Mitochondria and lysosomes are intracellular organelles that play important roles in cellular functions. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, with cristae folds in the inner membrane containing oxidative enzymes involved in respiration and ATP synthesis. The respiratory chain includes enzymes like succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase that are involved in energy production. Mitochondria are also involved in apoptosis. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and function to digest foreign bodies, with lysosomal enzymes produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes aid in cellular waste removal and have bactericidal functions. Peroxisomes also contain oxidative enzymes and functions include detoxification and breaking down excess fatty acids.

1. MITOCHONDRIA AND LYSOSOMES HUSAN BANO Assistant Professor Deptt. Physiology. SMC

2. Mitochondrial Structure (cont.)

3. MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE Outer layer Inner layer Contents of outer layer: Smooth layer containing various enzymes. Acetyl COA Glycerol-phosphate-acetyltransferase

4. Contents of inner layer Have in-foldings called “cristae”. Cristae contains “oxidative enzymes” and “protein molecules” involved in respiration and ATP synthesis, so called “Respiratory chain” or “electron transport system”

5. RESPIRATORY CHAIN INCLUDES: Succinic dehydrogenase Dihydro-nicotinamide-adenin dinucleotide (NADH). Cytochrome oxidase Cytochrome-C ATP synthetase

6. MITCHONDRIAL MATRIX Dissolved enzymes DNA RNA

7. FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA Energy Production Nutrients CO2 + H2O + Energy Synthesis of ATP Used in: a. Protein synthesis b. Muscle contraction c. Ionic transport

8. Cont…. APOPTOSIS : Means “Programmed cell death ” Under genetic control. Normal phenomena Presences of cytochrome-C

9. If a cell did not have mitochondria, it would be unable to: 1. move 2. produce energy 3. synthetize protein 4. synthesize enzyemes

10. LYSOSOMES STRUCTURE OF LYSOMES They are rounded dense bodies. They are membrane bounded organalle Contains variety of “hydrolytic enzymes” Digest the foreign bodies. Most abundenly found in lungs,spleen and WBC

11. LYSOMES AND PEROXISOMES

12. LYSOSOMES Structure of lysomes:

13. FORMATION OF LYSOSOMES AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES Lysosomal enzymes produced on ribosome. They are channel into matrix of endoplasmic reticulum. Goes to golgi appratus Package in the form of secretory granules or “primary lysosomes”

14. FORMATION OF LYSOSOMES

15. FUNCTIONS OF LYSOSOMES It act as digestive system of single typical cell. Play an important role in removal of damage portion of cell, if the cell damage by heat, cold, trauma or chemical

16. FUNCTIONS OF LYSOSOMES Cont ….. It has bactericidal action .

17. PEROXISOMES It is membrane bounded organalle. Also called micro bodies. It is formed by pinched off from ER. Contain “Oxidative enzymes” such as CATALASE, URATE OXIDASE and D-AMINO ACID OXIDASE

20. FUNCTIONS OF PEROXISOME Detoxification Form the site of oxygen utilization in the cell. Breakdown the excess fatty acids. Accelerate gluconeogensis from fats. Degrade purine to uric acid. Participate in the formation of myelin and bile salts.

21. THANKS