for most uses.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Mm ch 08radio
1. Chapter 8
Radio: The Hits Keep Coming
Chapter Outline
• History
• Industry
• Controversies
2. Context
Pervasive
• 675 million radio receivers in use in the United
States. 310 million people.
Influential
• Americans spend, on average, three hours every
weekday and five hours every weekend listening to
radio.
3. A Brief History of Radio
Early Development
• 1887: Heinrich Hertz experiments with wireless
transmission of electricity.
• 1880s: Thomas Edison’s company, Consolidated
Edison, wire the streets of New York while his The
Edison Electric Light Company (which would later
become General Electric) manufactured light bulbs
for people to use with their new household current.
• Direct Current (DC) vs. Alternating Current (AC)
• Scientists determined that radio waves were
transmitted across an electromagnetic spectrum.
5. Who is the Real Father of Radio?
• 1895: Nikola Tesla uses his Tesla coil to transmit radio
signals. Right before he attempts to send a signal 50
miles, a fire destroys his lab.
• 1896: 20-year-old Italian Guglielmo Marconi combines
other people’s parts to create primitive two-circuit
radio system to transmit telegraph signals. He files for
and receives a patent in England. In America, receives
financial backing of Edison and Carnegie.
• 1897: Tesla files for patent on a superior machine, and
receives it in 1900.
• Marconi keeps trying to take the patent right through
revised applications but Tesla prevails.
• Then, in 1904, the U.S. Patent Office overturns Tesla’s
patent without explanation.
6. A Brief History of Radio
• 1906: Reginald Fessenden makes the first voice
transmission with a frequency generator of his
own design.
• 1907: Lee DeForest invents the Audion
(vacuum tube) to pick up and amplify radio
signals
• 1917:U. S. enters WW I; Navy takes over radio
industry for strictly military purposes.
• Navy trains 10,000 service personnel in the new
technology.
8. A Brief History of Radio
The Radio Consortium
• Navy begins to worry about foreign influence over
American airwaves. A law is passed limiting any foreign
company to no more than 25 percent of an American
broadcasting system.
• Two years after the war AT&T, Westinghouse, General
Electric, and GE subsidiary RCA formed a consortium to
take over the radio business in America by manufacturing
radio receivers and setting up stations.
• The companies started out cooperating but soon became
fierce competitors.
9. A Brief History of Radio
The First Broadcasters
• Nov. 2, 1920: engineer and radio enthusiast Frank
Conrad announces over Pittsburgh’s KDKA that
Warren G. Harding had won the U.S. presidential
election.
• Toll broadcasting (AT&T)
• Aimee Semple McPherson
11. A Brief History of Radio
John R. Brinkley and his “medical” career
• In 1918, after piecing together an MD from a string of
unaccredited medical schools, Brinkley began his infamous
“goat gland” operations, in which he inserted goat testicular
glands into human patients willing to pay $750 ($10,500) for the
privilege.
• Upon a trip to LA, he toured a radio station and decided radio
would be a great marketing tool for his operations. He returned
to Kansas, opened KFKB and broadcast local singers in
between his medical talks. He recommended listeners with
medical problems go to specific pharmacies, who paid him a
fee.
• In 1930, after 43 deaths were attributed to his “cures,” the
Kansas State Medical Board pulled his medical license. The
FRC (FCC) pulls his broadcasting license.
12. A Brief History of Radio
John R. Brinkley and Mexican Radio
• After an unsuccessful campaign for Gov. of Kansas, Brinkley
moves to Del Rio, Texas, a border town.
• In 1931, Brinkley obtains a radio license from the government
of Mexico and starts XER on the AM band. The station is so
powerful it can be heard in Canada.
• Brinkley later used his growing profits to launch XERA. The
signal was so strong it sent a signal over the North Pole and
into Russia.
• The U.S. later banned cross-border links between U.S. radio
stations and Mexican transmitters in what became known as
the Brinkley Act.
• Brinkley died penniless in 1942.
14. A Brief History of Radio
The Rise of the Networks
• Broadcast network: a group of interconnected
stations that share programming and a parent
company that supplies programming to
stations.
• When networks own and operate some of the
local stations that they provide programming to,
they are called owned and operated stations
(O&Os).
• Most stations in a network are network
affiliates, local stations that are not owned by,
but have a contractual relationship with the
network.
15. A Brief History of Radio
• The first radio network was born in 1923 when AT&T
connected its New York and Boston stations.
• In 1926, RCA’s David Sarnoff formed the first two national
radio networks, NBC Red and NBC Blue, and dominated
the industry.
• Network radio helped unify the country by providing an
experience in which people coast-to-coast were listening to
the same programs at the same time.
• In 1927 William Paley bought the money losing Columbia
Broadcasting System (CBS) from the Columbia Record
Company. By the end of WW II CBS was the
acknowledged leader of radio news.
16. A Brief History of Radio
• In 1934 a coalition of independent stations that were
not affiliated with the major networks formed The
Mutual Broadcasting System.
• ABC was created in the mid-1940s, when the
government forced RCA to sell one of its networks.
RCA sold NBC Blue to a group of people led by
Edward Noble, the owner of Lifesavers Candy
Company.
• Network affiliates were originally linked to network
headquarters through telephone lines but since the
1970s have been linked by satellite.
17. A Brief History of Radio
Early Programming
• Radio networks invented formula dramas, situation
comedies, soap operas, game shows, musical variety, talk
shows, broadcast news and sports.
• Because of spectrum scarcity radios were a jumble of
static as broadcasters interfered with one another.
19. Regulation of radio
• Radio Act of 1912 required ships at sea to leave their radio
on 24 hours a day and required federal licensing of all radio
transmitters.
20. Regulation of radio
• The Radio Act of 1927 established the Federal Radio
Commission (FRC), limited number of broadcasters,
assigned frequencies, revoked licenses of broadcasters who
did not in comply.
• Also required the broadcaster to operate in the public
interest, convenience, and necessity.
• Call letters would begin with W east of the Mississippi
River, K to the west.
• Communications Act of 1934 FRC became Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) with authority over
interstate telephone, telegraph and radio communication.
21. A Brief History of Radio
Edwin Armstrong And The Birth of FM
• AM, or amplitude modulation, created its signal by
changing (modulating) the power (amplitude) of the
carrier wave. AM radio tended to have static and a
poor sound quality for music.
• Scientist Edwin Armstrong believed that FM, or
frequency modulation waves that created their signal
by modulating the speed (frequency) at which the
wave traveled, would be of higher quality. He first
demonstrated FM in 1936.
22.
23. A Brief History of Radio
The Golden Age of Radio
• Radio’s golden age lasted from the 1930s until just
after WW II.
• Talk shows were broadcast in the morning and soap
operas in the afternoon. Musical shows featured big
bands with singers like Bing Crosby and Frank
Sinatra.
• Comedy shows featured Jack Benny, George Burns
and Gracie Allen, Abbott and Costello, Bob Hope
and a fictional team named Amos and Andy.
• Radio dramas included, The Shadow, The Lone
Ranger, and The Green Hornet.
24.
25. A Brief History of Radio
• Original plays like “War of the Worlds” were
regularly broadcast and popular game shows
included Truth or Consequences.
26.
27. A Brief History of Radio
• After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
in 1941, 60 million people tuned in to hear
President Roosevelt’s address to
Congress.
• FDR used frequent “fireside chats” to
broadcast encouragement during the war.
Americans felt as if he were in the room
with them, like a friend or neighbor.
28. A Brief History of Radio
• When the drama, comedy and game
shows moved to television, however,
radio needed help in order to survive.
• By 1958 the radio industry was using the
superior sound of FM to compete with
television.
29.
30. A Brief History of Radio
The Transistor Portable
• A second development that helped radio compete
with television was the transistor, a miniature version
of the vacuum tube, which made radio portable.
• The first transistor portable radios were introduced in
1954, and by the 1960s they were cheaper than
conventional vacuum tube radios.
• The portable radio became a virtual outgrowth of the
American teenager’s ear as radios were taken to the
beach, the corner hangout, or to the park.
31. A Brief History of Radio
Format Radio
• Format radio, a consistent programming formula that
creates a recognizable sound and personality for a station,
was the third development that allowed radio to survive
television’s popularity.
• Station owners like formats because they encourage listener
loyalty. Advertisers like them because they enable ads to
target audiences with specific needs and buying habits.
• Top 40 was one of the most popular formats.
• Format programming led to the payola scandals of the
1950s when record promoters paid disc jockeys to play
certain records.
32. A Brief History of Radio
Concentration and Fragmentation
• Today’s 13,750 stations define themselves with increasingly
narrower formats.
• Clear Channel Communications owns 1,200 of the largest
and most profitable radio stations in the U.S. Several other
companies own hundreds of stations.
Digital Radio
• In digital radio, transmitted sounds are assigned numbers
that take up less air space than analog waves. This results
in a crisp clear signal and means that more format choices
can be offered.
• Digital signals radiate from satellites, the Internet, and
from local stations.
33.
34.
35. A Brief History of Radio
Webcasting
• As of 2007, around 10,000 radio stations had broadcast
Web sites, enabling web surfers to tune into radio
anywhere in the world. There were also dozens of Web-
only broadcasters, which had no over-the-air operations.
Local Digital: HD Radio
• Local stations are also adopting digital radio which
prepares them for the day when high definition or HD
radio becomes popular.
• According to equipment manufacturers, HD radio, which
requires an HD receiver, brings FM-quality sound to AM
stations and CD-quality sound to FM broadcasts.
38. Understanding Today’s Radio
Industry
Dayparts
• Dayparts are how radio divides the day.
• Morning Drive time: 6 a.m. to 10 a.m.
• Midday: 10a.m. to 3 p.m.
• Afternoon Drive time: 3 p.m. to 7 p.m.
• Evening: 7 p.m. to midnight.
• Overnight: midnight to 6 a.m.
• A station’s top on-air personalities such as Howard Stern or
Don Imus are programmed during drive times, which are
the prime time of radio programming. This audience might
also be given more traffic, weather, and news reports.
39. Understanding Today’s Radio
Industry
Talk/News Formats
• Talk radio, had around 170 stations in 1987. By
2007 that number had grown to more than 1,300
stations. The format appeals especially to
working and middle-class adults who are over
35, and appreciate outspoken opinions of the
show’s hosts.
• News formats attract a somewhat more upscale
audience by providing a formula that listeners
can rely on for information.
40. Understanding Today’s Radio
Industry
• The formula never varies at WINS, a popular
New York City all-news station:
• Complete news update every 22 minutes.
• Time every 3 minutes.
• Weather every 5 minutes.
• Traffic every 10 minutes.
• Sports at 15 minutes before and after every
hour.
41. Understanding Today’s Radio
Industry
The Format Clock listeners listening is foremost in the
mind of radio programmers.
• The FCC requires station identification at the top of
every hour, and the station’s business office will
require that a certain number of commercials air.
• Contests and other types of promotions designed to get
audiences to listen at key ratings times of day have also
become staples of most format clocks.
• Each segment of the programming hour is part of an
overall strategy because keeping
43. Understanding Today’s Radio
Industry
Ratings
• Print media can actually count the number of newspapers
and magazines sold, but broadcast media have to rely on
sampling, by which a small percentage of the audience is
chosen to represent the behavior of the rest of the audience.
• Stations use the results to prove to advertisers the number
and types of people listening.
• Out of the $13 billion in radio advertising spent in a typical
year, $9 billion will be for local spots.
44. Understanding Today’s Radio
Industry
Groups
• Group owners have two or more stations.
• The Telecommunications Act of 1996 allows a group to
own eight stations in larger cities and up to five in
smaller markets, with no limit on the total number.
Program Providers
• Today, most program providers call themselves radio
networks.
• Premiere Radio Networks, a subsidiary of the Clear
Channel Radio Group, is a large program provider.
46. Understanding Today’s Radio
Industry
Public Radio
• Congress set up National Public Radio in 1970 in order to
interconnect public, or noncommercial stations and
produce programs for them to use. Stations derive their
income from listener memberships and corporate
underwriting.
• Government funding was reduced drastically during the
1980s. Critics fear that stations will not offer programs that
critically examine donor corporations.
• In most other countries, public radio stations are owned
and operated by the government and are more dominant
than commercial stations. Public stations in England and
Japan are supported through mandatory use fees.
47. Understanding Today’s Radio
Industry
Station Personnel
• On-air talent includes talk show hosts, news, feature and
sports reporters and disc jockeys.
• The program director, sometimes called the music
director, determines the station’s playlist, which typically
includes three dozen new singles, or “currents.” A hot
current will be placed in “heavy rotation” airing four or
five times a day.
Audience
• Most listeners want a station to be dependable and are
loyal to just two or three stations.
• Radio has also introduced listeners to music outside their
own ethnic and regional origins.
49. Controversies
The Effects of Concentration
• Critics are concerned that concentration of ownership
may cut down on the number of different voices that are
heard on the important debates of the day.
• When government rules limited the number of stations a
network could own, listening choices multiplied. The
Telecommunications Act of 1996 essentially did away with
such restrictions and now more radio outlets are being
placed into fewer hands creating potential conflicts of
interest.
• Disney was once criticized for refusing allowing its
Disney-owned ABC radio networks to air news reports
critical of its Disney-owned theme parks.
50. Controversies
Homogenized Programming
• There are more formats than ever, but many of them
sound the same. Because successful formats tend to
be copied, slogans such as “More music, less talk” or
“10 in a row” are heard on country, rock and hip-hop
stations across the U.S. and increasingly, the world.
• Program directors must deliver high ratings and
advertising dollars to quickly pay off heavy debts
incurred when broadcasting chains spent huge sums
to buy new stations.
• College stations have strong reputations for being
experimental, forward thinking alternatives.
51. Controversies
Shock Radio
• Shock Jocks like Howard Stern derive humor and ratings by
using vulgarity, racism, sexism, cynicism, and anything else
that will attract amazed listeners. The FCC has levied fines
against several stations that air shock radio.
• The fines became so heavy by 2007 that shock radio moved
mostly to satellite radio.
Hate Radio
• In the 1930s, Father Charles Coughlin told millions of
listeners to hate socialists, Communists, international
bankers, and Jews.
• During 1994’s ethnic massacre of 800,000 in Rwanda, the
Hutu pop music station encouraged listeners to “finish off
the Tutsi cockroaches.”
52. Controversies
Diversity and Censorship
• Some radical groups avoid censorship by creating
pirate radio stations, which are unlicensed, illegal,
low power outlets. Some pirates regularly move
locations to avoid being closed down by the FCC.
• The FCC debated whether to license low-power FM
stations to increase diversity of broadcast voices. It
would later license 590 low-power stations between
2000 and 2007.
• Existing stations and their trade group, the National
Association of Broadcasters, fought and won against
the proposal and managed to block any more
stations.
53. Controversies
Diversity and Censorship
• Payola didn’t end in the 1950s – its target merely changed
from DJs to program directors.
• Some program directors began to use a legal form of
payola called pay for play, which is done in the open.
• With consolidation in the music and radio industries, it
became easier for early-era payola deals to occur behind
closed doors.
• By 2006 the practice was so common that NY State
Attorney General Eliot Spitzer uncovered clear-cut
evidence against high-ranking executives in pay for play
deals, which led to music companies paying fines of $10
million each.
54. Chapter 8
Radio: The Hits Keep Coming
Chapter Outline
• History
• Industry
• Controversies
Editor's Notes
Edwin Armstrong demonstrated Fm radio for the first time in 1936. RCA fought him to protect its AM empire. In 1949, at the urging of RCA, the FCC moved FM to a new band, making Armstrong’s units worthless. Armstrong committed suicide in 1954.
Orson Welles mercury theater in the 1930s
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, 60 million people tuned in to hear President Roosevelt’s address to Congress.FDR used frequent “fireside chats” to broadcast encouragement during the war. Americans felt as if he were in the room with them, like a friend or neighbor.