The document discusses the history and modern practices of mining. It covers the earliest records of mining from 3000 BC by Egyptians extracting gold, silver and copper. Modern mining involves prospecting, feasibility studies, extracting desired materials using surface or underground techniques, and reclaiming land after closure. Key aspects covered include exploration methods, resource and reserve estimation, adhering to mining codes, and establishing feasibility studies to evaluate project risk and define scale prior to development and operation.

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Modern Mining
December 2015

2. • History of Mining.
• Modern Mining.
• Mining Codes.
• Establishing feasibility
study for a proposed mine
project.
• Modern Mining techniques.
Contents

3.  The earliest records of organized mining are those of the Egyptians dating
from 3000 BC.
 They mined for gold, silver, copper and turquoise in near surface deposits.
 In 50 BC they using underground mining to extract gold.
 The Turin mining papyrus depicts mines in the Wadi Hammamat and is the
oldest known map of its kind.
 The next race of people to advance the spread of mining were the Romans.
 The use of explosives which began around 1627.
History of Mining

4.  Modern mining processes involve
prospecting for ore bodies,
analysis of the profit potential of a
proposed mine, extraction of the
desired materials, and final
reclamation of the land after the
mine is closed.
 Mining techniques can be divided
into two common excavation
types: surface mining and sub-
surface (underground) mining.
Modern Mining
Exploration Development Mining Reclamations

5. Mine Life Cycle

6. Exploration
• Exploration is the process and
science of locating valuable mineral
deposits, i.e. those which have
commercial value.
• Exploration is commonly the longest
and riskiest "stage" on the road to
establishing a mine, and can take up to
several years for each project.
• Exploration activity is largely
conducted by geologists and
geophysicists, assisted by field
samplers, drillers, and laboratory
personnel (for chemical assays).
Exploration

7. Today exploration avails itself of many
technological advances that allow the ground and
what is below it (up to a depth of several
kilometers) to be evaluated in great detail.
Geophysical method:
• Magnetic, Radiometric, Gravity , Seismic surveys , etc.
Geochemical method:
• Sampling (soil, chip, rock, etc.).
• Chemical assays.
Geological Method:
• Geological mapping Includes (Lithology,
Mineralization, Alteration , Structures, etc.)
Sources of Data:
Historical maps, Remote Sensing, Field data collections,
Drilling (RC, diamond, etc.).
Using GIS (geographic information system) is the
best way to compile and mange all your data
together
Mineral Exploration Techniques

8. Exploration Results include
results of outcrop sampling,
assays of drill hole
intersections, geochemical
results and geophysical survey
results.
3D Geological Modeling
The 3D underground geological
model for ore deposit structures
interpolated from detailed surface
geological map & cross-sections
derived from downhole drilling
data .
• Exploration Results

9. • Mineral Resource
Mineral resource estimation has
changed considerably in the past 25
years.
The fundamental key to successful
mineral project is resource
estimation with a clear
understanding of the resource
geology and mining aspects of
deposit.
Mineral Resources are sub-divided,
in order of increasing geological
confidence, into Inferred, Indicated
and Measured categories..

10. Example of Resource Estimation

11. • Mineral Reserve
Ore Reserves are those
portions of Mineral
Resources that, after the
application of all Modifying
Factors, result in an
estimated tonnage and grade
Ore Reserves are sub-
divided in order of increasing
confidence into Probable Ore
Reserves and Proved Ore
Reserves.

12. Most abandoned 3D modeling software's for mining sectors:
Surpac
GEOVIA Surpac™ is the world’s
most popular geology and mine
planning software. It delivers
efficiency and accuracy through
ease-of-use, powerful 3D graphics,
and workflow automation.
GEMS
GEOVIA GEMS™ provides
collaborative geology and mine
planning capabilities that support
cross-functional teams involved in
exploration, modelling, mine
design, long-term planning, and
production scheduling.
Minex
GEOVIA Minex™ provides the best
geology and mine planning tools for coal
and other stratified deposits, ensuring
resources are evaluated accurately and
mined efficiently.
Whittle
GEOVIA Whittle™ is the world’s
most trusted strategic mine
planning software used to
determine and optimise the
economics of open pit mining
projects.
MineSched
GEOVIA MineSched™ is the most
innovative scheduling software
experience for mining puts you
back in the driver’s seat to
maximize productivity and profits.
PCBC
GEOVIA PCBC™ is used by virtually every
major mining company involved in block
caving who rely on its comprehensive
functionality to assist with feasibility
studies, design, and production
management.
GEOVIA Gemcom software package.
Vulcan, the premier 3D mining
software solution in the world, allows
users to validate and transform raw
mining data into dynamic 3D models,
accurate mine designs and operating
plans from Maptek.
Leapfrog Geo, is a workflow
solution for geological modelling. It
harnesses the full power of the
Leapfrog engine, to create the time
and opportunity to reduce risk
associated with geological modelling..
Micromine, is a modular solution that allows you to capture, manage and
interpret critical mining and exploration data. As an explorer, Micromine provides
you with an in-depth understanding of your project so you can target prospective
regions more accurately, increasing the chance of your project’s success. As a
miner, Micromine gives you easy-to-use modelling, estimation, and design tools
to simplify your day-to-day design and production tasks.

13. • Is a professional code of practice that
sets minimum standards for Public
Reporting of minerals Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Ore
Reserves.
• This reports are prepared for the
purpose of informing investors or
potential investors and their advisors.
• Any Public Reporting must be based on
and fairly reflect documentation
prepared by a Competent Person in
accordance with the Code.
• A Competent Person must adhere to
the Code and Government regulations.
Mining Codes

14. Resource vs. Reserve

15. Establishing feasibility study for a proposed
mine project
“Mining is more prone to risk than most businesses and often
projects initiated fail to achieve their expectations in terms of
cost and timing of project or operational performance such as
the size of reserves or grade recovery”
• Collecting more data about your mine project at the exploration stage
could reduce the risk of your mining stage and help taking the right
decision about your investment direction.
• The Feasibility study should defines the ore reserves, the mining
methods, the mineral processing concepts and the scale of the project.
Project Evaluation
Phases of the development of a mineral project
• Scoping Studies
• Pre-feasibility studies
• Full Feasibility studies

16. Mine Planning
For open pit mining , software allows you to consider such things as fleet optimization,
haulage and dump efficiency and final landform design. you commonly carry out pit shell
optimization work in metal mines as well as margin ranking to define economic pit limits
for stratigraphic deposits.
For underground operations, you can assess optimum sequencing and layout for
development and extraction for a variety of underground mining methods.

17. • Mine Construction & Operation
Prepare mine sites, build complete facilities, manage
mine operations

18. • Mine Reclamations
Is the process of restoring land that has been mined to
a natural or economically usable state