This document provides an overview of the history of journalism from ancient times to the present. It discusses how journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern newspapers, radio, television and digital media. The document also touches on some of the challenges journalists have faced, such as attempts to control the spread of information, and how journalism has strived to be an advocate for free speech and help the public learn the truth.
Basic News Story Structure - JNL-1102 - Reporting and Writing I - Professor L...Linda Austin
This presentation about the basic structure of news stories goes with Chapter 3 of "Reporting and Writing News: A Basic Handbook," by Peter Eng and Jeff Hodson. It
There are several different kinds of features that can be included in publications. Human interest features focus on individuals rather than topics and involve stories about people's accomplishments or jobs. Informational interviews profile prominent individuals and their views, while personality interviews reveal someone through anecdotes and observations. Informational features aim to educate readers on historical, social or practical topics. Personality sketches develop a complete picture of a person. Featurettes are short mini-features that grab attention with a lead, tell an event chronologically, and often end with a surprise conclusion.
This document provides an overview of journalism law in the United States. It discusses how the First Amendment protects press freedoms but is not unlimited, covering issues like censorship, libel, obscenity, and invasion of privacy. It also outlines reporter's privilege and shield laws, as well as freedom of information laws governing access to public records and meetings. The future of these laws as they apply to online journalism is uncertain.
The document describes the hourglass structure for writing news articles. It has three parts: (1) The Top, which summarizes the key details in 4-6 paragraphs; (2) The Turn, a transitional phrase indicating an upcoming narrative; and (3) The Narrative, which tells the story chronologically. An example news article is provided and analyzed in terms of how it follows the hourglass structure. The Top provides the necessary details, the Turn signals a shift to narrative, and the Narrative tells the story through quotes and chronological events. The hourglass structure provides both essential news details and a complete narrative form for readers.
This book presents an approach to journalism that focuses on three essential activities: analyzing documents, making observations, and conducting interviews. The author argues that effective reporting requires skill in these areas and the ability to cross-check facts by combining these techniques. While news gathering is complex, this book provides a framework to help journalists improve their ability to find and tell impactful stories through a transparent and authoritative methodology.
This document provides guidance on scripting and storyboarding for a student video production project. It emphasizes that a script includes all action, not just dialogue. Students are reminded that their homework is to take test shots by February 10th and that their blogs will be assessed that week. Guidelines are given for writing scripts in proper format with scene headings and character descriptions. Creating a shotlist from the script is also covered, with details of what a shotlist should include. Finally, storyboarding is discussed, stressing the importance of visual planning and composition.
The document discusses various techniques for storytelling and news reporting. It covers the basic elements of a story, such as setting, characters, complications, resolution and closure. It also discusses different forms for structuring news stories, including the inverted pyramid, hourglass, nut graf, narrative and five boxes approaches. Additionally, it provides guidance on researching stories through methods like observation, interviews and documents, as well as tips for writing leads, conducting interviews and ensuring accurate reporting.
The document discusses the roles and positions within a television broadcast newsroom, including the news director, producer, assignment editor, anchor, reporter, photographer, video editor, graphic artist, and others. It also covers key principles of broadcast news like focusing on visuals, timeliness, and simplicity. Basic story formats are defined, like packages, readers, voiceovers. The advantages are conveying events in real-time with visual impact, while disadvantages include limited airtime, context, and prioritizing entertaining over substantive stories.
Basic News Story Structure - JNL-1102 - Reporting and Writing I - Professor L...Linda Austin
This presentation about the basic structure of news stories goes with Chapter 3 of "Reporting and Writing News: A Basic Handbook," by Peter Eng and Jeff Hodson. It
There are several different kinds of features that can be included in publications. Human interest features focus on individuals rather than topics and involve stories about people's accomplishments or jobs. Informational interviews profile prominent individuals and their views, while personality interviews reveal someone through anecdotes and observations. Informational features aim to educate readers on historical, social or practical topics. Personality sketches develop a complete picture of a person. Featurettes are short mini-features that grab attention with a lead, tell an event chronologically, and often end with a surprise conclusion.
This document provides an overview of journalism law in the United States. It discusses how the First Amendment protects press freedoms but is not unlimited, covering issues like censorship, libel, obscenity, and invasion of privacy. It also outlines reporter's privilege and shield laws, as well as freedom of information laws governing access to public records and meetings. The future of these laws as they apply to online journalism is uncertain.
The document describes the hourglass structure for writing news articles. It has three parts: (1) The Top, which summarizes the key details in 4-6 paragraphs; (2) The Turn, a transitional phrase indicating an upcoming narrative; and (3) The Narrative, which tells the story chronologically. An example news article is provided and analyzed in terms of how it follows the hourglass structure. The Top provides the necessary details, the Turn signals a shift to narrative, and the Narrative tells the story through quotes and chronological events. The hourglass structure provides both essential news details and a complete narrative form for readers.
This book presents an approach to journalism that focuses on three essential activities: analyzing documents, making observations, and conducting interviews. The author argues that effective reporting requires skill in these areas and the ability to cross-check facts by combining these techniques. While news gathering is complex, this book provides a framework to help journalists improve their ability to find and tell impactful stories through a transparent and authoritative methodology.
This document provides guidance on scripting and storyboarding for a student video production project. It emphasizes that a script includes all action, not just dialogue. Students are reminded that their homework is to take test shots by February 10th and that their blogs will be assessed that week. Guidelines are given for writing scripts in proper format with scene headings and character descriptions. Creating a shotlist from the script is also covered, with details of what a shotlist should include. Finally, storyboarding is discussed, stressing the importance of visual planning and composition.
The document discusses various techniques for storytelling and news reporting. It covers the basic elements of a story, such as setting, characters, complications, resolution and closure. It also discusses different forms for structuring news stories, including the inverted pyramid, hourglass, nut graf, narrative and five boxes approaches. Additionally, it provides guidance on researching stories through methods like observation, interviews and documents, as well as tips for writing leads, conducting interviews and ensuring accurate reporting.
The document discusses the roles and positions within a television broadcast newsroom, including the news director, producer, assignment editor, anchor, reporter, photographer, video editor, graphic artist, and others. It also covers key principles of broadcast news like focusing on visuals, timeliness, and simplicity. Basic story formats are defined, like packages, readers, voiceovers. The advantages are conveying events in real-time with visual impact, while disadvantages include limited airtime, context, and prioritizing entertaining over substantive stories.
News must be factual, objective, and balanced. It should be interesting and informative, reporting only verifiable facts rather than opinions. To ensure accuracy, reporters must double check facts, quotes, spellings, dates and information with reliable sources. They should obtain multiple perspectives on a story from knowledgeable sources on all sides of an issue to maintain fairness and balance in their reporting. The ultimate goal of news is to inform readers without bias.
The document describes the organizational structure and departments of a newspaper organization. It outlines the main departments including the business department, editorial/newsroom department, and mechanical department. Within the business department it describes the advertising, circulation, promotion, and accounting departments. It then provides details on the roles and responsibilities of the editorial/newsroom department including editors, reporters, and sub-editors. Finally it discusses the mechanical department and pre-press production process.
This document defines a feature as a creative, subjective article designed to both entertain and inform readers about an event or aspect of life. It discusses the key elements of features, including creativity, subjectivity, entertainment value, and being informative. The document outlines that features are long-form journalistic pieces found in newspapers, magazines, blogs, and other media. Features require research and description, cover topics in-depth through reflective thought, and have novelty leads that hook readers into the story. While not reporting on breaking news, features penetrate deeper into subjects using techniques like dialogue, voice, and wrapping up the story through its conclusion.
The document discusses different structures for news stories, including the inverted pyramid, narrative, and hourglass structures. The inverted pyramid is the most popular as it places the most important information at the beginning. However, narrative and hourglass structures allow for more character and story development. Regardless of structure, news stories should focus the information around the key details in the lead paragraph.
This document discusses the career of journalism and what it takes to be a successful reporter. It notes that while some reporters gain fame, most do not, but they still play an important role in their communities. Reporting provides vital information to democratic societies by gathering facts, writing stories, and interpreting events. Experience as a reporter can open doors to many other careers as well. The skills developed in reporting, such as gathering information and writing, serve journalists well in other fields. Overall, journalism requires curiosity, social skills, tolerance, self-discipline and a drive to work under deadlines while maintaining integrity.
Protesters in Buenos Aires are planning another march this evening to call for the mayor's resignation over a nightclub fire that killed over 180 people last week. Reporter Kenneth Galano is at City Hall covering the protests and has interviewed spokesman Peter Pan, who expressed disgust at the government's actions. The fire was one of Argentina's worst disasters.
There are several types of interviews discussed in the document. Some of the main types include hard news interviews which aim to get short factual answers to basic questions like who, what, when, where. Informational interviews provide more background and explanation beyond just the facts. Investigative interviews try to uncover deeper reasons and causes behind events. Adversarial interviews involve a more confrontational approach by the interviewer. Interpretative interviews allow the interviewee to provide context, reaction or explanation to news stories. Personal interviews explore interests and background of individuals.
A re-upload video (originally from internet ) , since it was very informative and helpful this is needed to read by all copy-editor all over the world (especially the young journalist)
The document provides tips for preparing for and covering speeches, news conferences, meetings, and other public events as a reporter. It advises reporters to research topics using their organization's archives and legitimate news databases. For speeches, reporters are encouraged to obtain advance transcripts if possible and pre-interview speakers. At news conferences, reporters should strategically save their best questions for private interviews. When covering meetings, reporters should focus on extracting newsworthy elements like conflict, decisions, or votes. The document also reviews writing structures for articles covering these events.
This document discusses various aspects of television journalism and news production. It begins with a brief history of television in India and the growth of private channels. It then covers topics like the differences between print, television and internet news. It describes the roles of reporters, producers and other staff involved in electronic news gathering and production. It discusses concepts like scripts, anchors, pieces to camera. It also provides organizational structures of news channels and the workflow from news gathering to bulletin production. Overall, the document provides a practical overview of television journalism.
Crime films typically involve plots around illegal activities like robbery, weapons, and substance abuse. They often show a failed attempt by police to catch the criminals. Common settings include banks, shops, and gang hideouts. These films use cinematography techniques like low-key lighting, angle changes, and different shot types to add mystery and tension. Background music and sounds are also usually present throughout the movie. Examples given are The Untouchables, Now You See Me, and Ocean's Eleven.
Structure and working of a print newsroom publication housesushant pathak
The document discusses the key components and departments of a newsroom. It notes that a newsroom is where journalists work to gather and publish news in newspapers, magazines, radio, TV or online. The main departments mentioned are editorial, advertising, circulation, printing, administrative, accounting and stores. The editorial department is responsible for gathering, editing and publishing news features and includes various editor roles. The advertising department focuses on generating revenue through ads. The circulation department handles distribution, delivery and subscriber data. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses what constitutes news and factors that determine newsworthiness. It notes that news must be factual, timely, interesting to readers, involve prominent people or events, have human impact, and include conflict or drama. It also distinguishes between "hard news" about important issues and "soft news" that entertains. Additionally, it discusses how different audiences and media outlets have varying views on what is considered news.
This document provides guidance on conducting interviews for journalism stories. It discusses preparing for interviews by researching the subject and determining the story angle. It emphasizes making the subject comfortable, asking open-ended questions, following up for details, and observing the subject and their environment. The document advises thanking the subject after the interview and reflecting on the main points, but not showing them the unpublished story. Interviewing other sources beyond the main subject is also recommended to provide context.
The document discusses the role of propaganda and media techniques in presidential politics. It defines propaganda as using information to influence people's thinking. It then outlines several propaganda techniques used in political campaigns, such as bandwagon appeals, card stacking of selective facts, glittering generalities of vague positive words, name-calling of opponents, plain folks portrayals of candidates as everyday people, and transfer of appealing symbols. The document also notes how media coverage focuses on "horse-race" aspects of who is winning and losing, and how early victories can help certain candidates attract more funding and attention.
1) A new tardy policy being considered by the Lewiston School Board could result in suspensions for students who are chronically tardy to class.
2) The proposed policy would give detentions for tardiness and "punctuality points" could be added to grades, while additional tardies would mean meetings with administrators and possible suspensions.
3) School officials hope the policy will reduce the hundreds of unexcused tardies occurring each day if adopted.
Local newspapers fulfill audiences' needs through education/information, entertainment, social interaction, escape, and identification as outlined by Uses and Gratifications theory. Specifically, they provide local news and information to keep readers informed, entertaining content like stories, horoscopes, and puzzles, topics to discuss with others, an escape from daily life, and stories that allow readers to identify with characters. Researchers should analyze 3 local newspapers based on how their content satisfies these gratification categories.
The document discusses various types of leads used in writing news articles and stories. It defines what a lead is and provides examples of hard news leads that aim to answer the 5W1H questions in the first sentence or two. Feature leads can delay some of this information by using description, anecdotes or setting the scene over the first few paragraphs before providing the nut graph, which explains what the story is about. Exceptions include leads that ask questions or use anecdotes to draw the reader in without immediately revealing details, which tend to work better for longer form features. Proper leads aim to engage the reader and provide the most essential information up front in a concise manner.
The document provides a brief history of journalism, noting that while it has included "bloid trash" and "slimy sensationalists," it is also full of heroes who risk their lives to tell important stories. It traces the evolution of how news has been communicated over centuries, from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern newspapers, radio, television, and the internet. The history of journalism is viewed by some as a story of technological progress, while others see it as a specialized form of expression or a struggle for free speech.
This document provides an overview of the field of journalism, outlining its long history from ancient times to the modern era. Journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to today's digital media landscape. The profession has seen many technological advances but also consists of storytelling, investigating power structures, and defending free speech. The passage discusses different views of journalism including as a form of expression, a quest for truth, and a business. It prefaces an exploration of 600 years of the media, messages, and politics that have shaped journalism.
News must be factual, objective, and balanced. It should be interesting and informative, reporting only verifiable facts rather than opinions. To ensure accuracy, reporters must double check facts, quotes, spellings, dates and information with reliable sources. They should obtain multiple perspectives on a story from knowledgeable sources on all sides of an issue to maintain fairness and balance in their reporting. The ultimate goal of news is to inform readers without bias.
The document describes the organizational structure and departments of a newspaper organization. It outlines the main departments including the business department, editorial/newsroom department, and mechanical department. Within the business department it describes the advertising, circulation, promotion, and accounting departments. It then provides details on the roles and responsibilities of the editorial/newsroom department including editors, reporters, and sub-editors. Finally it discusses the mechanical department and pre-press production process.
This document defines a feature as a creative, subjective article designed to both entertain and inform readers about an event or aspect of life. It discusses the key elements of features, including creativity, subjectivity, entertainment value, and being informative. The document outlines that features are long-form journalistic pieces found in newspapers, magazines, blogs, and other media. Features require research and description, cover topics in-depth through reflective thought, and have novelty leads that hook readers into the story. While not reporting on breaking news, features penetrate deeper into subjects using techniques like dialogue, voice, and wrapping up the story through its conclusion.
The document discusses different structures for news stories, including the inverted pyramid, narrative, and hourglass structures. The inverted pyramid is the most popular as it places the most important information at the beginning. However, narrative and hourglass structures allow for more character and story development. Regardless of structure, news stories should focus the information around the key details in the lead paragraph.
This document discusses the career of journalism and what it takes to be a successful reporter. It notes that while some reporters gain fame, most do not, but they still play an important role in their communities. Reporting provides vital information to democratic societies by gathering facts, writing stories, and interpreting events. Experience as a reporter can open doors to many other careers as well. The skills developed in reporting, such as gathering information and writing, serve journalists well in other fields. Overall, journalism requires curiosity, social skills, tolerance, self-discipline and a drive to work under deadlines while maintaining integrity.
Protesters in Buenos Aires are planning another march this evening to call for the mayor's resignation over a nightclub fire that killed over 180 people last week. Reporter Kenneth Galano is at City Hall covering the protests and has interviewed spokesman Peter Pan, who expressed disgust at the government's actions. The fire was one of Argentina's worst disasters.
There are several types of interviews discussed in the document. Some of the main types include hard news interviews which aim to get short factual answers to basic questions like who, what, when, where. Informational interviews provide more background and explanation beyond just the facts. Investigative interviews try to uncover deeper reasons and causes behind events. Adversarial interviews involve a more confrontational approach by the interviewer. Interpretative interviews allow the interviewee to provide context, reaction or explanation to news stories. Personal interviews explore interests and background of individuals.
A re-upload video (originally from internet ) , since it was very informative and helpful this is needed to read by all copy-editor all over the world (especially the young journalist)
The document provides tips for preparing for and covering speeches, news conferences, meetings, and other public events as a reporter. It advises reporters to research topics using their organization's archives and legitimate news databases. For speeches, reporters are encouraged to obtain advance transcripts if possible and pre-interview speakers. At news conferences, reporters should strategically save their best questions for private interviews. When covering meetings, reporters should focus on extracting newsworthy elements like conflict, decisions, or votes. The document also reviews writing structures for articles covering these events.
This document discusses various aspects of television journalism and news production. It begins with a brief history of television in India and the growth of private channels. It then covers topics like the differences between print, television and internet news. It describes the roles of reporters, producers and other staff involved in electronic news gathering and production. It discusses concepts like scripts, anchors, pieces to camera. It also provides organizational structures of news channels and the workflow from news gathering to bulletin production. Overall, the document provides a practical overview of television journalism.
Crime films typically involve plots around illegal activities like robbery, weapons, and substance abuse. They often show a failed attempt by police to catch the criminals. Common settings include banks, shops, and gang hideouts. These films use cinematography techniques like low-key lighting, angle changes, and different shot types to add mystery and tension. Background music and sounds are also usually present throughout the movie. Examples given are The Untouchables, Now You See Me, and Ocean's Eleven.
Structure and working of a print newsroom publication housesushant pathak
The document discusses the key components and departments of a newsroom. It notes that a newsroom is where journalists work to gather and publish news in newspapers, magazines, radio, TV or online. The main departments mentioned are editorial, advertising, circulation, printing, administrative, accounting and stores. The editorial department is responsible for gathering, editing and publishing news features and includes various editor roles. The advertising department focuses on generating revenue through ads. The circulation department handles distribution, delivery and subscriber data. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses what constitutes news and factors that determine newsworthiness. It notes that news must be factual, timely, interesting to readers, involve prominent people or events, have human impact, and include conflict or drama. It also distinguishes between "hard news" about important issues and "soft news" that entertains. Additionally, it discusses how different audiences and media outlets have varying views on what is considered news.
This document provides guidance on conducting interviews for journalism stories. It discusses preparing for interviews by researching the subject and determining the story angle. It emphasizes making the subject comfortable, asking open-ended questions, following up for details, and observing the subject and their environment. The document advises thanking the subject after the interview and reflecting on the main points, but not showing them the unpublished story. Interviewing other sources beyond the main subject is also recommended to provide context.
The document discusses the role of propaganda and media techniques in presidential politics. It defines propaganda as using information to influence people's thinking. It then outlines several propaganda techniques used in political campaigns, such as bandwagon appeals, card stacking of selective facts, glittering generalities of vague positive words, name-calling of opponents, plain folks portrayals of candidates as everyday people, and transfer of appealing symbols. The document also notes how media coverage focuses on "horse-race" aspects of who is winning and losing, and how early victories can help certain candidates attract more funding and attention.
1) A new tardy policy being considered by the Lewiston School Board could result in suspensions for students who are chronically tardy to class.
2) The proposed policy would give detentions for tardiness and "punctuality points" could be added to grades, while additional tardies would mean meetings with administrators and possible suspensions.
3) School officials hope the policy will reduce the hundreds of unexcused tardies occurring each day if adopted.
Local newspapers fulfill audiences' needs through education/information, entertainment, social interaction, escape, and identification as outlined by Uses and Gratifications theory. Specifically, they provide local news and information to keep readers informed, entertaining content like stories, horoscopes, and puzzles, topics to discuss with others, an escape from daily life, and stories that allow readers to identify with characters. Researchers should analyze 3 local newspapers based on how their content satisfies these gratification categories.
The document discusses various types of leads used in writing news articles and stories. It defines what a lead is and provides examples of hard news leads that aim to answer the 5W1H questions in the first sentence or two. Feature leads can delay some of this information by using description, anecdotes or setting the scene over the first few paragraphs before providing the nut graph, which explains what the story is about. Exceptions include leads that ask questions or use anecdotes to draw the reader in without immediately revealing details, which tend to work better for longer form features. Proper leads aim to engage the reader and provide the most essential information up front in a concise manner.
The document provides a brief history of journalism, noting that while it has included "bloid trash" and "slimy sensationalists," it is also full of heroes who risk their lives to tell important stories. It traces the evolution of how news has been communicated over centuries, from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern newspapers, radio, television, and the internet. The history of journalism is viewed by some as a story of technological progress, while others see it as a specialized form of expression or a struggle for free speech.
This document provides an overview of the field of journalism, outlining its long history from ancient times to the modern era. Journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to today's digital media landscape. The profession has seen many technological advances but also consists of storytelling, investigating power structures, and defending free speech. The passage discusses different views of journalism including as a form of expression, a quest for truth, and a business. It prefaces an exploration of 600 years of the media, messages, and politics that have shaped journalism.
The document provides an overview of the history of journalism from ancient times to modern technologies. It discusses how journalism has evolved from clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to newspapers, radio, television, and digital media. The document also notes that journalism has a long history but also an inspiring tradition of defending free speech and sharing important stories with the public.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to generating story ideas, news values, confidentiality, and the tension between free press and fair trials in criminal cases. It discusses various techniques for coming up with story ideas, the main news values that determine newsworthiness, issues around protecting confidential sources, and remedies courts have used to try ensuring fair trials in highly publicized cases.
Journalism has a long history dating back to ancient times when news was spread via clay tablets, newsletters, and wandering minstrels. Over the centuries, journalism has evolved through technological advances such as printing presses, radio, television, and the internet. Journalism has also played an important role in society by informing the public and defending free speech, though the profession has at times included unsavory characters.
The document provides a brief history of journalism, describing its evolution over centuries from ancient clay tablets to modern digital media. Journalism has progressed through technological advances like bigger printing presses but has also transformed as a form of literary expression that reflects and shapes culture. It is seen both as a quest for free speech and an ongoing struggle between authority and public access to information. The typography of newspapers changed dramatically between 1800 and 1900, becoming more disciplined, entertaining, and essential with features like headlines, ads, and comics sections. Radio and television ultimately ended newspapers' monopoly by providing a more engaging medium.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of journalism. It discusses how journalism has developed from ancient times using clay tablets and handwritten newsletters to modern technologies like the internet and 24-hour cable news. The document also examines different perspectives on journalism, such as viewing it through the lens of technological progress or as a form of literary expression that reflects culture. It provides tips for writing news stories, including leading with the most essential facts in an inverted pyramid structure and emphasizing the five W's - who, what, when, where, why.
This document provides a brief history of journalism, tracing its evolution from ancient times to the modern era. It notes that early forms of news included clay tablets, handwritten newsletters, and stories spread by wandering minstrels. Technological advances like the printing press, radio, television, and the internet have dramatically impacted the journalism industry over centuries. The text also references debates around viewing journalism through lenses of technological progress, literary expression, or as a quest for free speech.
Investigative journalism traces its origins to the 1690s but experienced a resurgence in the early 1900s with the emergence of "muckraking" journalism seeking to expose corruption. While similar to tabloids in focusing on victimization and irony, investigative journalism aims to be earnest and in-depth. However, media consolidation and advertiser influence now limit investigative reporting due to its expense. New technologies and nonprofit collaborations may help sustain investigative journalism in monitoring society and informing the public, though semi-investigative tactics focusing on appearances over substance also pose a challenge to the field.
The document provides an overview of what history is. It defines history as:
- A chronological record of significant and otherwise events, including an explanation of the causes of those events.
- A tale or story.
- A record and explanation of past events.
The document discusses how studying history allows us to objectively examine past events to assist in predicting future events and advancing past ideas for future growth. It also mentions how studying history can help search for the true meaning of past events and better oneself and one's nation.
Write Cause And Effect Essay - College Homework HelpDawn Henderson
This document discusses the steps to take college homework help through an online service. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with necessary information. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The service aims to provide original, high-quality assignments through a bidding system and revision process.
Simon hawke timewars 3 - the pimpernel plotxander88
The document describes the setting of revolutionary France during the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution. A private in the Temporal Corps named Alex Corderro witnesses public executions by guillotine in a city square. He is disturbed by the graphic reality and violence, finding it far different than imagined. As a double volunteer, Alex has enlisted in the 27th century military and been sent back in time to the late 1700s to volunteer for the Revolutionary Army during the War of the First Coalition against Austria and Prussia. Soldiers are not told the reasons for the planned conflicts, only that two major 27th century powers have submitted a grievance to be arbitrated through a "war on paper" fought by temporal units sent back
This document provides an overview of key concepts in journalism. It begins with a list of common journalism terms and concepts. It then provides brief historical summaries of milestones in the development of press freedom, including the early colonial period with censorship of newspapers, the Peter Zenger case which established truth as a defense against libel, and the inclusion of freedom of the press in the US Constitution. The document also discusses the development of yellow journalism and muckraking journalism. It concludes with descriptions of the different types of news stories and features articles as well as elements of writing such as the inverted pyramid structure and headlines.
Beat reporting involves regularly covering specific areas for a news outlet. This document discusses how to cover the police and fire beats. It recommends getting to know officers as humans to build trust and always going to the scene of incidents to get important details. For the police beat, reporters are advised to develop sources in different departments and not assume people don't want to talk after crimes. For the fire beat, keeping calm, taking detailed notes, and finding officials and eyewitnesses are emphasized. Sports journalism involves reporting on amateur and professional sports through various media like print, radio, and television. It defines the role of sports journalists and offers tips for writing sports stories.
Counterfeiting has existed for centuries, with coins commonly counterfeited by clipping edges and melting them together in the 1600s. Currently, most paper currency counterfeits are made by scanning and printing bills or combining pieces of legitimate bills. In 2010, $64.4 million in counterfeits were in circulation in the US due to economic hardship increasing incentives. Detecting counterfeits involves checking security features like ridges, ink smearing when rubbed, watermarks, and thickness. Producing counterfeits was historically punishable by death and remains a serious federal felony today.
The document provides instructions for creating an account on HelpWriting.net in order to request paper writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with email and password. 2) Complete a form with paper details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review writer bids and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism.
The document provides an overview of media writing and AP style, including getting started in journalism, news values, commandments for good writing, preparing news stories for print and digital formats, and basic editing practices. It discusses engaging with sources, writing clear sentences, and adapting to changes in media like convergence and citizen or community journalism. Guidelines are given for formatting print and digital stories as well as using proper style conventions.
The document provides guidance for reporters covering crime and accident stories. It discusses the importance of accuracy and developing sources in these beats. It offers checklists for gathering key information in stories about traffic accidents, fires, thefts, homicides and other crimes. It provides tips on attributing information correctly, structuring stories, and ensuring accuracy in spelling and facts.
This document summarizes an ethics class discussion on journalism issues. It discusses coverage of political campaigns and ethical considerations around privacy, taste and offense. The class reviewed chapters on making decisions around privacy and taste in news coverage. They discussed the "right to be forgotten" and challenges balancing truth, privacy and minimizing harm. Assignments included reading chapters on sources and preparing for a guest speaker on investigative reporting.
This document provides a history of journalism from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses legendary journalists like Mark Twain and Nellie Bly and how the field has evolved with new technologies from the penny press to radio, television, and the internet. The document also examines the rise of objectivity in journalism as yellow journalism declined and discusses different types of modern news consumers and their preferences.
This document discusses the history and current state of television news. It covers 6 trends in the news industry, including cutbacks affecting coverage and digital advertising outpacing news revenue. It also provides a brief history of electronic news from early radio to the development of cable news networks. Additional sections discuss understanding the news industry, including the roles of anchors and correspondents, as well as controversies over perceived biases in news reporting and the influence of entertainment values.
The document provides a history of television from its early development to modern times. It discusses the key inventors and early technology in the 1920s-1940s. Standards were developed in the 1940s which allowed the industry to grow rapidly after WWII. Network television emerged in the late 1940s and 1950s, bringing family entertainment into homes. Cable television began in the 1950s and grew substantially between 1970-1990, challenging network dominance. More recently, television has adapted to new technologies like digital, internet streaming, and video recording devices.
This document outlines key concepts in media ethics, including:
- A brief history of media ethics from the penny press era to modern digital media and issues like WikiLeaks
- Basic ethical orientations like absolutism, utilitarianism, and situation ethics
- Conflicting loyalties journalists may face between duty to profession, employer, society
- Conflicts of interest such as relationships, finances, and corporate censorship
- Methods of accountability like ombudsmen, news councils, and professional organizations
This chapter discusses the history and current state of media law regarding freedom of expression. It covers the development of free speech philosophy from John Milton in 1644 to protections established in the US Constitution. Early laws like the Sedition Acts restricted criticism of government. The Zenger trial established truth as a defense against sedition charges. Current issues around intellectual property, privacy, libel and newsgathering are analyzed, as well as controversies around censorship and conflicting rights like free press versus right to a fair trial.
This document provides an overview of public relations as a profession and industry. It discusses the history of public relations, from ancient Greece to modern times. It outlines some of the major events and figures that shaped the development of public relations, such as Ivy Ledbetter Lee being considered the father of modern public relations. The document also describes the current public relations industry, including the top agencies, common PR activities like research and communication, and tools used like press releases. It concludes by discussing some controversies around the ethics of PR tactics such as spinning information and using gifts or junkets with reporters.
This document provides a history of the internet and computers. It discusses the early development of computers in the 1940s-50s for military use. It then covers the creation of ARPANET in the 1960s-70s and its transition to public use. It also discusses the development of personal computers in the 1970s, the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989, and the growth of commercial internet services and browsers in the 1990s. Finally, it covers key components and industries of today's internet such as internet service providers, search engines, social media, and economics.
This chapter summarizes the history of radio, beginning with early developments in the late 19th century through its growth in popularity in the 20th century. It discusses key inventors and innovations like AM/FM technology. It describes the rise of radio networks and the golden age of radio in the 1930s-40s. The chapter also discusses how radio adapted to competition from television through the transistor radio and format-based programming. It concludes with current trends like concentration of ownership and the transition to digital radio.
This document provides a history of the recording industry from its origins in the late 19th century to modern digital formats and online distribution. It describes key developments like the invention of the phonograph, the rise of radio and popular music genres. It also summarizes the major labels that dominate the industry, the roles of independents, and issues around royalties, promotion, and distribution. Finally, it outlines some of the controversies around censorship and the cultural effects of music.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the movie industry. It discusses early movie technologies from the late 19th century and the establishment of the first movie studios in Hollywood in the early 20th century. It then summarizes the golden age of Hollywood in the 1930s-40s and how the industry adapted to new technologies and media over time, including television, VCRs, DVDs, and online distribution methods. Finally, it outlines some of the key components and roles within the modern movie production and distribution process and some common controversies involving movie content.
The document provides a history of magazines from their origins in the 17th century to modern developments. It outlines key events like the first American magazines failing due to being seen as luxuries. Later, magazines specialized in topics like women's interests and achieved mass audiences. Changes in technology and competition from radio and TV impacted magazines. Today, magazines adapt to new media and expand globally while various types serve different audiences and purposes. Controversies sometimes involve unrealistic beauty standards promoted and credibility issues.
This document provides a brief history of newspapers from their origins in China over 1,200 years ago and their development in Europe following Gutenberg's printing press. It discusses the establishment of newspapers in early America and their role in publishing revolutionary ideas and the Civil Rights movement. The document also outlines the modern newspaper publishing industry, including major papers, alternative ethnic papers, and supporting wire services. It concludes by examining controversies in newspaper ownership concentration and lack of diversity in newsrooms.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of the book publishing industry. It covers the origins of books from papyrus to the printing press revolution. The modern industry is dominated by a handful of large conglomerates and faces challenges from new technologies like e-books and audiobooks. Key questions include who will produce content, how it will be distributed, and the overall business models for publishers. The chapter also examines controversies in book publishing like censorship and a focus on blockbuster titles.
This chapter discusses the history of media research, current theories and research, and controversies in understanding media effects. It outlines the evolution of media research from early fears and propaganda studies to modern analyses of television effects and new media usage. Current theories examine powerful and minimal effects models as well as flow theories. Research perspectives include diffusion of innovations and cultural studies approaches. Understanding media impact is challenging due to limitations of research and distinguishing correlation from causation.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in media literacy. It discusses what media literacy is, different types of media like print, broadcast and digital, and models of communication including traditional mass communication models and converged media models. It also outlines several career paths related to media like journalism. Finally, it covers the media industries, how they have changed over time due technological innovations, and current issues around media ownership, government regulation, and legal/ethical controversies.
This document provides an overview of the history, industry, and controversies of advertising. It discusses how advertising evolved from early printed handbills to target marketing across diverse media like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. It describes how the advertising industry developed advertising agencies and specialized in audience research and positioning. The document also examines controversies around truth in advertising, advertising to children, and advertiser influence on media content.
The document provides tips for writing a meeting story, including doing research beforehand by getting the agenda and minutes from the previous meeting. It advises identifying the single most important thing that happened and making sure the nut graf in the first few paragraphs explains the who, what, when and where. The tips also suggest dressing appropriately for the meeting, getting a good seat, asking follow-up questions afterwards, and editing out less important details while focusing on the key issues discussed and their importance.
Journalism has evolved dramatically over centuries from handwritten clay tablets and newsletters to modern digital media like websites, social media, and blogs. New technologies have changed how news is gathered, produced, and distributed, transforming journalists' roles from gatekeepers of information to navigators who help guide readers. As media have converged online, journalists must adapt storytelling techniques and develop new skills to engage audiences with multimedia content on various digital platforms.
The document provides tips for writing scripts for broadcast media. It recommends writing as you would speak to make the writing sound natural and like a real person. Some key tips include using simple sentences with one idea each, putting attributions before quotes, avoiding passive voice and hypothetical questions, and spelling out foreign words to avoid stumbling during reading. The overall goal is to communicate with listeners in a conversational style.
This document outlines 10 rules of audio production according to Regina McCombs of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies. The rules include: using audio to tell powerful stories; asking open-ended questions in interviews; gathering environmental sounds; planning interviews thoroughly; understanding audio equipment; knowing that audio cannot be edited after recording; listening skills; monitoring audio quality; crafting compelling stories from audio clips; and keeping productions concise. The document provides brief explanations and tips for each rule.
Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
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Chapter 5
1. lcome to the world of
urnalism, where
porters have been
gging dirt, raking muck,
king headlines and
adlines for centuries
w. It’s a history full of
bloid trash, of slimy
nsationalists, of
runkards, deadbeats and
mmers” (as a Harvard
iversity president once
scribed reporters).
But it’s a history full of
roes, too: men and
men risking their lives
tell stories of war and
agedy, risking
prisonment to defend
ee speech. And as you
n see here, reports have
come beloved characters
p culture, too, turning up
movies, comics and TV
ows as if guided by an
cult hand.
Every culture seeks
effective ways to spread
new information and gossip.
In ancient times, news was
written on clay tablets. In
Caesar’s age, Romans read
newsletters compiled by
correspondents and
handwritten by slaves.
Wandering minstrels spread
news (and the plague) in the
Middle Ages. Them came
ink on paper. Voices on
airwaves. Newsreels, Web
sites, And 24-hour cable
news networks.
Thus when scholars
analyze the rich history of
journalism, some view it in
terms of technological
progress—for example, the
dramatic impact of
bigger, faster printing
presses.
Others see journalism as
a specialized form literary
expression, one that’s
constantly
evolving, reflecting and
shaping its culture.
Others see it as an
inspiring quest for free
speech, an endless power
struggle between Authority
(trying to control
information) and the People
(trying to learn the truth).
Which brings to mind the
words of A.J. Liefling:
“Freedom of the press is
guaranteed only to htose
who own one.”
In the pages ahead, we’ll
take a quick tour of 600
years of journalism
history, from hieroglyphics
to hypertext: the media, the
message and the politics.
Technical advances and
brilliant ideas forged a new
style of journalism. It was a
century of change, and
newspapers changed
dramatically. The typi
newspaper of 1800 wa
undisciplined mishma
legislative proceeding
long-winded essays a
secondhand gossip. B
1900, a new breed of
tor had emerged. Jour
had become big busin
Reporting was becom
disciplined craft. And
newspapers were bec
more entertaining and
essential than ever, w
most of the features w
expect today: Snappy
headlines, Ads, Comic
Sports pages. And an
“inverted pyramid” sty
writing that made stori
tighter and newsier.
Radio and television
brought an end to
newspapers’ media
monopoly. Why? Well
yourself: Which did yo
Covering the news
Inside Reporting
Tim Harrower
5
2. Covering a beat
2
New beat
Do research.
Talk to your predecessor.
Achieve a mind-
meld with editors.
Meet people.
Beat reporters focus on specific topics or
institutions
Make lists:
Key sources.
Upcoming meetings
and events.
Story ideas.
3. Covering a beat
3
Familiarize yourself.
Follow the money.
Call sources back.
Write for your
readers, not for your sources.
Working a beat: Do’s and don’ts
DO
•Get too cozy.
• Waste sources’ time.
• Simply mimic.
DON’T
4. Writing Obituaries
4
Death is news
Obituaries are read more
closely by more people than
any other part of the paper.
• They tell stories.
• They touch hearts.
• They honor and
inspire.
6. Writing Obituaries
6
Obituary checklist
• Use full names.
• Find a phrase that best
summarizes this person.
• State age simply unless
asked to omit.
•Avoid details in mentioning
cause of death.
•Include birth date and
birthplace.
7. Writing Obituaries
7
Obituary checklist
•List education, military
service, honors and career
achievements.
• Name survivors in
immediate family.
• Include name and phone
number for funeral home.
8. Writing Obituaries
8
Writing standard news obituary
Emphasize person’s
significance in lead.
Lead should include:
1. Name.
2. Major
accomplishment
or occupation.
3. Day, location and
cause of death.
If natural cause of death,
focus on personal history.
If unusual cause of
death, details should
precede the
background info.
More prominent get more
quotes.
10. Writing Obituaries
10
Talking with families about
the deceased
• Don’t be squeamish.
• If you’re not sure what to
say, use a script.
• Be supportive.
• Be willing to listen.
• If it will be a long
obituary, gather
as much detail as possible.
• Avoid the
awkwardly obvious.
12. How do editors decide what is
and is not a news story?
• Severity: death, damage or injury
• Impact: how many people are affected
• Proximity: The more local it is, the more
impact on your readers.
13. How to prepare
•Anticipate worst-case scenarios
• Check your history
• Obtain information on local agencies’ emergency planning
• Keep a phone list handy
• Devise a newsroom battle plan
• Prepare a field kit
14. What to do when you arrive
on the scene?
•Go to where the action is
• Question authorities first
• Talk to victims and eyewitnesses
• Record details that capture the scene
• Check in often with your editors, and collaborate
16. Covering fires
16
Reporting and writing fire stories
• Identify yourself.
• Find the command post.
• Introduce yourself to
command.
•Get as close as you can.
• Wear boots.
17. Coveringfires
17
Reporting and writing fire stories
Firefighters only see
part of the story.
Watch your language.
Be specific
Destroyed
Conflagration
Holocaust
Guts
Razed
18. Covering fires
18
Fire story checklist
Victim names.
Extent of injuries/cause
of death.
Type of building.
Location.
Time.
How the fire was discovered.
Cause of fire.
Number of fire fighters.
Estimated cost of damage.
19. Covering fires
19
Fire story checklist…
Extent of insurance
coverage.
Acts of heroism.
Weather.
Effect of fire on
evacuees.
Plans to relocate victims
or rebuild structures.
Arrests or citations.
Anecdotes and
descriptions.
Any other unusual
aspects.
20. Covering fires
20
Organizing stories on fire
1. Death or injury usually the lead.
2. Focus on the most
3.compelling aspect.
4. Cover the aftermath.
May offer opportunity to use narrative
storytelling.
21. Covering Crime
21
Crime writing style and structure
• Add color, not clutter.
• Avoid sloppy allegations.
• Explore chronological story
forms.
Kicker
Inverted-pyramid lead
Chronology
22. Covering Crime
22
Covering the crime beat
• Get to know everyone.
• Find what information is
available.
• Get familiar with police
procedures.
• Use a scanner.
23. Covering Crime
23
Covering the crime beat
• Be prepared for
anything.
• Think trends.
• Convey the human
drama.
•Remember
teachers, coaches, ministers
and public officials are big
news.
24. Covering Crime
24
What you should withhold
• Names of minors.
• Names of victims of
sensitive crimes.
• Names of endangered
victims.
• Labeling people as
suspects.
• Stereotypes.
25. Covering Crime
25
Homicide or assault story checklist
• Victim’s name.
• Extent of injuries/cause of
death.
• Location.
• Time.
• Circumstances.
• Description of suspect.
• Name and identification of
anyone arrested.
• Comments.
• Unusual factors.
26. Covering Crime
26
Theft story checklist
• Type, value of items taken.
• Victim
• Location.
• Time.
• Circumstances.
• Description of suspect.
• Name and identification
of anyone arrested.
• Comments.
• Unusual factors.
28. Covering Courts
28
Covering the court beat
• Do your homework.
• Learn to navigate court
records.
• Monitor future cases.
• Study background of every
case.
• Be there for key moments.
29. Covering Courts
29
Covering the court beat
• Don’t trust everything
attorneys tell you.
• Stay neutral.
• Double-check all your facts.
• Be balanced and careful.
• Be a storyteller.
30. Covering Courts
30
Criminal and civil court procedures
Misdemeanors – minor
offenses
Felonies – serious crimes
Civil suits – resolve
disputes, recover right or
obtain compensation
34. Covering Courts
34
Court story checklist
Court name.
Judge’s name.
Specific charges.
Translation of jargon.
Brief recap.
Description and details.
Quotes and dialogue.
What happens next.
35. Covering Courts
35
Verdict story checklist
Sentence.
Details about jury deliberations.
Reactions from central characters.
What it means.
36. Covering Courts
36
Covering campaigns and elections
• Prioritize.
• Get to know the candidates.
• Do your homework.
• Use reliable experts.
• Brainstorm story ideas.
• Spread onto the Web.
38. Covering Politics
38
1 Politicians lie.
2 Politicians will schmooze you so they
can use you.
Unfortunate truths about
covering politics4
3 Everybody believes your
stories are biased.
39. Covering Politics
39
4 People don’t want to read about government process.
Unfortunate truths…4
You must peel away
layer after layer to get
to the truth.
41. Covering Sports
41
Game story checklist
• Final score
• Teams’ names
• When and where
• Key players and key plays
• Quotes
• Strategies
• Key statistics
• Injuries
• Both teams’ records
• What the game means
• Other relevant factors
42. Covering Sports
42
Advance sporting event checklist
Significance of game
History
Key players
Records and recent
performances
Quotes
Strategies
Injuries
Other factors
Who’s favored
Time, place and ticket
information
43. Covering Sports
43
Compiling, crunching sport stats
• Conduct solid research.
• Take careful notes.
• Use stats selectively.
• Add charts, graphs or sidebars, if
needed.
44. Covering Sports
44
Sports style
• Team name usually plural.
• High school athletes are
girls and boys.
• Abbreviate league names.
• Avoid native American team
names.
• Use figures for measurements.
• Use numerals for scores and
time.
45. Covering Sports
45
Tips for the sports beat
Covering events
• Know the sport.
• Cultivate your sources.
• Ask tough, pointed
questions.
Writing stories
• Think plot, not play-by-
play.
• Avoid jargon and clichés.
• Remember, it’s a game.
46. lcome to the world of
urnalism, where
porters have been
gging dirt, raking
muck, king headlines
and adlines for centuries
w. It’s a history full of
bloid trash, of slimy
nsationalists, of
runkards, deadbeats and
mmers” (as a Harvard
iversity president once
scribed reporters).
But it’s a history full of
roes, too: men and
men risking their lives
tell stories of war and
agedy, risking
prisonment to defend
ee speech. And as you
n see here, reports have
come beloved characters
p culture, too, turning up
movies, comics and TV
ows as if guided by an
cult hand.
Every culture seeks
effective ways to spread
new information and gossip.
In ancient times, news was
written on clay tablets. In
Caesar’s age, Romans read
newsletters compiled by
correspondents and
handwritten by slaves.
Wandering minstrels spread
news (and the plague) in the
Middle Ages. Them came
ink on paper. Voices on
airwaves. Newsreels, Web
sites, And 24-hour cable
news networks.
Thus when scholars
analyze the rich history of
journalism, some view it in
terms of technological
progress—for example, the
dramatic impact of
bigger, faster printing
presses.
Others see journalism as
a specialized form literary
expression, one that’s
constantly
evolving, reflecting and
shaping its culture.
Others see it as an
inspiring quest for free
speech, an endless power
struggle between Authority
(trying to control
information) and the People
(trying to learn the truth).
Which brings to mind the
words of A.J. Liefling:
“Freedom of the press is
guaranteed only to htose
who own one.”
In the pages ahead, we’ll
take a quick tour of 600
years of journalism
history, from hieroglyphics
to hypertext: the media, the
message and the politics.
Technical advances and
brilliant ideas forged a new
style of journalism. It was a
century of change, and
newspapers changed
dramatically. The typi
newspaper of 1800 wa
undisciplined mishma
legislative proceeding
long-winded essays a
secondhand gossip. B
1900, a new breed of
tor had emerged. Jour
had become big busin
Reporting was becom
disciplined craft. And
newspapers were bec
more entertaining and
essential than ever, w
most of the features w
expect today: Snappy
headlines, Ads, Comic
Sports pages. And an
“inverted pyramid” sty
writing that made stori
tighter and newsier.
Radio and television
brought an end to
newspapers’ media
monopoly. Why? Well
yourself: Which did yo
Covering the news
Inside Reporting
Tim Harrower
5