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Ppt_History_of_Broadcast_Media.ppt
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- 2. 2 History: Inventors • Earlyinventors and inventions paved the way for the electronic mass media • James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic radiation
- 3. 3 History: Inventors WIRELESS BREAKTHROUGH: GuglielmoMarconi - used the results discoveries by Morse, Hertz and Bell to expand his idea that messages should be able to travel across space without a wire. - he could ring a bell across the room or downstairs without using a wire and able to broadcast over a distance of nine miles.
- 4. 4 History: Inventors - ship-to-ship,ship-to-shore communication - dots and dashes (Morse code) aka telegraphy - two experimenters, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden and Lee de Forest, advanced Marconi’s discovery to create today’s radio - Eventually he developed a powerful wireless business history.
- 5. 5 History: Inventors EXPERIMENTAL BROADCASTS: ReginaldAubrey Fessenden - began wireless experiments in United States in 1900 when he set up his National Electric Signaling Company to attempt sending voices by radio waves. - his 1906 experiment is considered the world’s first voice and music broadcast. - Violin music – Bible reading – New Year’s wish – signed off
- 6. 6 History: Inventors DETECTING RADIOWAVES: Lee de Forest - he called himself ‘the father of radio’ because in 1907 he perfected a glass bulb called ‘Audion’ that could detect waves (plus weak waves) - Before ‘Audion’, crystal set is used to transmit signals – can detect only strong radio waves - ‘Audion’ became the foundation of modern radio broadcasting.
- 7. 7 History of BroadcastMedia Early History (1840’s – 1900’s) 1844 – First transmission by Morse 1861 – transcontinental high speed electric comm system coded msg 1858 – 1st transatlantic cable 1870 – undersea cables linked western world 1876 – replacement of Morse code, voice transmission by wire
- 8. 8 History of BroadcastMedia 1864 – Marconi’s experiment succeed – wireless voice transmission 1896 – Marconi formed company to manufacture and sell his device 1901 – Marconi transmitted wireless signals across the Atlantic - Fessenden & Lee De Forest – set stage for radio broadcasting - Lee De Forest – Father of Radio, created Audion tube
- 9. 9 History of BroadcastMedia 1912 – Sarnoff demonstrated the importance of radio 1912 – Titanic disaster 1913 – Marconi dominated radio in Europe & US WWI – radio become the medium for shipping, business, military comm 1920 – Westinghouse began broadcasting from Pittsburgh
- 10. 10 History of BroadcastMedia 1922 - beginning of 1922, there were 28 stations actively broadcasting At the end of 1922, there were 570 stations Signals interference became a major headache Radio was commercialized Until 1940 – AM frequencies
- 11. 11 Radio Goes toWar • During the First World War, the Navy took control of all radio operations in the U.S. • The Navy assumed all responsibility for patent infringement and installed radio equipment in all of its ships. • By the end of the war, technology had advanced rapidly as a result of the Navy’s actions.
- 12. 12 The Birth ofRCA • Radio Corporation of America was formed after the war – Took controlling interest of the American Marconi company – Parent company was the General Electric Company – Was in the business of point-to-point communication- this was before broadcasting became popular
- 13. 13 The Birth ofRCA • RCA entered into a cross-licensing scheme to solve the patent problems • The RCA agreement allowed GE, AT&T and Westinghouse to take advantage of each others’ discoveries – GE and Westinghouse would manufacture radio equipment, RCA would sell it and AT&T would build transmitters
- 14. 14 Broadcasting’s Beginnings • Radioburst on the scene in the 1920s because: – Thousands of hobbyists were trained in radio during the war – Technological improvements made during the war gave radio better reception – Business interests began to realize that broadcasting might make money
- 15. 15 Broadcasting Gets SomeRules • The Radio Act of 1927 made some key assumptions – The radio spectrum was a national resource. Individuals could not own frequencies – Licensees would have to operate in the public interest
- 16. 16 Radio Act Radio Act1912 – licensing for transmitters Radio Act 1927 – Federal Radio Commission formed and define: - Broadcast band - Standardized frequency designations - Limit the number of stations operating at night
- 17. 17 Radio Act 1926 –Radio Corp of America (RCA) setup radio network named National Broadcasting Corp (NBC) to share programming costs. Change to American Broadcasting Corp (ABC) 1928 – Competition from Columbia Broadcasting Systems (CBS)
- 18. 18 Radio Act By 1927 •The Radio Act 1927: - Reduced radio frequency overlap and interference - Assigned licenses for frequencies • Ads more dominant • WWII – info for war • Towards the end, entertainment dominates radio – radio drama
- 19. 19 Radio After WWII 1933 –Invention of FM radio 1940 – FM stations expand 1948 – more than 600 FM stations licensed TV viewing becomes a phenomenal
- 20. 20 Radio 1960 - Economic growthfor radio - Phenomenal growth for FM radio - Advertising revenue increased slowly - Network radio stabilized Mid 1960’s – more than 50% FM stations operated 1965 – AM & FM combinations in cities cannot duplicate more than 50% of other station’s programming
- 21. 21 Radio The role ofradio changed with the advent of TV 1940’s – 1960’s - Intro of radio formats - Intro of reliable clock and car radios
- 22. 22 Radio • SCOPE OFRADIO TODAY Organization and industrial structures - From national to local - From wide range to limited program Content - Issue oriented Functions - in-house to mobility Style - Content and programming - Varieties for listeners
- 23. 23 Television Audio + visual Marconi– eliminated sound dependence on wires and put sound on airwaves De Forest – contributed ‘Audion’ which amplified better audio quality 1927 – 2 inch screen by wire experimented 1928 – first dramatic production produced – The Queen’s Messenger
- 24. 24 Television Zworykin – developedan all electronic system to transform visual image to an electronic signal Zworykin – developed ‘iconoscope’, the eye of electronic TV camera 1930 – Zworykin patented electronic scanner Farnsworth – developed cathode ray tube to reproduced better electronic image Zworykin & Farnsworth – method of scanning for basis of modern TV
- 25. 25 Television 1930’s – experimentalTV stations went on air 1940’s – TV began to conquest 1945 – Federal Communications Commission (FCC) resumed TV licensing. 10 stations were on air 1947 – CBS initiated news plus pictures
- 26. 26 Television War – interruptedthe development of commercial TV system After WWII : - Growth of TV viewing - Shifting from radio - television 1948 - Network programming - More stations - Freeze on new TV stations application - TV programming developed - Dominant news and entertainment medium
- 27. 27 Television • Early developersof network TV came from radio and theater practitioner • Programs originally featured from radio programming – variety show • Early TV programming – comedy dominated TV programming (1940’s - 1954)
- 28. 28 Television 1954 – ColorTV sets introduced 1960’s – TV developed as a force in American society – political aspect Programs especially sitcom and drama – begin to hit critical point of social issues Main events in 60’s TV: - Vietnam war - Assassination & funeral of Kennedy - Civil rights movement - Apollo 11 – moon landing
- 29. 29 Television • Period ofgrowth - Networks – more popular in early 1970’s - Sitcom – shift to adult themes - 1975 – prime time drama - 1980 – soap opera - Viewing level – increased - Criticism – TV impact & role on society
- 30. 30 Television • Changes forTV 1975 – 1999 : great changes in TV industry Competition: - cable TV become player - Satellite replace wires - VCR as alternative Mergers: - Companies merged reshaped broadcasting landscape
- 31. 31 Television Public TV: - Introducedin 1967 - Owned by universities, school boards, state govt, community organization - Issues: Educational? General appeal? Minority interests?
- 32. 32 Television Programming: - Shift ofprogramming trends – prime time continuing episodes, sitcom - CNN began in 1980 & prompted other networks to expand their services - 1990 – newsmagazine program
- 33. 33 Television Technology 1970’s – Prodequipment become smaller & handy 1970’s – 1980’s – TVRO in rural areas 1980’s – development of Satellite News Gathering (SNG) 1990’s – Direct Satellite Broadcast (DBS) to send programming 1990’s – Internet and www Satellite TV, Cable TV & Videocassette players (1960’s – 1970’s)
- 34. 34 Radio’s Period ofAdjustment • TV has an impact on radio – It completely changed radio network broadcasting – Radio stations began to turn to specialized audiences – TV brought the radio and record industry closer – Radio stations became more dependent on local revenue
- 35. 35 Television’s Growth Curve:1953- 1962
- 36. 36 Technological Advances • ElectronicNews Gathering (ENG) revolutionizes TV coverage • Satellite News Gathering extends the ability to broadcast from nearly anywhere in the world • Emergence of the Internet and World Wide Web • Emergence of satellite radio
- 37. 37 Broadcasting in the21st Century • Tough economic times have effected the electronic media • TV broadcasting went to an all digital system in 2009 • TV and radio can now be accessed on iPods and cell phones