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Mm ch 07music
This document provides a history of the recording industry from its origins in the late 19th century to modern digital formats and online distribution. It describes key developments like the invention of the phonograph, the rise of radio and popular music genres. It also summarizes the major labels that dominate the industry, the roles of independents, and issues around royalties, promotion, and distribution. Finally, it outlines some of the controversies around censorship and the cultural effects of music.
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Mm ch 07music
- 1. Chapter 7 Recordings AndThe Music Industry: Copyright Battles, Format Wars Chapter Outline • History • Industry • Controversies
- 3. A Brief Historyof Recording Music In An Oral Culture • “classical” music in the 14th Century Demand for printed music • Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote a little music on the side • Works from Haydn and Mozart become popular entertainment in parlors around Europe
- 4. A Brief Historyof Recording Industrial Revolution and high-speed printers • Sheet music to play at home becomes big business • Music is copyrighted in 1831
- 5. A Brief Historyof Recording Early Recording Technology • 1877: Thomas Edison makes first recording, calls invention Phonograph. • 1906: Victor Company’s Victrola discs were easier to produce and less expensive than cylinders. • Ragtime hits like Scott Joplin’s “ ” and Tin Pan Alley favorites like “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” sold well. • 1914: Music publishers join together and form ASCAP to fight for strong copyright laws.
- 6. A Brief Historyof Recording Enter Radio • 1920s birth of commercial radio • Radio spurred sales in the beginning. • Music becomes trendy: Jazz recordings, then big bands, then country music. Dance crazes sell records. • 1930s: Live radio and Great Depression cause dip in record sales • Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia cuts off supply of shellac, industry turns to vinyl • Vinyl makes the LP (and albums) possible
- 7. A Brief Historyof Recording Stereo and High Fidelity • 1930s: speaker systems developed with separate woofers and tweeters • Multi-track recording becomes possible • Stereophonic sound • 1950s: high fidelity (hi-fi) enthusiasts (audiophiles) compared amps, speaker power, and tuning capacity just as today’s computer hobbyists discuss RAM, processor chips, and hard drive size.
- 8. A Brief Historyof Recording Teenagers reshape the face of pop music • “All I Want for Christmas is my Two Front Teeth” (1947) • “ ?” Patti Page (early 1950s) • “ ” Bill Haley (1953) • In 1954, Haley signed with Decca and released “ ” and “Rock Around The Clock.”
- 9. Jazz/blues subculture • Jazz •Miles Davis • John Coltrane • Charles Mingus • Blues • Howlin’ Wolf • Robert Johnson • Bo Diddley • John Lee Hooker Jack Kerouac: On the Road (1957) Allen Ginsberg
- 10. A Brief Historyof Recording British Invasion • Beatles • Rolling Stones • Cream • Yardbirds/ New Yardbirds/ Led Zeppelin • Pink Floyd
- 11. A Brief Historyof Recording Rap and Hip-Hop • Started as street poetry in the early 1970s • The Sugar Hill Gang • Erick B and Rakim • Dana Dane • RUN-DMC • Public Enemy • De La Soul • N.W.A.
- 12. A Brief Historyof Recording
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- 14. A Brief Historyof Recording The Format Wars Intensify • Magnetic tape technology from WWII adapted to consumer needs • Sony Walkman (1979) • CDs (1983) were $2 cheaper per unit to produce than tapes, but record companies charged more for them • Minidiscs (late 1990s)
- 15. A Brief Historyof Recording Music Downloading • Late 1990s: Burnable CDs • 1999: Northeastern University student Shawn Fanning develops Napster, launches P2P frenzy • After Napster is shut down others (Limewire, KaZaA, Morpheus) follow. Napster goes legal in 2004. • By 2001, downloading and file sharing begin to seriously dip into record industry , industry starts suing downloaders, including students • 2001: Apple introduces iTunes, features playlists and an interface designed for a new product: iPod • April 2003: iTunes Store introduced, soon becomes world’s largest music retailer • 2006: Head of RIAA declares illegal song swapping “contained”
- 16. A Brief Historyof Recording What are the lessons from this? • For the recording industry? • About consumer habits? • For musicians?
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- 25. Understanding Today’s Recording Industry TheMajor Labels: Global Goliaths • Five corporations: Warner, EMI, Sony, Universal, and Bertelsmann, collect 80 percent of revenues • 1980s: major labels get out of the business of developing new talent, huge sales expected out of the gate • The Long Tail
- 26. © 2008 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
- 27. Understanding Today’s Recording Industry Independents:Developing Talent • Majors acquire successful independents to develop new ideas and scout new talent • Many independents specialize: jazz, classical, religious, or rap. • Hundreds of independents share the 20 percent of the market not controlled by the five major labels. • According to Anderson’s “Long Tail” theory of marketing, there’s room here for new labels to make a profit.
- 28. Understanding Today’s Recording Industry ThePlayers • A&R (artist and repertoire) • demos • Producers • Arrangers • Lyricists • Artists • Retailers
- 29. Understanding Today’s Recording Industry Royaltiesand Performance Rights Organizations • There are two types of royalties: 1. Recording-artist royalties 2. Songwriter/publisher royalties • Recording artists earn royalties from the sale of their recordings on CDs, tapes, vinyl, and legal downloads. • No royalties for radio or TV. Internet radio yet to be settled. • Songwriters and publishers, however, do earn royalties on radio play and other public performances, as well as on recording sales.
- 30. Understanding Today’s Recording Industry Promotion •reporting stations • 1991: Soundscan • Promoters arrange press coverage, lobby for awards, feed tidbits to gossip-hungry Web sites, try to place music videos on MTV, BET, CMT and VH1, and try to get songs on movie and television soundtracks, and in television commercials.
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- 33. Understanding Today’s Recording Industry Distributionand Sales • Brick-and-mortar • Online distribution The Audience • Customers are fickle, and less loyal to individual acts • LP has less influence • Acts get younger and more transient
- 34. Controversies The Effects • Powerful-effectsmodel • Minimal-effects model • Mixed-effects model • Cultivation theory • Cumulative-effects theory • Agenda-setting theory • Uses and gratifications theory • Catharsis theory
- 35. Controversies Censorship • 1990: industryadopts parental warning labels after being pressured by the PMRC • Wal-Mart, the world’s largest brick-and-mortar retailer of music, has influence over content and will refuse to sell what it deems inappropriate • 2003: Clear Channel Communications, the largest owner of radio stations in the U.S., stops playing the music of the Dixie Chicks after a member of the group criticized President George Bush.
- 36. Chapter 7 Recordings AndThe Music Industry: Copyright Battles, Format Wars Chapter Outline • History • Industry • Controversies