CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MINING SCENARIO IN INDIA 3. ALL ABOUT ‘ASTER’ 4. APPLICATIONS OF ASTER 5. REMOTE SENSING IN MINING 6. GIS FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION 7. CASE STUDIES & ANALYSIS

1. MINING
APPLICATIONS
GEOINFORMATICS IN PLANNING
Hrishikesh Satpute
Presentation By:
T.Y. Planning (Sem-V)
College Of Engineering, Pune

2. CONTENTS
1
2
4
5
6
7
3

3. STAGE 1 : INTRODUCTION
 What Is Mining ?
 Environmental Problems caused by Mining
 Mining Stages
 Overview in India
 Characteristics and Properties of Minerals
 Use of Minerals

4. 1. Mine:
An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals.
2. Mining:
Mining is a process of extracting mineral from earth
interferes with elements of environment which in turn
affects the growth and survival of flora and fauna and also
affect the life on the earth.
OR
The activity, occupation, and industry concerned
with the extraction of minerals.
WHAT IS MINING ?
Image No. 1. Excavators Used In Mining
DEFINITIONS:

5. 1. Pollution of ground water and surface water
2. Loss of Productive Land
3. Loss of Soil Fertility
4. Air pollution
5. Noise pollution
6. Disturbance of soil strength
7. Deforestation, etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CAUSED
BY MINING
Image No. 2. Effects of bauxite
mining

6. STAGES IN MININIG
Time : 1 — 3Yr
1. Prospecting (Mineral Deposit) 2. Exploration (Ore Body)
Time : 2 — 5Yr
A. Prospecting methods :
i. Direct: physical geologic
ii. Indirect: geophysical, geochemical
B. Locate favorable loci
(maps,literature,old mines)
B. Air: aerial photography, airborne
geophysics, satellite
d. Surface:
ground geophysics,geology
e. Spot anomaly,analyze,
evaluate

7. STAGES (cont..)
4. Exploitation (Mine)3. Development (Prospect)
Time : 2 — 5 Yr Time : 2 — 5 Yr

8. 5. Reclamation (Real Estate)
STAGES (cont..)
Time : 10 — 30 Yr

9. Due to the nature of the process of mineral exploration, geologists deal with a variety of
data from different sources to explore for mineral deposits.They need to display and interpret
this information quickly and easily. So, the study divided into several stages:
1. - Design the geodatabase according to the information that will go to be needed.
2. - Collect different datasets from a variety of sources and select the datasets which related to
the study.
3. - Define the geological features based on the geological background and concepts that
indicate to an area of mineralization.
4. - Bring all the datasets within the geodatabase along with all available and previous maps,
charts and studies.
5. - Defining regions of interest from maps and graphs and it'll be created using a shape file
from ArcGIS.
METHODOLOGY

11. India is a mineral
richcountryandhasfavourablegeologicalmilieuwhichisyettobefullyexplored,assessedandexploite
d.
•ExplorationactivitiesinIndiaaremostlycarriedoutbyGSI,MECL,variousStateDGMs,publicsectoru
ndertakings(PSU)andprivatesectorentitiesbothdomesticandsubsidiariesofmanyglobalcompanie
s.
•Indiahasatotallandareaof3.2875millionsq.km.spreadacross5,065toposheetsandanareaof3.146
millionsq.km.ismappableandGSIhascovered3.09611millionsq.km.(98.41%)on1:50,000scaletillM
arch31,2013.
•GSIhasidentified0.571millionsq.km.asObviousGeologicalPotential(OGP)areaforminerals.Amaj
orpartofthisOGPareaisyettobefullyexplored.
TheGDPcontributionoftheminingindustryvariesfrom2.2%to2.5%onlybutgoingbytheGDPofthet
otalindustrialsectoritcontributesaround10%to11%.
Indianminingindustryprovidesjobopportunitiestoaround700,000individuals.
MINERAL EXPLORATION IN INDIA

12. Indiahassignificantlylargeresourcesofironore,bauxite,chromium,manganeseore,rareearths
andmineralsalts.
•InIndia,mineralsarebroadlyclassifiedintominormineralsandmajorminerals(non-minor).
•Atpresent,therearemorethan3,700activemajorminesinIndiaemployingover5lakhpeople.
•Indiaproduced90mineralsthatincluded4fuelminerals,11metallic,52non-
metallicand23minormineralsin2012-13.
•Thevalueofmineralproductionin2012-
13wasRs.2,85,761crore(approx.USD44.65billion),whichisabout2.4%oftheGDP.
•Fuelmineralsaccountfor64%ofproduction,metallicminerals15%,non-
metallicminerals3%andminorminerals18%.
MINERAL PRODUCTION IN INDIA

13. Major Minerals include coal, manganese ore, iron
ore, bauxite, limestone,
kyanite, sillimanite, barites, chromite, silica sand,
fluorite, quartz, sand used for stowing
purposes in coal mines and many other minerals
USED FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE
Minor Mineral have been defined under section
3 (e) of Mines and Minerals (Regulation and
development) Act, 1957.They include building
stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand,
limestone used for lime burning, boulders, kankar,
murum, brick earth, bentonite, road metal, slate,
marble, stones used for making household
utensils etc
REGULATION OF MINERALS (MAJOR/MINOR)

14. The policy level guidelines for mineral sector is given by the National
Mineral Policy of 2008.
Mining operations are regulated under the Mines and Minerals
(Development and Regulation) [MMDR] Act of 1957.
The State Governments, as owners of minerals, grant mineral
concessions and collect royalty, dead rent and fees as per the
provisions of MMDR Act 1957.These revenues are held in the
Consolidated Fund of State Government until the state legislature
approves their use through budgetary processes.
In a recent development, the Supreme Court has said that "Ownership
of minerals should be vested with the owner of the land and not with
the government.”

15. •The Advanced Space bornThermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER) is a
NASA instrument on the earth observing system(EOS)Terra platform.
• It provides visible & near infrared(VNIR), shortwave-infrared (SWIR), long-wave
infrared(LWIR) Earth observations in 14 spectral bands (plus one backward looking band).
ASTER IMAGES FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION
Table-1: Characteristics of ASTER

16. 4VNIR Bands:
Provide information about Iron mineralogy and Rare earth minerals(fluoride, apatite,
titanite, ect..,).
6 SWIR Bands:
Mapping of molecular vibration absorption features. Ex:- carbonates and clays.
5 LWIR Bands:
Mapping of silica content in surface exposures
ASTER has 95% coverage of earth’s landmass, so ASTER images are a readily available
data set that can provide timely and accurately positioned spatial information to facilitate fast
mining activities around the world.
ASTER provides data that will greatly improve geologists abilities to produce more
accurate geologic maps at a fraction of the cost of conventional ground-based methods.
ASTER data have characteristics that are particularly useful for geologic
studies, especially where the rocks are well exposed.

17. • GIS can help in many aspects of the mineral exploration activities: data collection,
management, analysis, and reporting.
• Field geologists capture field data electronically using ArcPad and GPS receivers.
• Data sources for mineral exploration vary from geologic maps, multispectral satellite
images, and geophysical images to databases in many formats.
• GIS is an ideal platform to integrate the all above data sources together and
deliver meaningful outcomes.
HOW GIS USED ?

18. 1. B.K.Bhadra et.al, (2012)
Explained how SWIR bands are used in identification of alteration zones which have
developed during hydrothermal activity.
2. Bob Agar (2005)
Discussed on processing of ASTER level 1B images for radiance at the sensor &
locating different minerals by developing algorithms and compared with reference spectra
are taken from the USGS spectral library.
LITERATURE REVIEW : CASE STUDY

19. 1. Most of the data related to the operations of mineral exploration have a spatial nature. So,
GIS has the capability for storage, updating, revising, displaying, retrieving, processing,
manipulating and integrating of different geo-spatial data.
2. Recently, GIS technology able to help geoscientists and geologists in mapping and
modeling the subsurface by a modern tools and softwares packages and can be integrated
with other specialized 3D programs to get a precious results. All this just act as additional
properties to its traditional functionality.
3. Now it is important to finish polishing the tool so it can be used to advance the mineral
exploration process while saving time and money and increasing profitability and efficacy.
CONCLUSION

20. “MINING IS LIKE
A SEARCH AND
DESTROY MISSION”
-Anonymous
THANK YOU… EDITED BY –
@ME_HRISHI_7