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RADIO JOURNALISM
Chapter 29



By: Jessica Addario
Radio Journalism
 Radio Journalism has been closely tied to the changing technology
  of the medium and the changing political whim of the nation

 1922-1938 – these years were marked by strife between radio and
  newspapers

  1938-1946 – these years saw rapid expansion of radio journalism,
   largely driven by World War Two.
Radio Journalism
 1946-1960 – this was the transitional period for radio journalism
  due to the introduction of format radio and to the expansion of
  T.V.

 1960-1980 – radio journalism was influenced by greater utilization
  of the FM band, forcing radio news to redefine itself

 1980-present – these years witnessed a rebirth of radio journalism
Radio Journalism
 Earliest radio broadcast was November 2nd, 1920. KDKA in
  Pittsburgh broadcasted the results of the Harding-Cox presidential
  election.

 In 1925, WGN in Chicago broadcasted from the Scopes trial

 In 1927, transatlantic flight of aviator Charles “Lucky” Lindbergh
  captured audience attention
Radio Journalism
 In 1929-1930, regular scheduled news broadcasts on networks
  began

 Floyd Gibbons began “The Headline Hunter” for NBC in 1929

 “Lowell Thomas and the News” premiered in September 1930

 H.V. Kaltenborn began in 1930 with a broadcast on CBS that was
  on three times per week
Radio Journalism
 First two years of the 1930’s was the coverage of the Lindbergh
   kidnapping and trail of Bruno Hauptman, which made news coverage,
   and the reputation of some news reporters such as Boake Carter for
   CBS, increasingly popular

 Newspaper publishers had recognized that radio was a force that could
   not be ignored. This was known as the “Press-Radio War”, and at stake
   was the power to control how news would be distributed.
The Press-Radio War and Biltmore Agreement
 In 1922, the Associated Press issued a notice to subscribers that AP
  news copy was not to be used for broadcasting purposes.

 This notice was ignored, since most newspapers owned early radio
  stations

 United Press and International News Service said they would
  continue to provide copy to all subscribers, especially during the
  1924 Presidential election

 17 years later, till 1939, Journalists were at war with their own
  ranks
December 1933 meeting at Biltmore Hotel, NY
Biltmore Agreement:

• Limited the radio networks to only five-minute newscasts per day

• Newscasts had to be in mornings, but only after 9:30 a.m., and
  evenings only after 9:00 p.m.

• Copy only from the established wire services and no breaking or
  up-to-the-minute news broadcast

• Radio news must not have any advertising support and listeners
  were to be encouraged to consult their newspapers for the latest
  news
Biltmore Agreement
Allowed networks access to some wire services restricted
     broadcast content to a format that would:

1.     Be long enough to give important news

2. Not interfere in prime newspaper selling periods

3. Not compete with newspapers for advertising dollars
Biltmore Meeting, December 11th & 12th 1933
 Foreshadowed “audience segmentation”- media would agree to
  split up the audience with newspapers concentrating on news and
  information and radio concentrating on entertainment

 Biltmore Agreement said nothing about commentary, so
  commentators could be sponsored
Biltmore Meeting
 The agreement was crumbled under the combined weight of
  pressure from independent radio stations and all the commentary
  on the network airwaves

 Press-Radio War ended in 1939, having to do with economic
  reasons as it did 17 years earlier

 Associated Press lifted it’s ban on radio transmission of wire copy
  in spring of 1939
Hindenburg Disaster of 1937
 The airship Hindenburg burst into flames as it landed

 Commentator Herb Morrison was using a portable recording
  device called a “disc-cutter” even though recordings were not
  allowed on air.

 The recording of the disaster was played and was the first
  recording that was broadcasted on NBC

 Herb Morrison
Radio Goes to War
 September 1938, after Hitler’s Nazi troops invaded the
   Sudetenland, CBS’s H.V. Kaltenborn began one of the landmark
   broadcasts

 18 straight days of Munich crisis, Kaltenborn took bulletins from the wire
   services and stories from reporters and turned them into a stream of
   more than 88 separate broadcast; some lasting two hours.

 The start of WW2, September 3rd, 1939, after hearing British Prime
   Minister Neville Chamberlain read the declaration of war against
   Germany, started “what must be described as one of the greatest and
   most turbulent periods of radio journalism in the history of the
   medium.” Declare War
Radio Goes to War
 President Roosevelt, in 1933, broadcasts 40 speeches with more
  than 30% of American listeners

 1939, a roper poll showed that more than a quarter of the
  population relied on radio for their news

 March of 1938, CBS broadcasted the first overseas news round up

 Edward R. Murrow, Eric Severied and Charles Collingwood of
  Paris, William Shirer of Berlin, were all household names during
  WW2 broadcast
Edward R. Murrow




 Charles Collingwood   William Shirer
Television Onslaught
 At the end of the war, America was home to over 900 radio
  stations and more than 31 million families who used radio

 Television was suppose to be the new rage, but radio had some
  new technological enhancements to keep it vital

 Last years of 1940’s into 50’s, T.V. siphoned off the talent that
  made radio the powerhouse communication medium during the
  last three decades

Journalists Walter Winchell, Edward R. Murrow, Fred Friendly and
 Douglas Edwards migrated from radio to T.V.
Television Onslaught
1950, Murrow wrote a new program for CBS radio called “Hear it
 Now” which lasted 18 months, then moved to CBS T.V. called “See
 it Now”

Technological advancements in radio:

       1. Smaller, lighter transmitters developed for war efforts
       allowed journalists to report live from many places

       2. Development of recording tape

       3. T.V. equipment was still very large and bulky and videotape was in
       its infancy during this period
Television Onslaught
Radio re-enacted news stories, using a shorter, immediate reporting of
 breaking news format with high fidelity “sound bites” that added the
 voices of actual newsmakers to the immediate coverage

More and more radio stations were going on air during the 1950’s, but a
 falling radio audience number; fell from an average of 13 in 1948 to a
 rating of one in 1956

AM band was getting crowded with signals so new technologies
 developed again, changing the public face of radio and American radio
 Journalism
“Find Me” Radio and Audience Segmentation
Early 1960’s, radio was put into automobiles calling it “drive times”
 when audiences turned to their radio for news and entertainment

1965, FCC ruled that FM stations in markets, with populations
 greater than 100,000, could duplicate no more than 50% of a
 companion AM stations programming

Newscasts were positioned earlier in the morning to target people
 in their cars and barns

1961, Gordon McClendon started the first all-news AM radio
 stations, XETRA
“Find Me” Radio and Audience Segmentation
1960-1980, radio changes:

       1. From AM to FM and FM stereo

       2. Network oriented programing

       3. Highly localized programing

       4. From being the major provider of broadcast news and
       information to being a player in a much more diverse area

 Through a 20 year period of enormous social upheaval, radio
  journalism managed to adapt to changes
Satellites and Deregulation: Radio Journalism
Radio Act of 1927 thrown out in 1984. The Communication Act was
 rewritten, allowing fewer content restrictions and loosening ownership
 restrictions
Many broadcasters, since the early 1980’s, have found satellite-delivered
 programming to be a cost effective way to bring both news and
 entertainment programming to their listeners and advertising revenue to
 their owners
Quasi-Journalist personalities Paul Harvey, Larry King, Howard Stern, Don
 Imus, Rush Limbaugh are radio commentators that have used radio in
 ways no others have ever used it; tabloid-style formats, all-talk
 formats, and all-news formats. (1960’s)
Satellite and Deregulation: Radio Journalism
1992, FCC loosened its rules and allowed a single owner to operate
 two AM and 2 FM stations in markets with at least 15 stations

Telecommunications Act of 1996, lifted the National cap on radio
 stations and ownership and further homogenizing the news and
 information available on radio

Present- news on radio is used in cars and for people in their
 workplace and is still the least cost-effective way to get important
 information out immediately.
Modern Day
 • Radio journalism is now called audio journalism because it encompasses
  more than just radio

 • 93% of people still listen to radio every day; a 6% increase in revenue

 • According to The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, people
  spend more time listening to news on the radio each day than they do
  reading newspapers or getting news online

• Chart

• Top Radio Listened to
Modern Day
 • 2010, people spent an average of 15 minutes listening to radio news, which
   went up one minute since 2008. Television is 32 minutes, newspapers 10,
   and the internet is 13
 • 22% of Americans said that AM/FM radio had a big impact on their lives,
   while 54% said cellphones, 44% said iPhones, 45% BlackBerries. 49% said
   broadband internet
• NPR is growing; 3% last year with 27 million weekly listeners
• Radio may be on the brink of rapid change as use of other technologies
 grow
• Cell phone usage will soon surpass radio.
• chart2

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Radio journalism

  • 2. Radio Journalism Radio Journalism has been closely tied to the changing technology of the medium and the changing political whim of the nation 1922-1938 – these years were marked by strife between radio and newspapers  1938-1946 – these years saw rapid expansion of radio journalism, largely driven by World War Two.
  • 3. Radio Journalism  1946-1960 – this was the transitional period for radio journalism due to the introduction of format radio and to the expansion of T.V.  1960-1980 – radio journalism was influenced by greater utilization of the FM band, forcing radio news to redefine itself  1980-present – these years witnessed a rebirth of radio journalism
  • 4. Radio Journalism  Earliest radio broadcast was November 2nd, 1920. KDKA in Pittsburgh broadcasted the results of the Harding-Cox presidential election.  In 1925, WGN in Chicago broadcasted from the Scopes trial  In 1927, transatlantic flight of aviator Charles “Lucky” Lindbergh captured audience attention
  • 5. Radio Journalism  In 1929-1930, regular scheduled news broadcasts on networks began  Floyd Gibbons began “The Headline Hunter” for NBC in 1929  “Lowell Thomas and the News” premiered in September 1930  H.V. Kaltenborn began in 1930 with a broadcast on CBS that was on three times per week
  • 6. Radio Journalism  First two years of the 1930’s was the coverage of the Lindbergh kidnapping and trail of Bruno Hauptman, which made news coverage, and the reputation of some news reporters such as Boake Carter for CBS, increasingly popular  Newspaper publishers had recognized that radio was a force that could not be ignored. This was known as the “Press-Radio War”, and at stake was the power to control how news would be distributed.
  • 7. The Press-Radio War and Biltmore Agreement  In 1922, the Associated Press issued a notice to subscribers that AP news copy was not to be used for broadcasting purposes.  This notice was ignored, since most newspapers owned early radio stations  United Press and International News Service said they would continue to provide copy to all subscribers, especially during the 1924 Presidential election  17 years later, till 1939, Journalists were at war with their own ranks
  • 8. December 1933 meeting at Biltmore Hotel, NY Biltmore Agreement: • Limited the radio networks to only five-minute newscasts per day • Newscasts had to be in mornings, but only after 9:30 a.m., and evenings only after 9:00 p.m. • Copy only from the established wire services and no breaking or up-to-the-minute news broadcast • Radio news must not have any advertising support and listeners were to be encouraged to consult their newspapers for the latest news
  • 9. Biltmore Agreement Allowed networks access to some wire services restricted broadcast content to a format that would: 1. Be long enough to give important news 2. Not interfere in prime newspaper selling periods 3. Not compete with newspapers for advertising dollars
  • 10. Biltmore Meeting, December 11th & 12th 1933  Foreshadowed “audience segmentation”- media would agree to split up the audience with newspapers concentrating on news and information and radio concentrating on entertainment  Biltmore Agreement said nothing about commentary, so commentators could be sponsored
  • 11. Biltmore Meeting  The agreement was crumbled under the combined weight of pressure from independent radio stations and all the commentary on the network airwaves  Press-Radio War ended in 1939, having to do with economic reasons as it did 17 years earlier  Associated Press lifted it’s ban on radio transmission of wire copy in spring of 1939
  • 12. Hindenburg Disaster of 1937  The airship Hindenburg burst into flames as it landed  Commentator Herb Morrison was using a portable recording device called a “disc-cutter” even though recordings were not allowed on air.  The recording of the disaster was played and was the first recording that was broadcasted on NBC  Herb Morrison
  • 13. Radio Goes to War  September 1938, after Hitler’s Nazi troops invaded the Sudetenland, CBS’s H.V. Kaltenborn began one of the landmark broadcasts  18 straight days of Munich crisis, Kaltenborn took bulletins from the wire services and stories from reporters and turned them into a stream of more than 88 separate broadcast; some lasting two hours.  The start of WW2, September 3rd, 1939, after hearing British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain read the declaration of war against Germany, started “what must be described as one of the greatest and most turbulent periods of radio journalism in the history of the medium.” Declare War
  • 14. Radio Goes to War  President Roosevelt, in 1933, broadcasts 40 speeches with more than 30% of American listeners  1939, a roper poll showed that more than a quarter of the population relied on radio for their news  March of 1938, CBS broadcasted the first overseas news round up  Edward R. Murrow, Eric Severied and Charles Collingwood of Paris, William Shirer of Berlin, were all household names during WW2 broadcast
  • 15. Edward R. Murrow Charles Collingwood William Shirer
  • 16. Television Onslaught  At the end of the war, America was home to over 900 radio stations and more than 31 million families who used radio  Television was suppose to be the new rage, but radio had some new technological enhancements to keep it vital  Last years of 1940’s into 50’s, T.V. siphoned off the talent that made radio the powerhouse communication medium during the last three decades Journalists Walter Winchell, Edward R. Murrow, Fred Friendly and Douglas Edwards migrated from radio to T.V.
  • 17. Television Onslaught 1950, Murrow wrote a new program for CBS radio called “Hear it Now” which lasted 18 months, then moved to CBS T.V. called “See it Now” Technological advancements in radio: 1. Smaller, lighter transmitters developed for war efforts allowed journalists to report live from many places 2. Development of recording tape 3. T.V. equipment was still very large and bulky and videotape was in its infancy during this period
  • 18. Television Onslaught Radio re-enacted news stories, using a shorter, immediate reporting of breaking news format with high fidelity “sound bites” that added the voices of actual newsmakers to the immediate coverage More and more radio stations were going on air during the 1950’s, but a falling radio audience number; fell from an average of 13 in 1948 to a rating of one in 1956 AM band was getting crowded with signals so new technologies developed again, changing the public face of radio and American radio Journalism
  • 19. “Find Me” Radio and Audience Segmentation Early 1960’s, radio was put into automobiles calling it “drive times” when audiences turned to their radio for news and entertainment 1965, FCC ruled that FM stations in markets, with populations greater than 100,000, could duplicate no more than 50% of a companion AM stations programming Newscasts were positioned earlier in the morning to target people in their cars and barns 1961, Gordon McClendon started the first all-news AM radio stations, XETRA
  • 20. “Find Me” Radio and Audience Segmentation 1960-1980, radio changes: 1. From AM to FM and FM stereo 2. Network oriented programing 3. Highly localized programing 4. From being the major provider of broadcast news and information to being a player in a much more diverse area  Through a 20 year period of enormous social upheaval, radio journalism managed to adapt to changes
  • 21. Satellites and Deregulation: Radio Journalism Radio Act of 1927 thrown out in 1984. The Communication Act was rewritten, allowing fewer content restrictions and loosening ownership restrictions Many broadcasters, since the early 1980’s, have found satellite-delivered programming to be a cost effective way to bring both news and entertainment programming to their listeners and advertising revenue to their owners Quasi-Journalist personalities Paul Harvey, Larry King, Howard Stern, Don Imus, Rush Limbaugh are radio commentators that have used radio in ways no others have ever used it; tabloid-style formats, all-talk formats, and all-news formats. (1960’s)
  • 22. Satellite and Deregulation: Radio Journalism 1992, FCC loosened its rules and allowed a single owner to operate two AM and 2 FM stations in markets with at least 15 stations Telecommunications Act of 1996, lifted the National cap on radio stations and ownership and further homogenizing the news and information available on radio Present- news on radio is used in cars and for people in their workplace and is still the least cost-effective way to get important information out immediately.
  • 23. Modern Day • Radio journalism is now called audio journalism because it encompasses more than just radio • 93% of people still listen to radio every day; a 6% increase in revenue • According to The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, people spend more time listening to news on the radio each day than they do reading newspapers or getting news online • Chart • Top Radio Listened to
  • 24. Modern Day • 2010, people spent an average of 15 minutes listening to radio news, which went up one minute since 2008. Television is 32 minutes, newspapers 10, and the internet is 13 • 22% of Americans said that AM/FM radio had a big impact on their lives, while 54% said cellphones, 44% said iPhones, 45% BlackBerries. 49% said broadband internet • NPR is growing; 3% last year with 27 million weekly listeners • Radio may be on the brink of rapid change as use of other technologies grow • Cell phone usage will soon surpass radio. • chart2