Mitochondria and lysosomes are intracellular organelles that play important roles in cellular functions. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, with cristae folds in the inner membrane containing oxidative enzymes involved in respiration and ATP synthesis. The respiratory chain includes enzymes like succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase that are involved in energy production. Mitochondria are also involved in apoptosis. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and function to digest foreign bodies, with lysosomal enzymes produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes aid in cellular waste removal and have bactericidal functions. Peroxisomes also contain oxidative enzymes and functions include detoxification and breaking down excess fatty acids.
Basics only
Ultrastructure, Chemical composition and Functions
• Lysosome was discovered by a Belgian biologist, Christian de Duve, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
• The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound specialized vesicles, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion.
• Lysosomes are formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes within them are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes have an acidic interior pH level of about 5 and carry a high content of digestive enzymes.
• All of the digestive enzymes found in the lysosome require an acidic environment to function properly and are called acid hydrolases.
• Lysosomes cannot digest themselves - Most of the proteins present in its membrane contain high amounts of carbohydrate-sugar groups. Because of the present of these groups, digestive enzymes are unable to digest the proteins present on the membrane.
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Some inherited metabolic disorders can cause defects in the proper functioning of lysosomes. These disorders are called lysosomal storage diseases, or LSDs. There are around 40 different LSDs.
Basics only
Ultrastructure, Chemical composition and Functions
• Lysosome was discovered by a Belgian biologist, Christian de Duve, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
• The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound specialized vesicles, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion.
• Lysosomes are formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes within them are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes have an acidic interior pH level of about 5 and carry a high content of digestive enzymes.
• All of the digestive enzymes found in the lysosome require an acidic environment to function properly and are called acid hydrolases.
• Lysosomes cannot digest themselves - Most of the proteins present in its membrane contain high amounts of carbohydrate-sugar groups. Because of the present of these groups, digestive enzymes are unable to digest the proteins present on the membrane.
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Some inherited metabolic disorders can cause defects in the proper functioning of lysosomes. These disorders are called lysosomal storage diseases, or LSDs. There are around 40 different LSDs.
- Definition of lysosome
- Structure of lysosome
- Discovery of lysosome
- Synthesis of primary and secondary lysosome
- Functions of lysosome
- 4 intracellular processes by lysosome – phagocytosis, exocytosis, endocytosis and autolysis
Basics only
A variety of small cellular components bounded by single membrane found in Plant and
animal cell. Microbodies are of two types; Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
Lysosome & Mitochondria- Eukaryotic organlessAMIT GAUR
This slide covers the two eukaryotic oranless of the cell.
It is a general introduction about Lysosome and Mitochondria.
It can help the reader to provide a basic knowledge but is sufficient for the readers.
- Definition of lysosome
- Structure of lysosome
- Discovery of lysosome
- Synthesis of primary and secondary lysosome
- Functions of lysosome
- 4 intracellular processes by lysosome – phagocytosis, exocytosis, endocytosis and autolysis
Basics only
A variety of small cellular components bounded by single membrane found in Plant and
animal cell. Microbodies are of two types; Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
Lysosome & Mitochondria- Eukaryotic organlessAMIT GAUR
This slide covers the two eukaryotic oranless of the cell.
It is a general introduction about Lysosome and Mitochondria.
It can help the reader to provide a basic knowledge but is sufficient for the readers.
Cell physiology is the biological study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive. The term physiology refers to normal functions in a living organism.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
