2. The phonograph – cylinder recorder/player
developed by Thomas Edison.
2
3. Gramophone – Emil Berliner’s disk-based
mechanical recorder
3
4. Modern record cutting lathes use
electromagnetic heads to convert audio
current into physical vibrations
The vibrating stylus is heated to easily cut
a groove in the vinyl disk
4
7. Modern phonographs use electromagnetic
transducers called cartridges
Cartridges convert physical energy which is stored
in the grooves of the recording into electrical
energy
The stylus follows the undulating groove
Movements of the stylus, vibrate a small
magnet/coil mechanism
7
9. Magnetic recording heads are transducers that
convert electrical energy into magnetic
Recording heads are electromagnets
Audio current creates an alternating magnetic
field
The magnetic field is focused at the “gap” in the
record head
9
11. Playback heads are constructed in a nearly identical
manner
During playback, a current is induced to flow in the coil
of the head by the magnetic charges of the tape
surface
11
12. 12
Analog tape recording
• The paths on the tape where audio is
recorded are called “tracks”
• The inputs on the recorder are called
“channels”
13. 13
Analog tape recording
• Tape width and track spacing affect cross talk
between tracks
• Tape speed affects fidelity
– Higher tape speeds produce greater signal-to-
noise ratios
– Higher tape speeds produce wider frequency
responses
20. Optical storage
Electrical energy is converted into light energy by a
LASER
The LASER burns microscopic pits into the surface of
a glass disk
Binary data (on/off) triggers the LASER
20
22. Optical storage
Compact disks are read by a LASER
Light is refracted into a photoreceptor by
“bumps” on the surface of the disk
Each pulse of light is equal to an “on” state
22
24. 24
Digital tape recording
• Digital audio tape stores binary data (on/off)
represented by short bursts of electrical
current
• Stationary head systems (DASH) use reel-to-
reel tape transports
26. Digital Recording
Digital audio began in the telephone industry,
where it was used to digitize telephone
conversations and, in effect, compress them
so that more conversations could be handled
on existing lines.
27. Digital Recording
In 1971, Heitaro Nakajima joined
Sony.
Nakajima thought that by using
digital technology, which had only
been used in computers and long-
distance telephone transmission,
the quality of recorded sound
could be improved.
28. Digital Tape
1976 - The first 16-bit digital recording in the US was
made at the Santa Fe Opera on a handmade
Soundstream digital tape recorder developed by Dr.
Thomas G. Stockham.
1987--Digital Audio Tape (DAT) recorders and
players were introduced.
29. Other Digital Devices
1997 - MP3.com was
founded in November by
Michael Robertson with
3,000 songs available for
free download. In the
next 12 months, it
became the #1 music
site on the Internet with
3 million hits monthly.
30. Digital Recording Studio
1998 - Jonell
Polansky
produced the
first 24-bit 48-
track digital
recording
session at
Ocean Way
on Nashville's
Music Row
31. Portable Digital Recorders
E.G., the Boss BR-8 is
an eight track digital
recorder. It was one of
the first to offer a built in
zip disk drive for easy
storage and transfer
with computers.
32. Really Portable
Recorders were once
the size of an entire
room. Now they fit in
your hand.
The recording quality
was once very poor.
Now they are nearly the
same quality as
professional studios.
33. Optical Recording and Communications 48
Advantages of Digital CommAdvantages of Digital Comm
Freedom from noiseFreedom from noise
Digital representation avoids information lossDigital representation avoids information loss
Error correction ensures clean transfer ofError correction ensures clean transfer of
informationinformation
High information densityHigh information density
Optical density greatly exceeds electronic densityOptical density greatly exceeds electronic density
Data compression is possibleData compression is possible
Editor's Notes
Demonstration: Show Internal Components of CD Reader
Demonstration: Send Sound Via Incandescent Light from a Flashlight
Demonstration: Send Sound Via Light from a Pointer Laser
Demonstration: Total Internal Reflection Demonstration
Demonstration: Submerge Watch in Water and Tilt Until You See Only a Reflection
Demonstration: Send Light in Falling Stream of Water
Demonstration: Send Sound Via Light in Optical Fiber