The document discusses mitochondria, including their structure and functions. It describes how mitochondria are divided into five parts - the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane with cristae folds, cristae space, and matrix. The inner membrane contains proteins for processes like the electron transport chain. The matrix contains enzymes, cofactors, DNA, and ribosomes. Mitochondria's primary function is energy conversion through oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP from glucose and NADH. Secondary functions include calcium regulation, signaling, apoptosis, and metabolism control. The citric acid cycle and electron transport chain are explained as key stages in cellular respiration that occur in the mitochondria to produce ATP.
The power point presentation includes 63 slides covering Nuclear Structure of Green Algae, Cell Cycle and process of Cell division, Mitosis and Meiosis, Chromosome Types recorded in green algae, Karyotypes : Ideograms, Chromosome numbers : Basic chromosome number, Polyploidy and Aneuploidy and Resistance or Susceptibility of chromosomes towards chemicals
General Biology One.
This course serves as an introduction to the branch of Science, Biology. It is a course offered in the department of Biological sciences in all Nigerian Universities in accordance with the Benchmark Academic Standard (BMAS) designed by the National Universities Commission (NUC. This slides covers topics such as Characteristics and classification of living things, generalized survey of plants and animals, cell history and basic cell types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell structure and organization, cell growth and cell division. Other topics will be covered in the part 2 of this course.
The power point presentation includes 63 slides covering Nuclear Structure of Green Algae, Cell Cycle and process of Cell division, Mitosis and Meiosis, Chromosome Types recorded in green algae, Karyotypes : Ideograms, Chromosome numbers : Basic chromosome number, Polyploidy and Aneuploidy and Resistance or Susceptibility of chromosomes towards chemicals
General Biology One.
This course serves as an introduction to the branch of Science, Biology. It is a course offered in the department of Biological sciences in all Nigerian Universities in accordance with the Benchmark Academic Standard (BMAS) designed by the National Universities Commission (NUC. This slides covers topics such as Characteristics and classification of living things, generalized survey of plants and animals, cell history and basic cell types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell structure and organization, cell growth and cell division. Other topics will be covered in the part 2 of this course.
Exploring the Powerhouse of the Cell: Mitochondria Unveiled
This PowerPoint presentation is tailored for Bachelor of Science students, offering a comprehensive exploration of mitochondria, the cellular powerhouses. Covering fundamental concepts such as structure, function, and cellular respiration, the presentation delves into the pivotal role mitochondria play in energy production. Additionally, it discusses the evolutionary origins, dynamic nature, and the intricate interplay between mitochondria and other cellular components. With engaging visuals and concise explanations, this presentation aims to provide a solid foundation for students to comprehend the significance of mitochondria in cellular biology.
Exploring the Powerhouse of the Cell: Mitochondria Unveiled
This PowerPoint presentation is tailored for Bachelor of Science students, offering a comprehensive exploration of mitochondria, the cellular powerhouses. Covering fundamental concepts such as structure, function, and cellular respiration, the presentation delves into the pivotal role mitochondria play in energy production. Additionally, it discusses the evolutionary origins, dynamic nature, and the intricate interplay between mitochondria and other cellular components. With engaging visuals and concise explanations, this presentation aims to provide a solid foundation for students to comprehend the significance of mitochondria in cellular biology.
Cell basic unit of life Biology Chapter No 4Sajjad Mirani
This Slide Contain All Basic Terms and Detail Of Cell With Pictures New Course Of Sindh Text Book Board
By Sajjad Hussain Mirani Sindh University Jamshoro
A prelude to genetics of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
the theory provides an explanation for the presence and source of organellar genome in eukaryotic cell
The term "biochemistry" originated from combining the words "bios," meaning life, and "chemistry."
Biochemistry is defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of chemical reactions that take place inside a living organism.
The word "biochemistry" was first introduced by a German chemist, Carl Neuberg, in 1903.
An update version of the genome assembly including the mention of techniques such as HiC and Bionano. Also include the QC. These are the same slides used in the course for the UNL in Argentina.
Presentation about how to perform data processing for genomics data in population genetics and quantitative genetics studies. It explains how to process the reads, map them, get variants and quantify them. It also presents 25 common Linux commands that are required in order to interact with the Linux system and be able to run different tools.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
Lesson mitochondria bombarely_a20180927
1. Lezione:
I mitocondri
Cosa, perché, come, dove e quando
Lesson:
The mitochondria
What, why, how, where and when
By
Aureliano Bombarely
aureliano.bombarely@unimi.it
GenoBotanyLab@UNIMI
2. 1. What are the mitochondria?
2. Structure of the mitochondria
3. Functions of the mitochondria
3.1. Celular respiration
4. Mitochondria genetic information
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
3. 1. What are the mitochondria?
2. Structure of the mitochondria
3. Functions of the mitochondria
3.1. Celular respiration
4. Mitochondria genetic information
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
4. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
5. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
6. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
Cell types
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell
7. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
Cell types Eukaryotic species
MonocercomonoidesErythrocytes
(red blood cells)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell
8. 1. What are the mitochondria?
Eukaryotic life without mitochondria?
Karnkowska, Anna, et al. "A eukaryote without a mitochondrial organelle." Current Biology 26.10 (2016): 1274-1284.
9. 1. What are the mitochondria?
Eukaryotic life without mitochondria?
Karnkowska, Anna, et al. "A eukaryote without a mitochondrial organelle." Current Biology 26.10 (2016): 1274-1284.
10. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
1. Discovered by Richard Altmann in 1890
11. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
1. Discovered by Richard Altmann in 1890 (He named them “bioblast”)
12. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
1. Discovered by Richard Altmann in 1890 (He named them “bioblast”)
2. Carl Benda named them “MITOCHONDRIA” in 1898
They lie within of a portion of the protoplasmic threads, sometimes
aggregated to particular bodies, and are identical to at least a
portion of the already known cell microsomes, but differ from
Altmann's and Ehrlich's granulations. I would like to suggest
tentatively reserving for them a special status as "mitochondria",
which I will justify in further work
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Benda
13. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
3. David Keilin discovered cytochromes and described respiratory
chain in 1925
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
14. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
3. David Keilin discovered cytochromes and described respiratory
chain in 1925
(The popular term "powerhouse of the cell" was coined by Philip Siekevitz in 1957.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
15. 1. What are the mitochondria?
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-
membrane-bound organelle found in
most eukaryotic organisms.
Mitochondria generate most of the cell's supply
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source
of chemical energy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
16. 1. What are the mitochondria?
2. Structure of the mitochondria
3. Functions of the mitochondria
3.1. Celular respiration
4. Mitochondria genetic information
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
17. 2. Structure of the mitochondria
The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
1. Outer mitochondria membrane.
2. Intermembrane space
3. Inner mitochondria membrane.
4. Cristae space
5. Matrix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
18. 2. Structure of the mitochondria
The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
1. Outer mitochondria membrane.
2. Intermembrane space
3. Inner mitochondria membrane.
4. Cristae
5. Matrix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
LAMELLAE
19. 2. Structure of the mitochondria
The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
22. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
1. Outer mitochondria membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
Simple phospholipid bilayer
It encloses the whole mitochondria
Contains integral proteins structures called porins
outer mitochondria
inner mitochondria
23. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
1. Outer mitochondria membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
Simple phospholipid bilayer
It encloses the whole mitochondria
Contains integral proteins structures called porins
outer mitochondria
inner mitochondria
Transport by molecular
diffusion
24. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
1. Outer mitochondria membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
Simple phospholipid bilayer
It encloses the whole mitochondria
Contains integral proteins structures called porins
outer mitochondria
inner mitochondria
Porins allow pass to
molecules under 5KDa
Transport by molecular
diffusion
25. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
1. Outer mitochondria membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
Simple phospholipid bilayer
It encloses the whole mitochondria
Contains integral proteins structures called porins
outer mitochondria
inner mitochondria
Passing molecules
ATP, ADP…
Ions
Monosaccharides
…
Transport by molecular
diffusion
26. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
1. Outer mitochondria membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
Simple phospholipid bilayer
It encloses the whole mitochondria
Contains integral proteins structures called porins
It also contains other enzymes with multiple functions
E.g.
Monoamine oxigenase
(MAO)
E.g.
Kynurenine
hydroxylase
degradation of
tryptophan
• Breakdown of
monoamines ingested in
food
• Inactivation of monoamine
neurotransmitters
27. 2. Structure of the mitochondria
E.g.
Monoamine oxigenase
(MAO)
• Breakdown of
monoamines ingested in
food
• Inactivation of monoamine
neurotransmitters
Too many
Too few
Some human diseases associated to unusual low or high
levels of Monoamine Monoxigenase (MAO):
• Schizophrenia
• Depression
• Attention deficit disorder
• Substance abuse
• Migraines
28. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
2. Intermembrane space.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
outer membrane
intermembrane mitochondria space
inner membrane
Same small molecule
composition than the cytosol
Different protein composition
than the cytosol
E.g. cytochrome C
29. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
3. Inner membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is extensively folder and compartmentalized
outer membrane
inner membrane
(5x more surface)
30. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
3. Inner membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is extensively folder and compartmentalized
It has invaginations called cristae
cristae
cristae
outer membrane
inner membrane
(5x more surface)
31. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
3. Inner membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is extensively folder and compartmentalized
It has invaginations called cristae
Protein-to-lipid ratio is 80:20 (in outer membrane is 50:50)
outer membrane inner membrane
32. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
3. Inner membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is extensively folder and compartmentalized
It has invaginations called cristae
Protein-to-lipid ratio is 80:20 (in outer membrane is 50:50)
It is freely permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water only
Requirement for the metabolic function
33. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
3. Inner membrane.
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is extensively folder and compartmentalized
It has invaginations called cristae
Protein-to-lipid ratio is 80:20 (in outer membrane is 50:50)
It is freely permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water only
It contains more than 151 different polypeptides
Electronic transport chain
Carnitine transferases
…
34. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
4. Cristae space
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
cristae
cristae
Increase the surface for chemical reactions
ATP
production
35. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
4. Cristae space
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
It is the place where it is produced the ATP production
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590/
36. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
5. Matrix
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is the space within the inner membrane
Matrix
37. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
5. Matrix
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is the space within the inner membrane
The matrix contains: DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes,
nucleotide cofactors, small molecules and inorganic ions
38. The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
5. Matrix
2. Structure of the mitochondria
It is the space within the inner membrane
The matrix contains: DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes,
nucleotide cofactors, small molecules and inorganic ions
There are six processes that are produced in the matrix:
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorilation
Urea cycle
Transamination
Regulation of the metabolic rate
Protein synthesis
39. 2. Structure of the mitochondria
The structure of the mitochondrion is divided in five
parts:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
40. 1. What are the mitochondria?
2. Structure of the mitochondria
3. Functions of the mitochondria
3.1. Celular respiration
4. Mitochondria genetic information
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
41. 3. Functions of the mitochondria
The mitochondria have a main function that it is
energy conversion
ATPATP
Glucose
(pyruvate)
+
NADH
42. 3. Functions of the mitochondria
The mitochondria have a main function that it is
energy conversion
Glucose
(pyruvate)
+
NADH
ATP
• Pyruvate: Citric acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle)
• NADH: Electron transport chain
43. 3. Functions of the mitochondria
The mitochondria have several secondary functions
that are:
• Calcium ion storage and signaling
• Signaling (through ROS)
• Regulation of membrane potential
• Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
• Regulation of the cellular metabolism
• Some heme synthesis reaction
• Steroid synthesis
• Hormone signaling
44. 3. Functions of the mitochondria
The mitochondria have several secondary functions
that are:
• Calcium ion storage and signaling
• Signaling (through ROS)
• Regulation of membrane potential
• Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
• Regulation of the cellular metabolism
• Some heme synthesis reaction
• Steroid synthesis
• Hormone signaling
CELL TYPE
SPECIFIC
45. 3. Functions of the mitochondria
The plant mitochondria have distinct secondary
functions:
• Production of alpha-ketoglutarate or citrate for
ammonia assimilation
• Aminoacid catabolism (valine, leucine,
isoleucine and cysteine)
46. 1. What are the mitochondria?
2. Structure of the mitochondria
3. Functions of the mitochondria
3.1. Celular respiration
4. Mitochondria genetic information
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
47. 3.1. Celular respiration
Celular respiration
Metabolic reactions and processes that take place in
the cells of organisms to convert biochemical
energy from nutrients into adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products
Cytoplasm Mitochondria
50. Citric acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle)
Series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to
release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-
CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins,
into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon
dioxide.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle
Eight enzymes
Oxidize acetate from acetyl-CoA into CO2 and water
Reduce three NAD+ into NADH
Reduce one FAD into FADH2
Reduce one GDP + Pi into GTP
3.1. Celular respiration
51. Citric acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle)
Series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to
release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-
CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins,
into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon
dioxide.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle
Eight enzymes
Oxidize acetate from acetyl-CoA into CO2 and water
Reduce three NAD+ into NADH
Reduce one FAD into FADH2
Reduce one GDP + Pi into GTP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
(to produce ATP)
3.1. Celular respiration
52. Citric acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle)
Series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to
release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-
CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins,
into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon
dioxide.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle
Acetyl-CoA
+
3 NAD+
+
UQ
+
GDP
+
Pi
+
2 H2O
CoA-SH
+
3 NADH
+
UQH2
+
GTP
+
3H+
+
2 CO2
3.1. Celular respiration
55. Oxidative phosphorilation (electron transport-linked
phosphorilation) is the metabolic process in which a series of
electron transfers produce a release of chemical energy that
it is used to produce ATP.
3.1. Celular respiration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation
56. Oxidative phosphorilation (electron transport-linked
phosphorilation) is the metabolic process in which a series of
electron transfers produce a release of chemical energy that
it is used to produce ATP.
3.1. Celular respiration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation
It is composed by a series of protein and protein complexes with redox
properties. The energy produced is used to pump protons out of the matrix
to the intermembrane space.
57. Oxidative phosphorilation (electron transport-linked
phosphorilation) is the metabolic process in which a series of
electron transfers produce a release of chemical energy that
it is used to produce ATP.
3.1. Celular respiration
In the final steps, the protons are pumped back to the matrix by
the ATP synthase producing ATP
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_synthase
58. 1. What are the mitochondria?
2. Structure of the mitochondria
3. Functions of the mitochondria
3.1. Celular respiration
4. Mitochondria genetic information
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
59. 4. Mitochondria genetic information
The mitochondria genetic information is encoded in the
mitochondria genome
Mitochondrial genomes are often circular DNA molecules with
variable sizes depending of the taxonomic clade.
Animals: ~16 Kb encoding 37 genes
13 for subunits of respiratory complexes I, III, IV and V,
22 for mitochondrial tRNA (20 std Aa + tRNALeu + tRNASer)
2 for rRNA.
Plants: Variable size, from 186 Kb (Marchantia polymorpha) to
2.4 Mb (Cucubita pepo).
May incorporate foreign DNA (nucleus and chloroplast and
horizontal transfer from other organisms)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
60. 4. Mitochondria genetic information
The mitochondria genetic information is encoded in the
mitochondria genome
human
mitochondrial
genome
16,569 bp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
61. 4. Mitochondria genetic information
The mitochondria genetic information is encoded in the
mitochondria genome
Mitochondrial genomes have different genetic code depending of
the taxonomic group.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
62. 4. Mitochondria genetic information
The mitochondria genetic information is encoded in the
mitochondria genome
Mitochondrial genomes are uniparental inhered (e.g. maternal line
in animals)
Very low or inexistent recombination (depends of the taxonomic
group)
Mitochodrial DNA can be repaired by nuclear coding genes. The
enzyme is imported into the mitochodria.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion
63. 1. What are the mitochondria?
2. Structure of the mitochondria
3. Functions of the mitochondria
3.1. Celular respiration
4. Mitochondria genetic information
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
64. 5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
Mitochondrial genomes
de Vries and Archivald, 2018
Mitochondria
Ancestor
Modern
Mitochondria
LAST EUKARYOTIC
ANCESTOR CELL
•All mitochodrial genomes have been shaped by reductive evolution.
•Mitochondria genes encode:
•Information processing machinery (e.g. rRNAs and tRNAs).
•Cell respiratory apparatus (e.g. complex I, ATP synthase..).
•Lineage specific genes (e.g. horizontal transferred genes in plants)
X Genes Mitochondrial Genes X’ = X - Y + Z Genes
Y >> Z
Y’ transferred to the nucleus
66. Last eukaryotic
common ancestorEndosymbiosis
Proteobacterium
Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary
theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic
organisms.
1. First articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist
Konstantin Mereschkowski.
2. Advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence
by Lynn Margulis in 1967.
Mitochondria
Ancestor
X Genes
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
67. Marechal, 2018
1.First Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (FECA) with endomembrane system.
2.Unknown proteobacterium is engulfed by the FECA cell’s phagosome.
3.Phagosome membrane is not conserved. The mitochondria is formed in the Last Eukaryotic
Common Ancestor (LECA)
4.Unknown cyanobacteria is engulfed by the LECA cell’s phagosome.
5.Phagosome membrane is not conserved. The chloroplast is formed in the First
Archaeplastidia cell
Organelle
origin
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
68. Marechal, 2018
1. First Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (FECA) has lineage specific genes (blue circle).
Along the evolution of these species, it may had multiple Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)
events (blue squares).
2. In the symbiotic relationship with the proteobacterium, genes were transferred to the
nucleus (orange squares), leaving some genes in which will become the mitochondria
(orange circles).
3. In the symbiotic relationship with the cianobacteria, genes were transferred to the nucleus
(green squares), leaving some genes in which will become the chloroplast (green circles).
Molecular
integration
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
69. Molecular
integration
“Gene loss can provide a selective advantage by conserving an
organism’s limiting resources, provided the gene’s function is
dispensable. Many vital genetic functions are leaky, thereby
unavoidably producing public goods that are available to the entire
community. Such leaky functions are thus dispensable for
individuals, provided they are not lost entirely from the
community.”
Morris et al. 2012
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
70. Marechal, 2018
• Mechanisms allowing the transfer of genetic material from the mitochondrion or the
chloroplast to the nucleus are still active.
• Frequency of a gene escape from the chloroplast and mitochondria to the nucleus is at
least of 1 per 5 million cells in Nicotiana tabacum.
Molecular
integration
Nuclear PlasTid (NUPT) DNA
Nuclear MiTochondria (NUMT) DNA
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
72. 1. What are the mitochondria?
2. Structure of the mitochondria
3. Functions of the mitochondria
3.1. Celular respiration
4. Mitochondria genetic information
5. Origin and evolution of the mitochondria
6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
73. 6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
Dysfunction of the mitochondria or the mitochondria
components produce a wide range of diseases
depending of the tissue, organ and species
Humans Neurological diseases and
systemic disorders
E.g. Mutations of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, such
as coenzyme Q10 deficiency and Barth syndrome.
74. 6. Diseases associated to mitochondria
Dysfunction of the mitochondria or the mitochondria
components produce a wide range of diseases
depending of the tissue, organ and species
Humans Neurological diseases and
systemic disorders
E.g. Mutations of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, such
as coenzyme Q10 deficiency and Barth syndrome.
75. Summary and Ideas to take home
• Mitochondrias are organelles that can be found in almost all the
eukaryotic cells
• Its structure can be divided in five parts: Outer membrane,
intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae and matrix
• Its main function is to produce energy from several substrates (mostly
pyruvate) in form of ATP
• Mitochondrial genomes have an stable size in animals, 16 Kb, but varies
in plants ranging from hundred Kb to several Mb
• Mitochondria are usually uniparentally inherited from the mother
• Mitochondria were originated by the endosymbiosis of a protobacteria
in an Eukaryotic ancestral cell > 1200 MYA
77. Proposed Group Homework
Orientative Steps:
1. Open an NCBI organelle search page:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/
browse#!/organelles/
2. On filter select: Mammals and search “Homo sapiens"
3. Click on the Replicon link
4. Click on the Blast link and run a Blast with the nucleotide database
5. In the results, click “Distance tree of results"
6. Describe your results. Compare the structure across the different taxa.
78. To know more about the Bombarely lab
https://bombarelylab.com/
@aubombarely