Journalism has a long history dating back to ancient times when news was spread via clay tablets, newsletters, and wandering minstrels. Over the centuries, journalism has evolved through technological advances such as printing presses, radio, television, and the internet. Journalism has also played an important role in society by informing the public and defending free speech, though the profession has at times included unsavory characters.
The document discusses various laws and court cases related to the regulation of media in the United States, including the First Amendment protections of free speech and the press, prior restraint, defamation laws, copyright, advertising regulations, and the regulation of broadcast media like cable television and radio. It also examines exceptions to free speech like obscenity, privacy laws, and commercial speech standards.
This document provides an overview of communication law and ethics topics related to newsgathering, freedom of information laws, and the balance between free press and fair trials. It summarizes key Supreme Court cases on these issues and outlines federal and state laws like FOIA, shield laws, and student press protections. The document also discusses ethical guidelines around reporting on criminal cases and pre-trial publicity.
This document provides an overview of privacy law and ethics for a communications law class. It discusses the four main privacy torts - false light, publication of private facts, intrusion, and misappropriation. It also covers the intentional infliction of emotional distress tort and exceptions like newsworthiness. Hypothetical scenarios are presented to analyze potential privacy issues. Key cases are summarized that relate to these privacy torts, such as false light cases involving Hulk Hogan and Shirley Sherrod.
The document discusses laws related to print media and journalism in the Philippines. It covers constitutional protections for freedom of the press and speech. Publishers can be held liable for printing material that is injurious, threatens public order or morals, or undermines government bodies. Defamation laws, including libel, are discussed. For a statement to be considered libel it must be defamatory, made with malice, published to a third party, and clearly identify the person being libeled. The document also differentiates between libel per se and libel per quod.
This document provides an overview of advertising law and regulation in the United States. It discusses the history of advertising regulation, from unregulated in the early 1900s to the establishment of agencies like the FDA and FTC to regulate medicine and deceptive advertising. Key Supreme Court cases established commercial speech protections and a four-part test to evaluate regulations. Special issues regarding alcohol, tobacco, and advertising to children are also covered. The document outlines the FTC's role in enforcing truth in advertising and outlines some guidelines and enforcement actions.
This document discusses communication law and ethics. It covers several topics: historical traditions in ethics like virtue ethics, consequence ethics, and duty ethics; religious traditions that inform ethics like Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam; moral principles such as autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and veracity; professional codes of ethics for fields like journalism, advertising, and public relations; and concepts of social responsibility and media like cultivation theory and peace journalism. The goal is to provide an overview of the key considerations and approaches to communication ethics.
This document provides an overview of media law issues relevant to high school student journalists, including censorship, libel, invasion of privacy, copyright, and freedom of information laws. It summarizes key court rulings that define the legal rights of student journalists, such as Tinker v. Des Moines, which established that students' First Amendment rights apply in school. The document also gives practical guidance on how to avoid legal issues, such as always verifying facts before publishing and getting permission before using copyrighted material. Resources for legal help with student media issues are also provided.
This document provides an overview of journalism law in the United States. It discusses how the First Amendment protects press freedoms but is not unlimited, covering issues like censorship, libel, obscenity, and invasion of privacy. It also outlines reporter's privilege and shield laws, as well as freedom of information laws governing access to public records and meetings. The future of these laws as they apply to online journalism is uncertain.
The document discusses various laws and court cases related to the regulation of media in the United States, including the First Amendment protections of free speech and the press, prior restraint, defamation laws, copyright, advertising regulations, and the regulation of broadcast media like cable television and radio. It also examines exceptions to free speech like obscenity, privacy laws, and commercial speech standards.
This document provides an overview of communication law and ethics topics related to newsgathering, freedom of information laws, and the balance between free press and fair trials. It summarizes key Supreme Court cases on these issues and outlines federal and state laws like FOIA, shield laws, and student press protections. The document also discusses ethical guidelines around reporting on criminal cases and pre-trial publicity.
This document provides an overview of privacy law and ethics for a communications law class. It discusses the four main privacy torts - false light, publication of private facts, intrusion, and misappropriation. It also covers the intentional infliction of emotional distress tort and exceptions like newsworthiness. Hypothetical scenarios are presented to analyze potential privacy issues. Key cases are summarized that relate to these privacy torts, such as false light cases involving Hulk Hogan and Shirley Sherrod.
The document discusses laws related to print media and journalism in the Philippines. It covers constitutional protections for freedom of the press and speech. Publishers can be held liable for printing material that is injurious, threatens public order or morals, or undermines government bodies. Defamation laws, including libel, are discussed. For a statement to be considered libel it must be defamatory, made with malice, published to a third party, and clearly identify the person being libeled. The document also differentiates between libel per se and libel per quod.
This document provides an overview of advertising law and regulation in the United States. It discusses the history of advertising regulation, from unregulated in the early 1900s to the establishment of agencies like the FDA and FTC to regulate medicine and deceptive advertising. Key Supreme Court cases established commercial speech protections and a four-part test to evaluate regulations. Special issues regarding alcohol, tobacco, and advertising to children are also covered. The document outlines the FTC's role in enforcing truth in advertising and outlines some guidelines and enforcement actions.
This document discusses communication law and ethics. It covers several topics: historical traditions in ethics like virtue ethics, consequence ethics, and duty ethics; religious traditions that inform ethics like Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam; moral principles such as autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and veracity; professional codes of ethics for fields like journalism, advertising, and public relations; and concepts of social responsibility and media like cultivation theory and peace journalism. The goal is to provide an overview of the key considerations and approaches to communication ethics.
This document provides an overview of media law issues relevant to high school student journalists, including censorship, libel, invasion of privacy, copyright, and freedom of information laws. It summarizes key court rulings that define the legal rights of student journalists, such as Tinker v. Des Moines, which established that students' First Amendment rights apply in school. The document also gives practical guidance on how to avoid legal issues, such as always verifying facts before publishing and getting permission before using copyrighted material. Resources for legal help with student media issues are also provided.
This document provides an overview of journalism law in the United States. It discusses how the First Amendment protects press freedoms but is not unlimited, covering issues like censorship, libel, obscenity, and invasion of privacy. It also outlines reporter's privilege and shield laws, as well as freedom of information laws governing access to public records and meetings. The future of these laws as they apply to online journalism is uncertain.
The document discusses various laws and regulations related to freedom of the press in the United States. It covers the First Amendment protections for press freedom and debates around balancing it with other interests. Various government attempts to restrict the press throughout history are outlined, along with Supreme Court cases related to prior restraint, obscenity, libel, privacy, and access to information. Regulations for broadcast media and debates around censorship are also summarized.
This presentation is for use when covering media law in an introductory mass media course. Includes laws impacting the media, new laws, legal changes, definitions of laws, controversy, 1st amendment laws.
This document provides a summary of journalism law for copy editors. It discusses key concepts like the First Amendment, libel laws, invasion of privacy, copyright, and use of anonymous sources. Regarding the First Amendment, it notes that while it protects several freedoms, these rights are not absolute and must be balanced with other interests. It defines libel and provides examples of libelous statements. It also discusses the elements of invasion of privacy torts like public disclosure of private facts. The document covers copyright law basics and exceptions like fair use. It addresses legal issues around using anonymous sources and notes policies vary among news organizations.
This document provides a summary of journalism law for copy editors. It discusses key concepts like the First Amendment, libel laws, invasion of privacy, copyright, and use of anonymous sources. Regarding the First Amendment, it notes that while it protects several freedoms, these rights are not absolute and must be balanced with other interests. It defines libel and provides examples of libelous statements. It also discusses the elements of invasion of privacy torts like public disclosure of private facts. The document covers copyright law basics and exceptions like fair use. It addresses legal issues around using anonymous sources and notes policies vary among news organizations.
9694 thinking skills limitations on free speechmayorgam
The document discusses the history and principles of freedom of speech. It explains that traditionally both church and state controlled speech and print. The development of the printing press led to more attempts to control content. Over time, democratic thought emerged and philosophers like John Locke argued that speech should not be dependent on rulers' control. The US Constitution protects free speech but also allows for some limitations. There is ongoing debate around what speech can be restricted, such as speech that poses a clear and present danger or is obscene. Different forms of media are protected to varying degrees by the First Amendment.
How Does The First Amendment Protect Freedom Of Expression Lesson 30guestcc6c85
The document discusses several key aspects of freedom of expression protections in the US:
1) Early protections for freedom of expression established some limits, including prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger" or constituted libel or slander.
2) A seminal early case, the trial of John Peter Zenger, helped establish freedom of the press by establishing the importance of truth as a defense against libel charges.
3) While the First Amendment protects many forms of expression, the Supreme Court has determined some content-based restrictions and limitations are allowable, such as those relating to obscenity, advertising, and national security issues.
How Does The First Amendment Protect Freedom Of Expression Lesson 30guestcc6c85
The document discusses several key aspects of freedom of expression protections in the US:
1) Early protections for freedom of expression established some limits, including prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger" or constituted libel or slander.
2) A seminal early case, the trial of John Peter Zenger, helped establish freedom of the press by establishing the importance of truth as a defense against libel charges.
3) While the First Amendment protects many forms of expression, the Supreme Court has determined some content-based restrictions are permissible, such as those relating to obscenity, advertising, and national security issues.
This document provides an overview of libel law in the United States. It discusses the key elements of a libel claim, including that the statement must be false, defamatory, published to a third party, and identify the plaintiff. It also outlines the different standards of proof for public officials/figures versus private individuals. The document concludes by describing several defenses that can be raised in a libel suit, such as truth, fair report, and neutral reportage privileges.
Freedom of expression on the internet enables widespread sharing of information but also enables illegal and unethical activities if used improperly. Key issues around freedom of expression online include controlling access to information, especially for children; anonymity which allows anonymous speech but is also used for illegal acts; defamation which restricts untrue statements that harm others; and pornography which some view as protected speech while others see it as harmful if accessible to children. Responsible use of new communication technologies requires consideration of these complex issues around ethics, law, and society.
The document discusses civil liberties in the United States Constitution. It provides context on the Bill of Rights and how it protects individual freedoms such as freedom of speech, press, religion, and protections from unlawful search and seizure. It also discusses ongoing debates around balancing individual rights with societal interests and national security, including discussions on the USA PATRIOT Act and presidential powers in times of war or crisis.
The document discusses the rights afforded to citizens in the United States Constitution and their origins in earlier British documents like the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights. It focuses on explaining the context behind why certain rights were included in the US Bill of Rights based on the historical experiences of colonists and the Founding Fathers. The summary analyzes key rights like freedom of speech, religion, press, trial by jury, and protection from illegal search and seizure, and how they have been interpreted by the Supreme Court over time, especially in school settings.
The document discusses hate speech directed towards women online. It notes that while there is much information about sexism against women offline, there is limited scholarly research on online hate speech against women. The author conducted research on this topic as a minority who has faced negative online comments. Several theories are presented that may provide insight into why some spread hate speech online, such as implicit personality theory and ambivalent sexism theory. The document concludes by suggesting increased public education is needed to address this problem and reduce the negative effects of online hate speech against women.
The document discusses Philippine laws regarding mass media and freedom of expression. It outlines that privacy of communication is protected except by court order or for public safety. Evidence obtained without proper authorization cannot be used. Freedom of speech, expression and press are protected, as are rights to assemble and petition. However, limitations can be placed for reasons of public order, morals, reputation and privacy, or integrity of government bodies. Foreign ownership in media and advertising is restricted. While the Philippines has free media, it has also been a dangerous place for journalists with incidents like the Maguindanao massacre. Privacy rights must be balanced with the public's right to know.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of media law regarding freedom of expression. It covers the development of free speech philosophy from John Milton in 1644 to protections established in the US Constitution. Early laws like the Sedition Acts restricted criticism of government. The Zenger trial established truth as a defense against sedition charges. Current issues around intellectual property, privacy, libel and newsgathering are analyzed, as well as controversies around censorship and conflicting rights like free press versus right to a fair trial.
Este documento resume la obra poética "Cancionero y Romancero de Ausencias" de Miguel Hernández. Explica que la obra está compuesta de 110 poemas escritos entre 1938 y 1941 que tratan sobre las ausencias que sufrió el autor, como la muerte de su hijo y el estar en prisión separado de su familia y tierra natal. Los poemas suelen tener 8 versos con métrica de heptasílabos y sextasílabos y riman en asonante. Finalmente, incluye enlaces a videos de recitaciones y can
The document provides tips to increase energy levels through detoxing the body, harnessing chakra energy, improving diet and nutrition, and other lifestyle habits. It recommends cleansing the blood and organs of toxins through fasting and herbal remedies. Specific chakras are described along with their physical, mental, emotional and spiritual influences. A balanced diet of alkaline foods, fats, proteins, vitamins and fiber is advised along with staying hydrated. Yoga, breathing, stretching and sufficient sleep are also suggested to boost energy levels.
Telecentres in Brasil: Gaps, Trends and Sustainability tistalks
ATN emerged as a response to the shift in telecentre policy of the Brazilian government. Strongly based on partnerships to generate value-added services, ATN is a strong provider of e-learning for a number of markets in Brazil.
The document outlines assignments, tests, and warm up exercises for Lesson 72. It notes that Set 72 evens are due on Monday, May 6th along with Test #11. It also mentions the possibility of extra credit on Test #10 if signed, and that math CDs need to be turned in by May 10th. The warm up exercises include writing an expression in scientific notation, finding a percentage of a number, calculating circumference, and simplifying expressions. The lesson discusses using ratio boxes to solve problems even when not explicitly stated.
This document provides an overview of the field of journalism, outlining its long history from ancient times to the modern era. Journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to today's digital media landscape. The profession has seen many technological advances but also consists of storytelling, investigating power structures, and defending free speech. The passage discusses different views of journalism including as a form of expression, a quest for truth, and a business. It prefaces an exploration of 600 years of the media, messages, and politics that have shaped journalism.
The document discusses various laws and regulations related to freedom of the press in the United States. It covers the First Amendment protections for press freedom and debates around balancing it with other interests. Various government attempts to restrict the press throughout history are outlined, along with Supreme Court cases related to prior restraint, obscenity, libel, privacy, and access to information. Regulations for broadcast media and debates around censorship are also summarized.
This presentation is for use when covering media law in an introductory mass media course. Includes laws impacting the media, new laws, legal changes, definitions of laws, controversy, 1st amendment laws.
This document provides a summary of journalism law for copy editors. It discusses key concepts like the First Amendment, libel laws, invasion of privacy, copyright, and use of anonymous sources. Regarding the First Amendment, it notes that while it protects several freedoms, these rights are not absolute and must be balanced with other interests. It defines libel and provides examples of libelous statements. It also discusses the elements of invasion of privacy torts like public disclosure of private facts. The document covers copyright law basics and exceptions like fair use. It addresses legal issues around using anonymous sources and notes policies vary among news organizations.
This document provides a summary of journalism law for copy editors. It discusses key concepts like the First Amendment, libel laws, invasion of privacy, copyright, and use of anonymous sources. Regarding the First Amendment, it notes that while it protects several freedoms, these rights are not absolute and must be balanced with other interests. It defines libel and provides examples of libelous statements. It also discusses the elements of invasion of privacy torts like public disclosure of private facts. The document covers copyright law basics and exceptions like fair use. It addresses legal issues around using anonymous sources and notes policies vary among news organizations.
9694 thinking skills limitations on free speechmayorgam
The document discusses the history and principles of freedom of speech. It explains that traditionally both church and state controlled speech and print. The development of the printing press led to more attempts to control content. Over time, democratic thought emerged and philosophers like John Locke argued that speech should not be dependent on rulers' control. The US Constitution protects free speech but also allows for some limitations. There is ongoing debate around what speech can be restricted, such as speech that poses a clear and present danger or is obscene. Different forms of media are protected to varying degrees by the First Amendment.
How Does The First Amendment Protect Freedom Of Expression Lesson 30guestcc6c85
The document discusses several key aspects of freedom of expression protections in the US:
1) Early protections for freedom of expression established some limits, including prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger" or constituted libel or slander.
2) A seminal early case, the trial of John Peter Zenger, helped establish freedom of the press by establishing the importance of truth as a defense against libel charges.
3) While the First Amendment protects many forms of expression, the Supreme Court has determined some content-based restrictions and limitations are allowable, such as those relating to obscenity, advertising, and national security issues.
How Does The First Amendment Protect Freedom Of Expression Lesson 30guestcc6c85
The document discusses several key aspects of freedom of expression protections in the US:
1) Early protections for freedom of expression established some limits, including prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger" or constituted libel or slander.
2) A seminal early case, the trial of John Peter Zenger, helped establish freedom of the press by establishing the importance of truth as a defense against libel charges.
3) While the First Amendment protects many forms of expression, the Supreme Court has determined some content-based restrictions are permissible, such as those relating to obscenity, advertising, and national security issues.
This document provides an overview of libel law in the United States. It discusses the key elements of a libel claim, including that the statement must be false, defamatory, published to a third party, and identify the plaintiff. It also outlines the different standards of proof for public officials/figures versus private individuals. The document concludes by describing several defenses that can be raised in a libel suit, such as truth, fair report, and neutral reportage privileges.
Freedom of expression on the internet enables widespread sharing of information but also enables illegal and unethical activities if used improperly. Key issues around freedom of expression online include controlling access to information, especially for children; anonymity which allows anonymous speech but is also used for illegal acts; defamation which restricts untrue statements that harm others; and pornography which some view as protected speech while others see it as harmful if accessible to children. Responsible use of new communication technologies requires consideration of these complex issues around ethics, law, and society.
The document discusses civil liberties in the United States Constitution. It provides context on the Bill of Rights and how it protects individual freedoms such as freedom of speech, press, religion, and protections from unlawful search and seizure. It also discusses ongoing debates around balancing individual rights with societal interests and national security, including discussions on the USA PATRIOT Act and presidential powers in times of war or crisis.
The document discusses the rights afforded to citizens in the United States Constitution and their origins in earlier British documents like the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights. It focuses on explaining the context behind why certain rights were included in the US Bill of Rights based on the historical experiences of colonists and the Founding Fathers. The summary analyzes key rights like freedom of speech, religion, press, trial by jury, and protection from illegal search and seizure, and how they have been interpreted by the Supreme Court over time, especially in school settings.
The document discusses hate speech directed towards women online. It notes that while there is much information about sexism against women offline, there is limited scholarly research on online hate speech against women. The author conducted research on this topic as a minority who has faced negative online comments. Several theories are presented that may provide insight into why some spread hate speech online, such as implicit personality theory and ambivalent sexism theory. The document concludes by suggesting increased public education is needed to address this problem and reduce the negative effects of online hate speech against women.
The document discusses Philippine laws regarding mass media and freedom of expression. It outlines that privacy of communication is protected except by court order or for public safety. Evidence obtained without proper authorization cannot be used. Freedom of speech, expression and press are protected, as are rights to assemble and petition. However, limitations can be placed for reasons of public order, morals, reputation and privacy, or integrity of government bodies. Foreign ownership in media and advertising is restricted. While the Philippines has free media, it has also been a dangerous place for journalists with incidents like the Maguindanao massacre. Privacy rights must be balanced with the public's right to know.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of media law regarding freedom of expression. It covers the development of free speech philosophy from John Milton in 1644 to protections established in the US Constitution. Early laws like the Sedition Acts restricted criticism of government. The Zenger trial established truth as a defense against sedition charges. Current issues around intellectual property, privacy, libel and newsgathering are analyzed, as well as controversies around censorship and conflicting rights like free press versus right to a fair trial.
Este documento resume la obra poética "Cancionero y Romancero de Ausencias" de Miguel Hernández. Explica que la obra está compuesta de 110 poemas escritos entre 1938 y 1941 que tratan sobre las ausencias que sufrió el autor, como la muerte de su hijo y el estar en prisión separado de su familia y tierra natal. Los poemas suelen tener 8 versos con métrica de heptasílabos y sextasílabos y riman en asonante. Finalmente, incluye enlaces a videos de recitaciones y can
The document provides tips to increase energy levels through detoxing the body, harnessing chakra energy, improving diet and nutrition, and other lifestyle habits. It recommends cleansing the blood and organs of toxins through fasting and herbal remedies. Specific chakras are described along with their physical, mental, emotional and spiritual influences. A balanced diet of alkaline foods, fats, proteins, vitamins and fiber is advised along with staying hydrated. Yoga, breathing, stretching and sufficient sleep are also suggested to boost energy levels.
Telecentres in Brasil: Gaps, Trends and Sustainability tistalks
ATN emerged as a response to the shift in telecentre policy of the Brazilian government. Strongly based on partnerships to generate value-added services, ATN is a strong provider of e-learning for a number of markets in Brazil.
The document outlines assignments, tests, and warm up exercises for Lesson 72. It notes that Set 72 evens are due on Monday, May 6th along with Test #11. It also mentions the possibility of extra credit on Test #10 if signed, and that math CDs need to be turned in by May 10th. The warm up exercises include writing an expression in scientific notation, finding a percentage of a number, calculating circumference, and simplifying expressions. The lesson discusses using ratio boxes to solve problems even when not explicitly stated.
This document provides an overview of the field of journalism, outlining its long history from ancient times to the modern era. Journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to today's digital media landscape. The profession has seen many technological advances but also consists of storytelling, investigating power structures, and defending free speech. The passage discusses different views of journalism including as a form of expression, a quest for truth, and a business. It prefaces an exploration of 600 years of the media, messages, and politics that have shaped journalism.
"Your Web Site Needs a Social Life" - Bob Enger, Now What? Conference 2013Now What? Conference
The document discusses how EPiServer helps companies improve customer experience by combining e-commerce and digital marketing software. It provides examples of how EPiServer's social media tools called The Outpost and The Embassy help drive traffic to company websites and increase customer engagement. The Outpost involves posting content on social networks to attract interest and drive traffic to the site, while The Embassy allows users to contribute content like ratings and reviews directly on the company's website. Companies that have used EPiServer's social media tools report increased website referrals, traffic, and conversions.
Journalism has evolved dramatically over centuries from handwritten clay tablets and newsletters to modern digital media like websites, social media, and blogs. New technologies have changed how news is gathered, produced, and distributed, transforming journalists' roles from gatekeepers of information to navigators who help guide readers. As media have converged online, journalists must adapt storytelling techniques and develop new skills to engage audiences with multimedia content on various digital platforms.
The document provides a brief history of journalism, describing its evolution over centuries from ancient clay tablets to modern digital media. Journalism has progressed through technological advances like bigger printing presses but has also transformed as a form of literary expression that reflects and shapes culture. It is seen both as a quest for free speech and an ongoing struggle between authority and public access to information. The typography of newspapers changed dramatically between 1800 and 1900, becoming more disciplined, entertaining, and essential with features like headlines, ads, and comics sections. Radio and television ultimately ended newspapers' monopoly by providing a more engaging medium.
This document discusses the evolution of libel law in the United States, beginning with the landmark 1964 Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. That decision established the "actual malice" standard, requiring public officials to prove the media knew statements were false or acted with reckless disregard for the truth. This shifted libel from a strict liability tort to incorporate First Amendment protections for the press. The decision helped usher in major changes to libel law that remain influential today.
The document provides a brief history of journalism, noting that while it has included "bloid trash" and "slimy sensationalists," it is also full of heroes who risk their lives to tell important stories. It traces the evolution of how news has been communicated over centuries, from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern newspapers, radio, television, and the internet. The history of journalism is viewed by some as a story of technological progress, while others see it as a specialized form of expression or a struggle for free speech.
This document provides a history of libel law in the United States, beginning with seditious libel laws in the 1700s that criminalized criticism of the government. It discusses important court cases like the trial of John Peter Zenger in 1735 and the Sedition Act of 1798. In 1964, the Supreme Court case Times v. Sullivan established that public officials must prove "actual malice" to win a libel suit, protecting free debate. The standard was later extended to public figures as well. This established the modern framework for libel that balances free speech with protection from false statements.
This document provides an overview of the history of journalism from ancient times to the present. It discusses how journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern newspapers, radio, television and digital media. The document also touches on some of the challenges journalists have faced, such as attempts to control the spread of information, and how journalism has strived to be an advocate for free speech and help the public learn the truth.
The Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) regulates newspapers and magazines in the UK by enforcing the Editor's Code of Practice. IPSO replaced the Press Complaints Commission after the Leveson Inquiry investigated press standards following phone hacking scandals. Newspapers need regulation to ensure accuracy, privacy, and ethical standards while also allowing press freedom critical to democracy.
This document discusses various legal controls on media in the United States, including the First Amendment right to free speech and freedom of the press. It outlines different models of press expression, such as the authoritarian, communist, and fourth estate models. It also discusses forms of unprotected speech like sedition, copyright infringement, libel, and obscenity. The document concludes with brief explanations of copyright law and net neutrality principles.
NewhouseSU COM 107 Communications and Society #NH1074Ward - Ch. 15 SlideshowDr. William J. Ward
This chapter discusses various legal controls and issues relating to freedom of expression, including copyright law, censorship, libel laws, and regulations of different media such as broadcasting and the internet. It covers topics like fair use exemptions, models of expression, protected and unprotected forms of speech, the First Amendment versus the Sixth Amendment, film industry self-regulation, and how communication policy has addressed new technologies like the internet.
The document discusses the evolution of libel law in the United States, beginning with the 1964 Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. This ruling established the "actual malice" standard, requiring that public officials prove a statement was made with knowledge of its falsity or reckless disregard for the truth in order to win a libel suit. The ruling marked a shift toward protecting press freedom and criticism of public figures under the First Amendment. Subsequent cases extended this standard and defined what constitutes reckless disregard, changing the landscape of libel significantly in favor of media defendants.
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. The press code of conduct is a set of rules established by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) that British newspapers, magazines and websites have agreed to follow.
2. The 16 areas covered by the press code of conduct include accuracy, privacy, harassment, intrusion into grief or shock, children, hospitals, reporting of crime, clandestine devices and subterfuge, financial journalism, conflicts of interest, discrimination, children in sex cases, social security, medical records, consent and confidential sources.
3. We have a press code of conduct to ensure fair, accurate and honest reporting and to protect individuals from intrusion into privacy, harassment or inaccurate/
This document provides a summary of common legal issues faced by high school student journalists and their advisers. It discusses the key topics of censorship, libel, invasion of privacy, copyright infringement, and access to information. It also introduces the Student Press Law Center as a free legal resource for students and advisers to get help on media law questions.
This document provides a brief history of journalism, tracing its evolution from ancient times to the modern era. It notes that early forms of news included clay tablets, handwritten newsletters, and stories spread by wandering minstrels. Technological advances like the printing press, radio, television, and the internet have dramatically impacted the journalism industry over centuries. The text also references debates around viewing journalism through lenses of technological progress, literary expression, or as a quest for free speech.
The document outlines 12 rules of journalism including defending freedom of expression, ensuring accuracy, rectifying mistakes, distinguishing fact from opinion, obtaining material honestly, not intruding into people's private lives, protecting sources, resisting threats to withhold information, not profiting from unpublished information, avoiding discrimination, not advertising without employment, and avoiding plagiarism. The news article discusses claims that the News of the World newspaper in the UK hacked into celebrities' and politicians' phones in violation of their privacy for gossip and political stories, going against the rule of not intruding into private lives without public interest. This shocking behavior sparked debates around legal and ethical issues, as the celebrities were unaware of their private information being exposed without consent.
The document outlines 12 rules of journalism including defending freedom of expression, ensuring accuracy, rectifying mistakes, distinguishing fact from opinion, obtaining material honestly, not intruding into people's private lives, protecting sources, resisting threats to withhold information, not profiting from unpublished information, avoiding discrimination, not advertising without employment, and avoiding plagiarism. The news article discusses claims that the News of the World newspaper in the UK hacked into celebrities' and politicians' phones in violation of their privacy rights and the rules of journalism.
Plagiarism is defined as taking someone else's words, research, or ideas and representing them as your own. There are three types of plagiarists: those who knowingly steal work, those who inadvertently fail to cite sources, and those who do it out of ignorance of plagiarism rules. Journalists face pressures like making stories interesting, being first, appearing objective, including multiple perspectives, and taking an adversarial stance that can contribute to ethical lapses. Ethics involves reasoned consideration of moral principles and dilemmas can involve absolutist deontological approaches versus situational teleological thinking. Common ethical frameworks include Kant's categorical imperative, Mill's utilitarianism, the Golden Rule, Aristotle's Golden Mean,
This document summarizes key concepts regarding freedom of expression and the First Amendment. It discusses what constitutes free speech and different models of free expression. It examines what forms of expression are not protected, such as obscenity, libel, and speech that poses a clear and present danger. The document also analyzes how the First Amendment applies to new media like broadcasting and the internet, and how privacy and the right to a fair trial interact with free expression rights.
Comparison between media system of USA and PakistanZaibunnisa73
The ppt is about the comparison of media laws and system between United states of America and Pakistan.
Key points are:
Press Laws
Media Regulations
Press Freedom
Normative Model
This document discusses the lack of judgment in modern society, especially regarding acts of torture committed by the US government. It argues that without judgment, a society loses its sense of justice. While media outlets avoided using the word "torture" to describe interrogation techniques, and the Obama administration showed no interest in prosecuting torturers, judgment is necessary to affirm that certain actions like torture are wrong and should be punished. The author argues that acts of judgment, like Arendt's condemnation of Eichmann, are important to assert a common sense of justice and truth in a relativistic world that lacks judgment. The increasing rarity of jury trials is also eroding an important space for citizens to practice judgment.
This document provides an overview of legal controls on freedom of expression in the United States, beginning with an introduction to the First Amendment. It then discusses several models of expression and the origins of free expression and a free press. The document outlines what types of expression are protected and unprotected by the First Amendment, including discussions of censorship, libel, obscenity, privacy, and the relationship between the First and Sixth Amendments. It also examines expression in various media such as film, broadcasting, and the internet.
This document discusses various principles of journalism including:
- The government cannot censor media prior to publication due to freedom of the press in the 1st Amendment.
- Journalists have freedom to publish quotes including profanity but airing accidental profanity on TV could result in fines.
- Libel laws make it difficult for public figures like politicians to win lawsuits against media.
- Journalists should avoid fabricating stories, plagiarizing, or accepting gifts to maintain independence and integrity.
- The duty of journalists is to seek truth and not pander to sources or be manipulated by PR efforts.
This document provides a history of journalism from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses legendary journalists like Mark Twain and Nellie Bly and how the field has evolved with new technologies from the penny press to radio, television, and the internet. The document also examines the rise of objectivity in journalism as yellow journalism declined and discusses different types of modern news consumers and their preferences.
This document discusses the history and current state of television news. It covers 6 trends in the news industry, including cutbacks affecting coverage and digital advertising outpacing news revenue. It also provides a brief history of electronic news from early radio to the development of cable news networks. Additional sections discuss understanding the news industry, including the roles of anchors and correspondents, as well as controversies over perceived biases in news reporting and the influence of entertainment values.
The document provides a history of television from its early development to modern times. It discusses the key inventors and early technology in the 1920s-1940s. Standards were developed in the 1940s which allowed the industry to grow rapidly after WWII. Network television emerged in the late 1940s and 1950s, bringing family entertainment into homes. Cable television began in the 1950s and grew substantially between 1970-1990, challenging network dominance. More recently, television has adapted to new technologies like digital, internet streaming, and video recording devices.
This document outlines key concepts in media ethics, including:
- A brief history of media ethics from the penny press era to modern digital media and issues like WikiLeaks
- Basic ethical orientations like absolutism, utilitarianism, and situation ethics
- Conflicting loyalties journalists may face between duty to profession, employer, society
- Conflicts of interest such as relationships, finances, and corporate censorship
- Methods of accountability like ombudsmen, news councils, and professional organizations
This document provides an overview of public relations as a profession and industry. It discusses the history of public relations, from ancient Greece to modern times. It outlines some of the major events and figures that shaped the development of public relations, such as Ivy Ledbetter Lee being considered the father of modern public relations. The document also describes the current public relations industry, including the top agencies, common PR activities like research and communication, and tools used like press releases. It concludes by discussing some controversies around the ethics of PR tactics such as spinning information and using gifts or junkets with reporters.
This document provides a history of the internet and computers. It discusses the early development of computers in the 1940s-50s for military use. It then covers the creation of ARPANET in the 1960s-70s and its transition to public use. It also discusses the development of personal computers in the 1970s, the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989, and the growth of commercial internet services and browsers in the 1990s. Finally, it covers key components and industries of today's internet such as internet service providers, search engines, social media, and economics.
This chapter summarizes the history of radio, beginning with early developments in the late 19th century through its growth in popularity in the 20th century. It discusses key inventors and innovations like AM/FM technology. It describes the rise of radio networks and the golden age of radio in the 1930s-40s. The chapter also discusses how radio adapted to competition from television through the transistor radio and format-based programming. It concludes with current trends like concentration of ownership and the transition to digital radio.
This document provides a history of the recording industry from its origins in the late 19th century to modern digital formats and online distribution. It describes key developments like the invention of the phonograph, the rise of radio and popular music genres. It also summarizes the major labels that dominate the industry, the roles of independents, and issues around royalties, promotion, and distribution. Finally, it outlines some of the controversies around censorship and the cultural effects of music.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the movie industry. It discusses early movie technologies from the late 19th century and the establishment of the first movie studios in Hollywood in the early 20th century. It then summarizes the golden age of Hollywood in the 1930s-40s and how the industry adapted to new technologies and media over time, including television, VCRs, DVDs, and online distribution methods. Finally, it outlines some of the key components and roles within the modern movie production and distribution process and some common controversies involving movie content.
The document provides a history of magazines from their origins in the 17th century to modern developments. It outlines key events like the first American magazines failing due to being seen as luxuries. Later, magazines specialized in topics like women's interests and achieved mass audiences. Changes in technology and competition from radio and TV impacted magazines. Today, magazines adapt to new media and expand globally while various types serve different audiences and purposes. Controversies sometimes involve unrealistic beauty standards promoted and credibility issues.
This document provides a brief history of newspapers from their origins in China over 1,200 years ago and their development in Europe following Gutenberg's printing press. It discusses the establishment of newspapers in early America and their role in publishing revolutionary ideas and the Civil Rights movement. The document also outlines the modern newspaper publishing industry, including major papers, alternative ethnic papers, and supporting wire services. It concludes by examining controversies in newspaper ownership concentration and lack of diversity in newsrooms.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of the book publishing industry. It covers the origins of books from papyrus to the printing press revolution. The modern industry is dominated by a handful of large conglomerates and faces challenges from new technologies like e-books and audiobooks. Key questions include who will produce content, how it will be distributed, and the overall business models for publishers. The chapter also examines controversies in book publishing like censorship and a focus on blockbuster titles.
This chapter discusses the history of media research, current theories and research, and controversies in understanding media effects. It outlines the evolution of media research from early fears and propaganda studies to modern analyses of television effects and new media usage. Current theories examine powerful and minimal effects models as well as flow theories. Research perspectives include diffusion of innovations and cultural studies approaches. Understanding media impact is challenging due to limitations of research and distinguishing correlation from causation.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in media literacy. It discusses what media literacy is, different types of media like print, broadcast and digital, and models of communication including traditional mass communication models and converged media models. It also outlines several career paths related to media like journalism. Finally, it covers the media industries, how they have changed over time due technological innovations, and current issues around media ownership, government regulation, and legal/ethical controversies.
This document provides an overview of the history, industry, and controversies of advertising. It discusses how advertising evolved from early printed handbills to target marketing across diverse media like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. It describes how the advertising industry developed advertising agencies and specialized in audience research and positioning. The document also examines controversies around truth in advertising, advertising to children, and advertiser influence on media content.
The document provides tips for writing a meeting story, including doing research beforehand by getting the agenda and minutes from the previous meeting. It advises identifying the single most important thing that happened and making sure the nut graf in the first few paragraphs explains the who, what, when and where. The tips also suggest dressing appropriately for the meeting, getting a good seat, asking follow-up questions afterwards, and editing out less important details while focusing on the key issues discussed and their importance.
The document provides an overview of the history of journalism from ancient times to modern technologies. It discusses how journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to newspapers, radio, television, and digital media. The document also notes that journalism has a long history but also an inspiring tradition of defending free speech and sharing important stories with the public.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of journalism. It discusses how journalism has developed from ancient times using clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern technologies like the internet and 24-hour cable news. The document also examines different perspectives on journalism, such as viewing it through the lens of technological progress or as a form of literary expression that reflects culture. It provides tips for writing news stories, including leading with the most essential facts in an inverted pyramid structure and emphasizing the five W's - who, what, when, where, why.
The document provides tips for writing scripts for broadcast media. It recommends writing as you would speak to make the writing sound natural and like a real person. Some key tips include using simple sentences with one idea each, putting attributions before quotes, avoiding passive voice and hypothetical questions, and spelling out foreign words to avoid stumbling during reading. The overall goal is to communicate with listeners in a conversational style.
This document outlines 10 rules of audio production according to Regina McCombs of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies. The rules include: using audio to tell powerful stories; asking open-ended questions in interviews; gathering environmental sounds; planning interviews thoroughly; understanding audio equipment; knowing that audio cannot be edited after recording; listening skills; monitoring audio quality; crafting compelling stories from audio clips; and keeping productions concise. The document provides brief explanations and tips for each rule.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
1. lcome to the world of
urnalism, where
porters have been
gging dirt, raking muck,
king headlines and
adlines for centuries
w. It’s a history full of
bloid trash, of slimy
nsationalists, of
runkards, deadbeats and
mmers” (as a Harvard
iversity president once
scribed reporters).
But it’s a history full of
roes, too: men and
men risking their lives
tell stories of war and
agedy, risking
prisonment to defend
ee speech. And as you
n see here, reports have
come beloved characters
p culture, too, turning up
movies, comics and TV
ows as if guided by an
cult hand.
Every culture seeks
effective ways to spread
new information and gossip.
In ancient times, news was
written on clay tablets. In
Caesar’s age, Romans read
newsletters compiled by
correspondents and
handwritten by slaves.
Wandering minstrels spread
news (and the plague) in the
Middle Ages. Them came
ink on paper. Voices on
airwaves. Newsreels, Web
sites, And 24-hour cable
news networks.
Thus when scholars
analyze the rich history of
journalism, some view it in
terms of technological
progress—for example, the
dramatic impact of
bigger, faster printing
presses.
Others see journalism as
a specialized form literary
expression, one that’s
constantly
evolving, reflecting and
shaping its culture.
Others see it as an
inspiring quest for free
speech, an endless power
struggle between Authority
(trying to control
information) and the People
(trying to learn the truth).
Which brings to mind the
words of A.J. Liefling:
“Freedom of the press is
guaranteed only to htose
who own one.”
In the pages ahead, we’ll
take a quick tour of 600
years of journalism
history, from hieroglyphics
to hypertext: the media, the
message and the politics.
Technical advances and
brilliant ideas forged a new
style of journalism. It was a
century of change, and
newspapers changed
dramatically. The typi
newspaper of 1800 wa
undisciplined mishma
legislative proceeding
long-winded essays a
secondhand gossip. B
1900, a new breed of
tor had emerged. Jour
had become big busin
Reporting was becom
disciplined craft. And
newspapers were bec
more entertaining and
essential than ever, w
most of the features w
expect today: Snappy
headlines, Ads, Comic
Sports pages. And an
“inverted pyramid” sty
writing that made stori
tighter and newsier.
Radio and television
brought an end to
newspapers’ media
monopoly. Why? Well
yourself: Which did yo
Law and ethics
Inside Reporting
Tim Harrower
7
2. Law & ethics
2
Copyright Law
Taste and Decency
(and Censorship)
Journalistic Ethics
Press Rights
Press Wrongs
Understanding Libel
Invasion of Privacy
3. Press rights
3
• Privileges and
protections for
journalistic
activities.
• Access to
government
operations and
records.
Rights fall into two main
categories:
4. Press rights
4
Fair report privilege
Allows journalists to
report anything said in
official government
proceedings, even if what
is said turns out to be
untrue.
Must be accurate and
fair.
Opinion privilege
Protects written
opinions from libel suit
Distinction between
facts and opinion.
Privilege and protection for sources and stories
5. Press rights
5
Allows journalists to
criticize performers,
politicians and other
matters of public
interest.
Other rights
Freedom from
newsroom searches.
Shield laws.
Fair comment and criticism
6. On April 28, 2007, Washington Governor Chris Gregoire signed a
media shield bill into law, making Washington the 32nd state with
a statutory protection for journalists’ confidential sources and the
13th state in which a journalist cannot be forced to reveal his
confidential source’s identity under any circumstances.
In addition, the Washington law protects journalists from having
to reveal any information obtained during newsgathering
activities.
What about WA?
8. Press rights
8
Open courtrooms
The issues
Does media coverage harm
trial defendants?
Do cameras turn
courtrooms into circuses?
Should press be banned
from some trials?
The law
•U.S. Supreme Court
ruled that criminal trials
must remain open to
the media except for
“overriding interest.”
Journalistic access
9. Press rights
9
Open records
The issues
Should all government
records be accessible to
the public?
Who decides what is off-
limits?
The law
•1966 Freedom of
Information Act
(FOIA)requires federal
agencies to make most
of their records
available.
•Every state has own
version of FOIA
Journalistic access
10. 10
Stories that can get you
jailed
Contempt of court
Trespassing
Sedition
Stories that can get
you sued
•Libel
•Invasion of privacy
•Breach of Contract
Press wrongs
Reporter’s Guide to Trouble
11. 11
Stories that can get
you fired
Plagiarism
Fabrication
Lapses in ethics
Stories that can get
you angry phone
calls
•Bias
•Bad taste
•Blunders and bloopers
Press wrongs
Reporter’s Guide to Trouble
12. 12
Slander
• Saying something about
someone that can cause
harm to their reputation
Libel
•Writing or publishing
something about someone
that can harm their
reputation.
Understanding libel
Two terms you need to know
13. 13
Accusing someone of a crime
Damaging a person in his/her public office, profession or
occupation
Accusing a person of serious immorality
Accusing someone of having a loathsome disease
Understanding defamation
There are four sure-fire ways to defame
someone
14. 14
Who can sue for libel?
Living people.
Small groups.
Who is it that gets sued?
Usually, the publication.
What is libel?
•False statements and
•Defamatory and
•Published and
•Identifiable plaintiffs and
•Defendant must be at
fault through negligence
or malice.
Understanding libel
Beginning reporter’s guide to libel
15. 15
Actual malice –knowing
you are lying or
disregarding the truth
Negligence–not going to
adequate lengths to
ensure reporting is
accurate
Opinion
– ideas that don’t claim to
be factual
Slander
– defamation that is
spoken
Public official –
someone who exercises
power or influence in
governmental affairs.
Public figure –
person who has acquired
fame or notoriety.
Understanding libel
Terms to know
16. 16
How do I defend myself?
Truth
Privilege
Fair Comment and Criticism
How can I avoid libel?
•Verify material
•Allow people to defend
themselves
•Remember, public
officials often make
“unofficial” claims.
•If you make a
mistake, correct it.
Understanding libel
Beginning reporter’s guide to libel
17. 17
Iowa supreme court – “Any
performance to which the
public is invited may be
freely criticized.”
Also, any editor may publish
reasonable comments on that
performance.”
Understanding libel
The Cherry Sisters vs. “Fair Comment and
Criticism
18. 18
False light
Anything that portrays
someone in an inaccurate
way
Appropriation
•Unauthorized use
of someone’s
name, photo or
words to endorse
or sell a product
or service.
Understanding libel
Most common ways to invade someone’s
privacy
4
19. 19
Intrusion
Trespass
Secret surveillance
Misrepresentation
Public disclosure of
private facts
•Private
•Intimate
•Offensive
Invasion of privacy
Most common ways to invade someone’s
privacy
4
21. 21
What is copyright?
What happens if
I plagiarize?
Can I use excerpts from
copyrighted material?
Does “fair use” apply
when pulling this photo
from the web?
What about using
copyrighted photos and
illustrations?
I write for a small paper.
Do big corporations really
care if I use their material?
Copyright law
A journalist’s guide to copyright
22. 22
FERPA
• Family Educational Rights
and Privacy Act of 1974
• Gives students access to
their records, allows them
to amend these records,
and allows them to control
access to
• these records
• Doesn’t apply to private
colleges
• Often misused by
administrators
HIPAA
•Health Insurance
Portability and
Accountability Act of
1996.
•Designed to ensure
workers can continue
health coverage when
changing jobs, but also
has an important
provision concerning
security of medical
records.
•Has a provision to
facilitate transfer b/w
doctors.
Protected Information
Two laws you need to know
23. 23
Vulgar language
Offensive topics
Conflict of interest
Legal / ethical
issues
Reporting flaws
Taste and decency and censorship
Reasons your story
might get spiked
5
24. 24
Public colleges
Student editors are
entitled to control the
content.
Public high schools
•Some guidelines, but
lots of gray area.
Taste and decency and censorship
Student press law: How much can a school
administrator censor?
25. 25
Private colleges and high
schools
•Administrators can act like any
other publisher in controlling
what’s printed.
Taste and decency and censorship
Student press law: How much can a school
administrator censor?
26. 26
Censorship
Removing a newspaper/
Web posting after it has
been printed.
Prior Restraint
Keeping a story from being
published
Terms to know
27. lcome to the world of
urnalism, where
porters have been
gging dirt, raking
muck, king headlines
and adlines for centuries
w. It’s a history full of
bloid trash, of slimy
nsationalists, of
runkards, deadbeats and
mmers” (as a Harvard
iversity president once
scribed reporters).
But it’s a history full of
roes, too: men and
men risking their lives
tell stories of war and
agedy, risking
prisonment to defend
ee speech. And as you
n see here, reports have
come beloved characters
p culture, too, turning up
movies, comics and TV
ows as if guided by an
cult hand.
Every culture seeks
effective ways to spread
new information and gossip.
In ancient times, news was
written on clay tablets. In
Caesar’s age, Romans read
newsletters compiled by
correspondents and
handwritten by slaves.
Wandering minstrels spread
news (and the plague) in the
Middle Ages. Them came
ink on paper. Voices on
airwaves. Newsreels, Web
sites, And 24-hour cable
news networks.
Thus when scholars
analyze the rich history of
journalism, some view it in
terms of technological
progress—for example, the
dramatic impact of
bigger, faster printing
presses.
Others see journalism as
a specialized form literary
expression, one that’s
constantly
evolving, reflecting and
shaping its culture.
Others see it as an
inspiring quest for free
speech, an endless power
struggle between Authority
(trying to control
information) and the People
(trying to learn the truth).
Which brings to mind the
words of A.J. Liefling:
“Freedom of the press is
guaranteed only to htose
who own one.”
In the pages ahead, we’ll
take a quick tour of 600
years of journalism
history, from hieroglyphics
to hypertext: the media, the
message and the politics.
Technical advances and
brilliant ideas forged a new
style of journalism. It was a
century of change, and
newspapers changed
dramatically. The typi
newspaper of 1800 wa
undisciplined mishma
legislative proceeding
long-winded essays a
secondhand gossip. B
1900, a new breed of
tor had emerged. Jour
had become big busin
Reporting was becom
disciplined craft. And
newspapers were bec
more entertaining and
essential than ever, w
most of the features w
expect today: Snappy
headlines, Ads, Comic
Sports pages. And an
“inverted pyramid” sty
writing that made stori
tighter and newsier.
Radio and television
brought an end to
newspapers’ media
monopoly. Why? Well
yourself: Which did yo
Law and ethics
Inside Reporting
Tim Harrower
7